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75-592: Monroe Heath The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 , sometimes referred to as the Great Upheaval , began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia , after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) cut wages for the third time in a year. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was the first strike that spread across multiple states in the U.S. The strike finally ended 52 days later, after it was put down by unofficial militias,

150-578: A royal charter to the Virginia Company of London , an English joint-stock company founded to colonize Virginia . Similar schemes were later used when royal charters were granted by the Crown to English proprietary colonies in Rhode Island, Connecticut and Pennsylvania. Some settlers were given land grants known as headrights , encouraging them to migrate to North America. Similar systems were used during

225-603: A billion dollars of debt. One in four laborers in New York were out of work in the winter of 1873–1874. National construction of new rail lines dropped from 7,500 miles of track in 1872 to just 1,600 miles in 1875, and production in iron and steel alone dropped as much as 45%. When the Civil War ended, a boom in railroad construction ensued, with roughly 35,000 miles (55,000 kilometers) of new track being laid from coast to coast between 1866 and 1873. The railroads, then

300-702: A national depression . Broken by Federal troops in early August, the strike energized the labor movement and was precursor to labor unrest in the 1880s and 1890s. Another was placed in 1978 in Martinsburg, West Virginia by the West Virginia Department of Culture and History. The use of federal troops prompted bipartisan support for the 1878 Posse Comitatus Act , limiting the power of the president to use federal troops for domestic law enforcement. Monroe Heath Born in Grafton, New Hampshire , he took part in

375-400: A national organization of predominately white Catholic workers, numbering 700,000 by the early 1880s. In the 1880s nearly 10,000 strike actions and lockouts took place. In 1886 nearly 700,000 workers went on strike. Business leaders strengthened their opposition to the unions, often firing men who tried to organize or join them. Nonetheless, the labor movement continued to grow. One result of

450-463: A riot against the local Chinese population. This led to new alliances between workers and small business owners aimed at refusing to hire Chinese laborers and boycotting Chinese goods. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began to lose momentum when President Rutherford B. Hayes sent federal troops from city to city. This was a prime example of the U.S. military being used against industrial action. General Phillip Sheridan and his troops were sent from

525-413: A striker while trying to operate a switch , with the militiaman returning fire. Both were wounded, and the striker died. In the end, the militia failed to get the trains moving again, as strikebreakers were unwilling to operate them. Matthews then requested federal troops, which newly elected President Rutherford Hayes reluctantly agreed to send. The B&O billed the federal government for transporting

600-430: A train arrival then proceeded to barrage the train with projectiles. The arrival of militiamen caused the crowd to rouse and throw their projectiles at the militia. A second night proceeded of attacks on the rail line. After the second night, the mayor rescinded the militia and ordered local police to protect the rail. Workers in the cities in industries other than railroads still attacked them because of how they cut through

675-416: Is a gift of real estate —land or its use privileges—made by a government or other authority as an incentive, means of enabling works, or as a reward for services to an individual, especially in return for military service . Grants of land are also awarded to individuals and companies as incentives to develop unused land in relatively unpopulated countries; the process of awarding land grants are not limited to

750-490: The Chicago Times screamed, "Terrors Reign, The Streets of Chicago Given Over to Howling Mobs of Thieves and Cutthroats". Order was finally restored. An estimated 20 men and boys died, none of whom were law enforcement or troops; scores more were wounded, and the loss of property was valued in the millions of dollars. On July 21, workers in the industrial rail hub of East St. Louis , Illinois, halted all freight traffic, with

825-514: The American Civil War . During the 19th century, various states (or even smaller units), as well as the federal government, made extensive land grants to encourage internal improvements , usually to improve transportation, such as construction of bridges and canals. The Land Grant Act of 1850 provided for 3.75 million acres of land to the states to support railroad projects; by 1857 21 million acres of public lands were used for railroads in

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900-573: The California Gold Rush in 1849. In 1851, he founded the Heath & Milligan Manufacturing Company in Chicago. Illinois. He served on Chicago City Council 1871–1876. He served as a Chicago alderman , representing Chicago's 12th ward. After winning the 1876 election , Heath was sworn in as Mayor of Chicago on July 24, 1876. He was re-elected the following year , defeating Perry H. Smith . He

975-589: The Dutch colonization of the Americas . As English colonial law developed, headrights became patents and a patentee had to improve the land. Under this doctrine of planting and seeding , the patentee was required to cultivate one acre (4,000 m ) of land and build a small house on the property, otherwise the patent would revert to the government. Between 1783 and 1821, Spain offered land grants to anyone who settled in their colonies of Florida and Louisiana . When

