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87-573: 1960s : In 1962, the Corporation of the Township of Richmond decided to purchase 217 acres of land from the federal Department of Transport. However, the land did not come fully into use until the year of 1968 when Will Paulik, Secretary of the Richmond Rod and Gun Club, claimed that the acres should be used as a nature region and from then on the park began to shape outdoor activities , there by establishing

174-432: A "mouse trap", "bear trap" or "man trap", based on their shape and rapid movement. However, the term snap trap is preferred as other designations are misleading, particularly with respect to the intended prey. Aldrovanda is aquatic and specialized in catching small invertebrates; Dionaea is terrestrial and catches a variety of arthropods, including spiders. The traps are very similar, with leaves whose terminal section

261-419: A common ancestor who also had pitfall trap morphology, carnivorous pitchers are an example of convergent evolution . A passive trap, pitfall traps attract prey with nectar bribes secreted by the peristome and bright flower-like anthocyanin patterning within the pitcher. The linings of most pitcher plants are covered in a loose coating of waxy flakes which are slippery for insects, causing them to fall into

348-595: A cost-benefit model for botanical carnivory. Cost-benefit models are used under the assumption that there is a set amount of potential energy available to an organism, which leads to trade-offs wherein energy is allocated to certain functions to maximize competitive ability and fitness. For carnivory, the trait could only evolve if the increase in nutrients from capturing prey exceeded the cost of investment in carnivorous adaptations. Pitfall traps are derived from rolled leaves, which evolved several independent times through convergent evolution. The vascular tissues of Sarracenia

435-441: A form of recreation. Various physical activities can be completed individually or communally. Sports which are mainly played indoors or other settings such as fields are able to transition to an outdoor setting for recreational and non-competitive purposes. Outdoor physical activities can help people learn new skills, test stamina and endurance, and participate in social activities. Outdoor activities are also frequently used as

522-401: A hinged door. In aquatic species, the door has a pair of long trigger hairs. Aquatic invertebrates such as Daphnia touch these hairs and deform the door by lever action, releasing the vacuum. The invertebrate is sucked into the bladder, where it is digested. Many species of Utricularia (such as U. sandersonii ) are terrestrial , growing in waterlogged soil, and their trapping mechanism

609-460: A large portion of Lulu Island , is now a large remaining fragment that makes up Richmond Nature Park in the Fraser River Delta. This ecosystem has been disrupted significantly by changes in drainage and reduction in size, but it has kept in good shape as a raised peat bog ecosystem . The development of Lulu Island Bog has led to significant changes in the bogs ecosystem over the course of

696-537: A minute or so. Sundews are extremely cosmopolitan and are found on all the continents except the Antarctic mainland. They are most diverse in Australia , the home to the large subgroup of pygmy sundews such as D. pygmaea and to a number of tuberous sundews such as D. peltata , which form tubers that aestivate during the dry summer months. These species are so dependent on insect sources of nitrogen that they generally lack

783-422: A mountain cycle over rocky tracks and around boulder-strewn paths. Mountain bikes or ATBs (all-terrain bikes) feature a rugged frame and fork. Their frames are often built of aluminum so they are lightweight and stiff, making them efficient to ride. Many styles of mountain biking are practiced, including all mountain , downhill , trials , dirt jumping , trail riding , and cross country . The latter two are

870-437: A number of days have been designated for the outdoors. Carnivorous plant Carnivorous plants are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans , typically insects and other arthropods , and occasionally small mammals and birds . They still generate all of their energy from photosynthesis . They have adapted to grow in waterlogged sunny places where

957-686: A plant must first exhibit an adaptation of some trait specifically for the attraction, capture, or digestion of prey. Only one trait needs to have evolved that fits this adaptive requirement, as many current carnivorous plant genera lack some of the above-mentioned attributes. The second requirement is the ability to absorb nutrients from dead prey and gain a fitness advantage from the integration of these derived nutrients (mostly amino acids and ammonium ions) either through increased growth or pollen and/or seed production. However, plants that may opportunistically utilise nutrients from dead animals without specifically seeking and capturing fauna are excluded from

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1044-570: A setting for education and team building . Trekking can be understood as an extended walk and involves day hikes , overnight or extended hikes. An example of a day trek is hiking during the day and returning at night to a lodge for a hot meal and a comfortable bed. Physical preparation for trekking includes cycling , swimming , jogging and long walks. Trekking requires experience with basic survival skills , first aid , and orienteering when going for extended hikes or staying out overnight. The activity of mountain biking involves steering

1131-466: A solution to assimilate released nutrients. Saccharides are often found in plants that have adhesive traps or plants that use viscous secretion to retain captured prey. The digestion fluid is often nutrient poor and has ions K , Na , Ca and Mg (for species in the Nepenthes genera for example), along with numerous proteins which vary across genera. Peroxidases are also involved for some species. The body of