1050-535: The Lehigh Canal , the Schuylkill Canal and the many railroads that tied the young United States together. Roman soldiers were given pensions ( praemia ) at the end of their service including cash or land. Augustus fixed the amount in 5 AD at 3,000 denarii and by the time of Caracalla it had risen to 5,000 denarii. One denarius was roughly equivalent to a day's wages for an unskilled laborer. In 1788

1125-681: The Midwest after the Civil War, leaving many cities defenseless to civil unrest. In response to the Great Strike, West Virginia Governor Henry M. Mathews was the first state commander-in-chief to call up militia units to restore peace. This action has been viewed in retrospect as a catalyst that would transform the National Guard. In the years to come, the Guard would quell strikers and double their forces; in

1200-527: The Mississippi River valley, and the stage was set for more substantial Congressional subsidies to future railroads. Universities were also beneficiaries of land grants. All five of the transcontinental railroads in the United States were built using land grants. The Morrill Land-Grant Acts of 1862 and 1890 provided for the establishment of land-grant colleges . There is general agreement that

1275-501: The National Guard , and federal troops. Because of economic problems and pressure on wages by the railroads, workers in numerous other states, from New York , Pennsylvania and Maryland , into Illinois and Missouri , also went out on strike. An estimated 100 people were killed in the unrest across the country. In Martinsburg, Pittsburgh , Philadelphia and other cities, workers burned down and destroyed both physical facilities and

1350-708: The Ordinance of 1784 , which carved out ten prospective states west of the Appalachian Mountains and established the basis for the Public Land Survey System . The Land Ordinance of 1785 provided a method for settling that land and establishing government institutions, which became federal land policy until 1862. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established the Northwest Territory , pursuant to which homesteading settlers could buy land, and certain land

1425-833: The Populist Party . The strike ultimately led to increased membership in the Knights of Labor as well. Labor rights became a major national issue for both the Republican and Democratic Parties due to the strike. The Bureau of Labor was also formed by Congress in 1884 after the national call for labor rights and the aftermath of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. Strikers in Pittsburgh burned in total 39 buildings, 104 engines, 46–66 passenger cars, and 1,200–1,383 freight cars. Damage estimates ranged from five to 10 million dollars. After

1500-673: The Rum Rebellion of 1808–09, although some were later restored. Land grants started to be phased out when private tendering was introduced, and stricter limits were placed on grants without purchase. The instructions to Governor Brisbane were issued on 17 July 1825. From 9 January 1831, all land was to be sold at public auction . There were also significant land grants in the Swan River Colony (Western Australia), and in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) from 1803. The Hudson's Bay Company

1575-588: The Workingmen's Party organized demonstrations that drew crowds of 20,000 people. Judge Thomas Drummond of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , who was overseeing numerous railroads that had declared bankruptcy in the wake of the earlier financial Panic of 1873 , ruled that, "A strike or other unlawful interference with the trains will be a violation of the United States law, and

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1650-476: The rolling stock of the railroads—engines and railroad cars. Some locals feared that workers were rising in revolution, similar to the Paris Commune of 1871 , while others joined their efforts against the railroads. At the time, the workers were not represented by trade unions . The city and state governments were aided by unofficial militias, the National Guard, federal troops and private militias organized by

1725-569: The 16th and 17th centuries involved the confiscation of some or all the land of Irish lords and its grant to settlers ("planters") from England or Scotland. The English Parliament's Adventurers' Act 1640 and Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 specifically entitled "Adventurers" who funded the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland to lands seized from the leaders of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and

1800-518: The 3rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment under the command of Colonel George R. Snowden . On July 21, National Guard members bayoneted and fired on rock-throwing strikers, killing 20 people and wounding 29. Rather than quell the uprising, these actions infuriated the strikers, who retaliated and forced the National Guard to take refuge in a railroad roundhouse . Strikers set fires that razed 39 buildings and destroyed rolling stock, including 104 locomotives and 1,245 freight and passenger cars. On July 22,

1875-626: The B&;O's general headquarters and main depot at the Camden Street Station to board waiting westward trains to Hagerstown and Cumberland. The Sixth assembled at its armory at East Fayette and North Front Streets (by the old Phoenix Shot Tower ) in the Old Town /Jonestown area and headed to Camden. It had to fight its way west through sympathetic Baltimore citizens, rioters and striking workers. The march erupted into bloodshed along Baltimore Street,