1218-738: A trap, and both of these can be prevented by wax, gravity and narrow tubes. However, a flooded trap can be swum out of, so in Utricularia , a one-way lid may have developed to form the door of a proto-bladder. Later, this may have become active by the evolution of a partial vacuum inside the bladder, tripped by prey brushing against trigger hairs on the door of the bladder. The active glue traps use rapid plant movements to trap their prey. Rapid plant movement can result from actual growth, or from rapid changes in cell turgor , which allow cells to expand or contract by quickly altering their water content. Slow-moving flypapers like Pinguicula exploit growth, while

1305-638: A wide consensus that Darwin was correct, with studies showing that carnivory evolved at least six times in the angiosperms, and that trap designs such as pitcher traps and flypaper traps are analogous rather than homologous. Researchers using molecular data have concluded that carnivory evolved independently in the Poales ( Brocchinia and Catopsis in the Bromeliaceae ), the Caryophyllales ( Droseraceae , Nepenthaceae , Drosophyllaceae , Dioncophyllaceae ),

1392-457: Is a case in point. The keel along the front of the trap contains a mixture of leftward- and rightward-facing vascular bundles , as would be predicted from the fusion of the edges of an adaxial (stem-facing) leaf surface. Flypapers also show a simple evolutionary gradient from sticky, non-carnivorous leaves, through passive flypapers to active forms. Molecular data show the Dionaea – Aldrovanda clade

1479-419: Is a case of thigmonasty (undirected movement in response to touch). Further stimulation of the lobe's internal surfaces by the struggling insects causes the lobes to close even tighter ( thigmotropism ), sealing the lobes hermetically and forming a stomach in which digestion occurs over a period of one to two weeks. Once this process is triggered, it cannot be reversed and requires more stimulation to trigger

1566-406: Is a shortage of nutrients, sufficient light and water, the capture and digestion of prey has the greatest impact on photosynthetic gains, thus favoring the evolution of plant adaptations which allowed for more effective, efficient carnivory. Due to the required energy and resource allocations for carnivorous adaptations (e.g. the production of lures, digestive enzymes, modified leaf structures, and

1653-492: Is a tree characteristic of the bog-forest park, having the ability to tolerate the poor soils and distinguished by its "stunted or spindly appearance". Over 100 species reside in the Richmond Nature Park. Amongst the species that live in the nature park, there are at least 13 mammals including shrews , the douglas squirrel , mice , coyotes , and black tailed deer . Migratory birds have also been seen to be living in

1740-411: Is closely related to Drosera , and evolved from active flypaper traps into snap traps. It has been suggested that all trap types are modifications of a similar basic structure: the hairy leaf. Hairy (or more specifically, stalked-glandular) leaves can catch and retain drops of rainwater, especially if shield-shaped or peltate , thus promoting bacteria growth. Insects land on the leaf, become mired by

1827-438: Is contentious. Two genera of liverwort, Colura and Pleurozia , have sac-shaped leaves that trap and kill ciliates and may digest them. A species of pitcher plant, Nepenthes ampullaria , has evolved away from being a carnivore. Rather than catching animals, it catches falling leaves in its pitchers. Specialized multicellular secretion glands produce digestive fluid that smother, kill, and digest prey as well as make

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1914-497: Is divided into two lobes, hinged along the midrib. Trigger hairs (three on each lobe in Dionaea muscipula , many more in the case of Aldrovanda ) inside the trap lobes are sensitive to touch. When a trigger hair is bent, stretch-gated ion channels in the membranes of cells at the base of the trigger hair open, generating an action potential that propagates to cells in the midrib. These cells respond by pumping out ions, which may either cause water to follow by osmosis (collapsing

2001-474: Is easy to enter, and whose exit is either difficult to find or obstructed by inward-pointing bristles. Lobster pots are the trapping mechanism in Genlisea , the corkscrew plants. These plants appear to specialise in aquatic protozoa . A Y -shaped modified leaf allows prey to enter but not exit. Inward-pointing hairs force the prey to move in a particular direction. Prey entering the spiral entrance that coils around

2088-543: Is evidence that some clades of flypaper traps have evolved from morphologically more complex traps such as pitchers. In the genus Pinguicula , the mucilage glands are quite short ( sessile ), and the leaf, while shiny (giving the genus its common name of ' butterwort '), does not appear carnivorous. However, this belies the fact that the leaf is an extremely effective trap of small flying insects (such as fungus gnats ), and its surface responds to prey by relatively rapid growth. This thigmotropic growth may involve rolling of

2175-472: Is frequently done in remote and rugged settings and often requires navigational, route-finding and other wilderness skills. Education is also a popular focus of outdoor activity. University outdoor recreation programs are becoming more popular in the United States . Studies have shown that outdoor recreation programs can be beneficial to a student's well-being and stress levels in terms of calming and soothing

2262-750: Is less stressed than in organized individual or team sports. When the activity involves exceptional excitement, physical challenge, or risk, it is sometimes referred to as "adventure recreation" or "adventure training", rather than an extreme sport . Other traditional examples of outdoor recreational activities include hiking , camping , mountaineering , cycling , dog walking , canoeing , caving , kayaking , rafting , rock climbing , running , sailing , skiing , sky diving and surfing . As new pursuits, often hybrids of prior ones, emerge, they gain their own identities, such as coasteering , canyoning , fastpacking , and plogging . In many cities, recreational areas for various outdoor activities are created for

2349-538: Is located south from the city of Vancouver and nearby Vancouver International Airport . The nature park is approximately a 30-minute drive from Downtown Vancouver and it is accessible via Highway 99 moving into Richmond. Exact address and directions into Richmond Nature Park: 11851 Westminster Hwy, Richmond, BC. Outdoor recreation Outdoor recreation or outdoor activity refers to recreation done outside, most commonly in natural settings. The activities that encompass outdoor recreation vary depending on

2436-812: Is obscured by the paucity of their fossil record . Very few fossils have been found, and then usually only as seed or pollen . Carnivorous plants are generally herbs, and their traps are produced by primary growth . They generally do not form readily fossilisable structures such as thick bark or wood. Researchers are increasingly using genome sequencing technology to examine the development of carnivorous species and relationships between them. Genetic evidence suggests that carnivory developed by co-opting and repurposing existing genes which had established functions in flowering plants, rather than by "hijacking" genes from other types of organisms. Most carnivorous plants live in habitats with high light, waterlogged soils, and extremely low soil nitrogen and phosphorus, producing

2523-491: Is particularly pronounced (both secrete nectar ) and provides a thorny overhang to the opening, preventing trapped insects from climbing out. The final carnivore with a pitfall-like trap is the bromeliad Brocchinia reducta . Like most relatives of the pineapple , the tightly packed, waxy leaf bases of the strap-like leaves of this species form an urn . In most bromeliads, water collects readily in this urn and may provide habitats for frogs , insects and, more useful for

2610-519: Is predominantly taken over by the "flowering plants" heath shrubs , including Labrador tea , bog rosemary , western bog laurel , bog blueberry and bog cranberry. As a result of the drainage impact and the drying of the bog, the Lulu Island Bog is also dominated by a few invasive species, including the European birch, highbush blueberry , American cranberry , and Scotch heather . The Shore Pine tree

2697-506: Is represented by more than a dozen genera . This classification includes at least 583 species that attract, trap, and kill prey , absorbing the resulting available nutrients. Venus flytraps ( Dionaea muscipula ), pitcher plants , and bladderworts ( Utricularia spp. ) can be seen as exemplars of key traits genetically associated with carnivory: trap leaf development, prey digestion, and nutrient absorption. The number of known species has increased by approximately 3 species per year since

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2784-410: Is triggered in a slightly different manner. Bladderworts lack roots , but terrestrial species have anchoring stems that resemble roots. Temperate aquatic bladderworts generally die back to a resting turion during the winter months, and U. macrorhiza appears to regulate the number of bladders it bears in response to the prevailing nutrient content of its habitat. A lobster-pot trap is a chamber that

2871-677: The Oxalidales ( Cephalotus ), the Ericales ( Sarraceniaceae and Roridulaceae ), and twice in the Lamiales ( Lentibulariaceae and independently in Byblidaceae ).   The oldest evolution of an existing carnivory lineage has been dated to 85.6 million years ago, with the most recent being Brocchinia reducta in the Bromeliaceae estimated at only 1.9 mya. The evolution of carnivorous plants

2958-430: The monkey cups or tropical pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes . In the hundred or so species of this genus, the pitcher is borne at the end of a tendril , which grows as an extension to the midrib of the leaf. Most species catch insects, although the larger ones, such as Nepenthes rajah , also occasionally take small mammals and reptiles . Nepenthes bicalcarata possesses two sharp thorns that project from

3045-499: The soil is thin or poor in nutrients , especially nitrogen , such as acidic bogs . They can be found on all continents except Antarctica , as well as many Pacific islands. In 1875, Charles Darwin published Insectivorous Plants , the first treatise to recognize the significance of carnivory in plants, describing years of painstaking research. True carnivory is believed to have evolved independently at least 12 times in five different orders of flowering plants, and

3132-442: The surface tension of the water, and suffocate . Bacteria jumpstart decay , releasing from the corpse nutrients that the plant can absorb through its leaves. This foliar feeding can be observed in most non-carnivorous plants. Plants that were better at retaining insects or water therefore had a selective advantage. Rainwater can be retained by cupping the leaf, and pitfall traps may have evolved simply by selection pressure for