1950-703: The British claimed all of eastern Australia as its own, and formed the colony of New South Wales in Australia. The land was claimed as crown land . Over time, it granted land to officers and released convicts. Males were allowed 30 acres (12 ha), plus 20 acres (8.1 ha) if they were married, and 10 acres (4 ha) additional per child. Instructions were issued on 20 August 1789 that non-commissioned marine officers were to be entitled to 100 acres (40 ha) additional and privates to 50 acres (20 ha) additional. Governor Macquarie canceled land grants issued during

2025-528: The Civil War as the Maryland National Guard , were called up by Maryland Governor John Lee Carroll , at the request of powerful B&O President John Work Garrett. The Fifth marched down North Howard Street from its armory above the old Richmond Market (at present North Howard and West Read Streets) in the Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood and were generally unopposed heading south for

2100-530: The Co. as an increase of pay." Despite the strike not resulting in an immediate acceptance of worker demands, over the next several years many railroads restored all or part of the initial pay cuts and were reluctant to put further pressure on wages. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 led to the rise of certain political parties including the Workingmen's Party of the United States , the Greenback-Labor Party , and

2175-642: The Great Plains to Chicago to break up the strike. Federal troops from the South previously used in the Reconstruction after the Civil War were also sent to the striking cities to disperse the crowds. These troops from the South had just been guarding the statehouse in Louisiana a few weeks earlier. They were sent to stop the riots of both the railroad laborers and the residents of the striking cities. Many residents in

2250-415: The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, union organizers planned for their next battles while politicians and business leaders took steps to prevent a repetition of this chaos. Many states enacted conspiracy statutes . States formed new National Guard units and constructed armories in numerous industrial cities. For workers and employers alike, the strikes had shown the power of workers in combination to challenge

2325-621: The National Guard mounted an assault on the strikers, shooting their way out of the roundhouse and killing 20 more people on their way out of the city. After more than a month of rioting and bloodshed in Pittsburgh, President Rutherford B. Hayes sent in federal troops as in West Virginia and Maryland to end the strikes. Three hundred miles to the east, Philadelphia strikers battled local National Guard units and set fire to much of downtown before Pennsylvania Governor John Hartranft gained assistance and federal troops from President Hayes to put down

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2400-760: The Northwest Territory (and later smaller areas, such as the Indiana Territory , the Illinois Territory and the Wisconsin Territory ) and as well as the Platte Purchase in Missouri. Eligibility for the warrants expanded over the years through new Congressional acts of 1842, 1850, 1852 and 1855 to the point where they could be sold or given to descendants. The warrant program was discontinued before

2475-702: The Texas border. During the Mexican period of California (and other portions of Mexican territories inherited from New Spain ), the Mexican government granted individuals hundreds of ranchos or large tracts of land. The ranchos established land-use patterns that remain recognizable in the California of today. Controversy over community land grant claims in New Mexico persist to this day. Future President Thomas Jefferson crafted

2550-646: The United States acquired that land by treaties, it agreed to honor all valid land grants. As a result, years of litigation ensued over the validity of many of the Spanish land grants. Spain and Mexico used the same system of offering land grants along the Rio Grande River near the Texas/Mexico border. These grants were given to help colonization of the area, initially by the Spanish crown, and later by Mexican authorities nationals, and strengthen frontier towns along

2625-688: The arrival of the Illinois National Guard and U.S. Army troops, mobilized by the governor. On July 25, violence between police and the mob erupted, with events reaching a peak the following day. These blood-soaked confrontations between police and enraged mobs are known as the Battle of the Viaduct , as they took place near the Halsted Street viaduct, although confrontations also took place at nearby 16th Street, on 12th, and on Canal Street. The headline of

2700-517: The cities and dominated city life. Their resentment of the railroads' economic power was expressed in physical attacks against them at a time when many workers' wages were lowered. Protestors "included cross-class elements from other work sites, small businesses, and commercial establishments. Some protestors acted out of solidarity with the strikers, but many more vented militant displeasure against dangerous railroad traffic that crisscrossed urban centers in that area." Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , became

2775-407: The cities of Buffalo , Syracuse , and Albany, New York , joined the railroad workers in the strike because they were tired of their urban streets being used by the railroad companies. The railroads that ran through these cities were often very dangerous and caused plenty of issues for urban businesses and city dwellers alike. Even with the combined efforts of the railroad strikers and upset citizens,

2850-456: The city remaining in the control of the strikers for almost a week. The St. Louis Workingman's Party led a group of approximately 500 men across the Missouri River in an act of solidarity with the nearly 1,000 workers on strike. It was a catalyst for labor unrest spreading, with thousands of workers in several industries striking for the eight-hour day and a ban on child labor . This was

2925-534: The countries named below. The United States historically gave out numerous land grants as homesteads to individuals desiring to make a farm. The American Industrial Revolution was guided by many supportive acts of legislatures (for example, the Main Line of Public Works legislation of 1863) promoting commerce or transportation infrastructure development by private companies, such as the Cumberland Road turnpike ,

3000-459: The court will be bound to take notice of it and enforce the penalty". Drummond told the U.S. Marshals to protect the railroads and asked for federal troops to enforce his decision; he subsequently had strikers arrested and tried them for contempt of court . The Mayor of Chicago , Monroe Heath , recruited 5,000 men as an unofficial militia, asking for help in restoring order. They were partially successful, and shortly thereafter were reinforced by

3075-715: The deaths of two persons. On August 1, 1877, in Scranton in northeast Pennsylvania, one day after railroad workers commenced a strike, a city posse of 51 men armed with new rifles and under the command of William Walker Scranton , general manager of the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company , returned fire on a group of rioters, strikers, and, most likely, bystanders. The posse immediately killed or fatally wounded four and wounded an undetermined number of others, estimated at 20 to 50, according to different sources. Pennsylvania Governor Hartranft declared Scranton to be under martial law; it

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3150-488: The effort to suppress the labor unrest of this period. With public attention on workers' wages and conditions, the B&O in 1880 founded an Employee Relief Association to provide death benefits and some health care. In 1884, it established a worker pension plan. Other improvements were implemented later. The Long Depression , beginning in the United States with the financial Panic of 1873 and lasting 65 months, became

3225-562: The ensuing Confederacy . In New Zealand two private railway companies were offered land grants to build a railway, though both were eventually taken over by the government and incorporated into the government-owned New Zealand Railways Department . During England's colonization of the Americas , the English Crown gave land grants to encourage the foundation of overseas possessions in North America . King James I of England granted

3300-699: The federal income tax was not established until the 20th century. Starting with the American Revolutionary War , veterans often received land grants instead of backpay or other remuneration. Bounty-land warrants, often for 160 acres, were issued to veterans from 1775 to 1855, thus including veterans of the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War , as well as various Indian wars . The land grants helped settle

3375-513: The first such general strike in the United States. The strike on both sides of the river was ended after the governor appealed for help and gained the intervention of some 3,000 federal troops and 5,000 deputized special police. These armed forces killed at least eighteen people in skirmishes around the city. On July 28, 1877, they took control of the Relay Depot, the command center for the uprising, and arrested some seventy strikers. When news of

3450-711: The longest economic contraction in American history, including the later more famous, 45-month-long Great Depression of the 1930s. The failure of the Jay Cooke bank in New York was followed quickly by that of Henry Clews , and this set off a chain reaction of bank failures, temporarily closing the New York stock market. Unemployment rose dramatically, reaching 14 percent by 1876, with many more severely underemployed , and wages overall dropping to 45% of their previous level. Thousands of American businesses failed, defaulting on more than

3525-522: The main downtown commercial thoroughfare and the way to get to Camden. It was a horrible scene reminiscent of the worst of the bloody "Pratt Street Riots" of the Civil War era in April 1861, over 15 years earlier. When the outnumbered troops of the 6th Regiment finally fired volleys on an attacking crowd, they killed 10 civilians and wounded 25. The rioters injured several members of the National Guard, damaged B&O engines and train cars, and burned portions of

3600-402: The mid-1800s had prompted the modernization of police forces, the violence of 1877 provided the impetus for modernizing the National Guard, "to aid the civil officers, to suppress or prevent riot or insurrections". In 2003 the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Martinsburg Shops , where the strike began, were declared a National Historic Landmark . In 2013 a historical marker commemorating the event

3675-449: The new immigrant workers were Catholics , and their church had forbidden participation in secret societies since 1743, partially as a reaction against the anti-Catholicism of Freemasonry . But by the late 19th century, the Knights of Labor (KOL), a national and predominately European and Catholic organization, had 700,000 members seeking to represent all workers. In 1888, Archbishop James Cardinal Gibbons of Baltimore sympathized with

3750-419: The only railroad bridge offering connections to the west, in order to prevent local National Guard companies from being mustered to actions in the state capital of Harrisburg or Pittsburgh. Authorities used the National Guard, Coal and Iron Police , and Pinkerton detectives in an attempt to break the strike. Philadelphia and Reading Railway management mobilized a private militia, the members of which committed

3825-452: The organized violence coordinated against them by local, state, and federal governments. However, the high cost of organizing such violence in both fiscal and political terms was not lost on the corporate and government leaders behind it. Robert Harris of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad was quoted as saying: "A reduction of pay to employes [ sic ] may be as expensive to

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3900-567: The rail yards, shutting down both the Baltimore and Ohio and the Illinois Central railroads. Soon, other railroads throughout the state were brought to a standstill, with demonstrators shutting down railroad traffic in Bloomington , Aurora , Peoria , Decatur , Urbana and other rail centers throughout Illinois . In sympathy, coal miners in the pits at Braidwood , LaSalle , Springfield , and Carbondale went on strike as well. In Chicago,

3975-425: The railroads, the firm had become a federal agent for the government in the government's direct financing of railroad construction. As building new track in areas where land had not yet been cleared or settled required land grants and loans that only the government could provide, the use of Jay Cooke's firm as a conduit for federal funding worsened the effects that Cooke's bankruptcy had on the nation's economy. In

4050-509: The railroads, who all fought against the workers. Disruption was widespread and at its height, the strikes were supported by about 100,000 workers. With the intervention of federal troops in several locations, most of the strikes were suppressed by early August 1877. Labor continued to work to organize into unions to work for better wages and conditions. Fearing future social disruption, many cities built armories to support local National Guard units; these defensive buildings still stand as symbols of

4125-416: The revolt caused the strike's power to dissipate as well. In total, there were likely over 100,000 people that were involved in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. Of those involved, nearly 1,000 people were jailed and about 100 were killed. The strike caused over 50% of the United States' freight being carried on the railroads to stop for some time. In the end, the strikers were unable to meaningfully resist

4200-472: The same percentage. By July 14, 1877, it had spread to the Martinsburg, West Virginia station where strikers refused to let freight trains pass. A crowd had gathered in support of the railroad workers. Due to violence against workers refusing to take part in the strike, and since the police proved ineffective in stopping such violence, West Virginia Governor Henry M. Matthews sent in militia forces to move trains. This resulted in one militiaman getting shot by

4275-474: The second-largest employer outside of agriculture , required large amounts of capital investment, and thus entailed massive financial risk. Speculators fed large amounts of money into the industry, causing abnormal growth and over-expansion. Jay Cooke 's firm, like many other banking firms, invested a disproportionate share of depositors' funds in the railroads, thus laying the track for the ensuing collapse. In addition to Cooke's direct infusion of capital in

4350-603: The shootings in the city. On July 25, 1,000 men and boys, many of them coal miners, marched to the Reading Railroad Depot in Shamokin , east of Sunbury along the Susquehanna River valley. They looted the depot when the town announced it would pay them only $ 1/day for emergency public employment. The mayor, who owned coal mines, organized an unofficial militia. It committed 14 civilian shooting casualties, resulting in

4425-517: The site of the worst violence of related strikes. Thomas Alexander Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad , described as one of the first robber barons , suggested that the strikers should be given "a rifle diet for a few days and see how they like that kind of bread". As in some other cities and towns, local law enforcement officers such as sheriffs, deputies and police refused to fire on the strikers. Several Pennsylvania National Guard units were ordered into service by Governor John Hartranft , including

4500-410: The status quo. A National Guard member in Pittsburgh, ordered to break the 1877 strike, pointed out that the workers were driven by "one spirit and one purpose among them – that they were justified in resorting to any means to break down the power of the corporations". Unions became better organized as well as more competent, and the number of strikes increased. The tumultuous Knights of Labor grew to be

4575-452: The strike was increased public awareness of the grievances of railroad workers. On May 1, 1880, the B&O Railroad , which had the lowest wage rate of any major railroad, established the Baltimore and Ohio Employees' Relief Association , which provided coverage for sickness, injury from accidents, and a death benefit. In 1884, the B&O became the first major employer to offer a pension plan . Militias had almost completely disappeared in

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4650-415: The strikes reached the west coast, the Central Pacific Railroad rescinded its 10 percent wage cut, but this did not prevent the type of worker unrest seen in the east. In San Francisco, the Workingmen's Party called for a rally on July 23, which was attended by eight to ten thousand people. Despite attempts by the organizers to focus the crowd's energy against the railroad monopolies, the rally soon turned to

4725-471: The train station at South Howard and West Camden Streets. The National Guard was trapped in the Camden Yards , besieged by armed rioters. President Hayes sent 2,000 federal troops and 600 U.S. Marines to Baltimore to restore order. There were further strike actions to the north in Albany , Syracuse and Buffalo, New York , on other railroad lines. On July 25, 1877, workers gathered on Van Woert Street Rail Crossing in Albany, New York. The workers waited for

4800-419: The trains from moving, with spiraling effects in other parts of the economy. Workers continued to organize to try to improve their conditions. Employers and liberals feared the spread of communism , particularly through organizations like the Workingmen's Party recently founded in Chicago , and often drew comparisons between such movements in the United States and the recent Paris Commune of 1871. Many of

4875-404: The troops into Martinsburg, and the strike moved on to Baltimore and then to Pittsburgh. Meanwhile, the strike also spread into western Maryland to the major railroad hub of Cumberland , county seat of Allegany County where railway workers stopped freight and passenger traffic. In Baltimore , the famous Fifth ("Dandy Fifth") and Sixth Regiments of the former state militia, reorganized since

4950-428: The troops stood their ground against the strikers and obeyed the orders received from their commanders. This, combined with the strikers' sporadic and unorganized revolts, ultimately led to the downfall of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. These troops broke strike after strike, until approximately 45 days after it had started, the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was over. The lack of a political leader or party's support of

5025-494: The uprising. Workers in Reading , Pennsylvania's third-largest industrial city at the time, also broke out into a strike. This city was home of the engine works and shops of the Philadelphia and Reading Railway , against which engineers had struck since April 1877. The National Guard shot 16 citizens. Preludes to the massacre included fresh work stoppage by all classes of the railroad's local workforce, mass marches, blocking of rail traffic, and trainyard arson . Workers burned down

5100-449: The wake of the Panic of 1873 , a bitter antagonism between workers and the leaders of industry developed. Immigration from Europe was underway, as was migration of rural workers into the cities, increasing competition for jobs and enabling companies to drive down wages and easily lay off workers. By 1877, 10 percent wage cuts, distrust of capitalists and poor working conditions led to workers conducting numerous railroad strikes that prevented

5175-499: The workers and collaborated with other bishops to lift the prohibition against workers joining the KOL. Other workers also took actions, and unrest marked the following decades. In 1886, Samuel Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor for the skilled craft trades, attracting skilled workers from other groups. Other labor organizing followed. The strike began when Baltimore & Ohio (B&O) Railroad president John W. Garrett cut wages by ten per cent to increase dividends by

5250-409: The years 1886–1895, the Guard put down 328 civil disorders, mostly in the industrial states of Illinois, Pennsylvania, Ohio and New York; workers came to see the guardsmen as tools of their employers. Attempts to utilize the National Guard to quell violent outbreaks in 1877 highlighted its ineffectiveness, and in some cases its propensity to side with strikers and rioters. In response, as earlier riots in

5325-453: Was incorporated in 1670 with the grant of Rupert's Land by King Charles II of England ; this vast territory was greater than one third the area of Canada today. Following the Rupert's Land Act in the British Parliament, Rupert's Land was sold in 1869 to the newly formed Canadian Government for the nominal sum of £300,000. Land grants were an incentive for the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway . The Plantations of Ireland in

5400-447: Was occupied by state and federal troops armed with Gatling guns . Later the posse leader and about 20 of his men were charged with assault and murder. They were all acquitted. Under military occupation, and suffering the effects of protracted violence against them, the miners ended their strike without achieving any of their demands. On July 24, rail traffic in Chicago was paralyzed when angry mobs of unemployed citizens wreaked havoc in

5475-508: Was placed in Baltimore , Maryland , by the Maryland Historical Trust and Maryland State Highway Administration . Its inscription reads: The first national strike began July 16, 1877, with Baltimore and Ohio Railroad workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia , and Baltimore, Maryland. It spread across the nation halting rail traffic and closing factories in reaction to widespread worker discontent over wage cuts and conditions during

5550-420: Was set aside for public schools and other purposes. The federal government acquired additional lands by treaties with various Native American tribes, such as the 1833 Treaty of Chicago , by which many eastern tribes agreed to settle across the Mississippi River . Revenues from public land purchases were a major source of funding for the federal government through the 19th century, along with tariff revenues, since

5625-572: Was sworn in for his second term on April 30, 1877. His tenure as mayor ended on April 28, 1879. He died in Asheville, North Carolina . He is buried in Oak Woods Cemetery . This article about a mayor in Illinois is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Chicago -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Land grants A land grant

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