3219-468: The Nature House is by donation. Based on the many resources that is offered by the park, this allows visitors to engage in a variety of recreational and educational activities for all ages. Visitors of the park can participate in hiking and walking along the four available park trails, which are also handicap and stroller accessible. Birdwatching, photography, and sightseeing is also available to explore in

3306-749: The United States, state parks and national parks offer campgrounds and opportunities for recreation of the sort. In the UK, all of rural Scotland and all those areas of England and Wales designated as "right to roam" areas are available for outdoor enthusiasts on foot. Some areas are also open to mountain bikers and to horse riders. Culinary techniques and foods popular with outdoor enthusiasts include dutch ovens , grilling , cooking over "open fires" (often with rock fire rings ), fish fries , granola , and trail mix (sometimes referred to as GORP for "good old raisins and peanuts "). Nationally and internationally,

3393-470: The Venus flytrap. A possible carnivore is the genus Roridula ; the plants in this genus produce sticky leaves with resin-tipped glands and look extremely similar to some of the larger sundews. However, they do not directly benefit from the insects they catch. Instead, they form a mutualistic symbiosis with species of assassin bug (genus Pameridea ), which eat the trapped insects. The plant benefits from

3480-477: The base of the operculum over the entrance to the pitcher. These likely serve to lure insects into a precarious position over the pitcher mouth, where they may lose their footing and fall into the fluid within. The pitfall trap has evolved independently in at least two other groups. The Albany pitcher plant , Cephalotus follicularis , is a small pitcher plant from Western Australia , with moccasin -like pitchers. The rim of its pitcher's opening (the peristome )

3567-519: The best thing in the RAF according to Robbie from Crickhowell. While a wide variety of outdoor recreational activities can be classified as sports , they do not all demand that a participant be an athlete . Rather, it is the collectivist idea that is at the fore in outdoor recreation, as outdoor recreation does not necessarily encompass the same degree of competitiveness or rivalry that is embodied in sporting matches or championships . Competition generally

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3654-406: The bog. The ecology of the bog is made up of the moss known as sphagnum , which develops under an acidic, “cool, wet climatic conditions”, and this moss type plays an important role in the development of a bog. The development of sphagnum moss takes place in areas where the rainwater accumulates. However, the plants in the bog receive very little - and sometimes even no - waterborne nutrients. Due to

3741-399: The capture of prey. For example, Triphyophyllum is a passive flypaper that secretes mucilage, but whose leaves do not grow or move in response to prey capture. Meanwhile, sundews are active flypaper traps whose leaves undergo rapid acid growth , which is an expansion of individual cells as opposed to cell division . The rapid acid growth allows the sundews' tentacles to bend, aiding in

3828-444: The carnivorous definition. Despite this, there are cases where plants appear carnivorous, in that they fulfill some of the above definition, but are not truly carnivorous. Some botanists argue that there is a spectrum of carnivory found in plants: from completely non-carnivorous plants like cabbages , to borderline carnivores, to unspecialised and simple traps, like Heliamphora , to extremely specialised and complex traps, like that of

3915-446: The carnivorous definition. The second requirement also differentiates carnivory from defensive plant characteristics that may kill or incapacitate insects without the advantage of nutrient absorption. Due to the observation that many currently classified carnivores lack digestive enzymes for breaking down nutrients and instead rely upon mutualistic and symbiotic relationships with bacteria, ants, or insects, this adaptation has been added to

4002-401: The cells in the midrib) or cause rapid acid growth . The mechanism is still debated, but in any case, changes in the shape of cells in the midrib allow the lobes, held under tension, to snap shut, flipping rapidly from convex to concave and interring the prey. This whole process takes less than a second. In the Venus flytrap, closure in response to raindrops and blown-in debris is prevented by

4089-418: The decreased rate of photosynthesis over total leaf area), some authors argue that carnivory is an evolutionary "last resort" when nitrogen and phosphorus are extremely limited in an ecosystem. Despite meager fossil evidence, much can be deduced from the structure of current traps and their ecological interactions. It is widely believed that carnivory evolved under extremely nutrient-poor conditions, leading to

4176-430: The development of ‘soft’ skills and social skills, particularly in hard to reach children. These activities can also take place on school trips, on visits in the local community or even on the school grounds. Outdoor enthusiast and outdoorsy are terms for a person who enjoys outdoor recreation. The terms outdoorsman , sportsman , woodsman , or bushman have also been used to describe someone with an affinity for

4263-418: The ecological impetus to derive nitrogen from an alternate source. High-light environments allowed for the trade-off between photosynthetic leaves and photosynthetically inefficient, prey-capturing traps. To compensate for the photosynthetically inefficient material, the nutrients obtained through carnivory would need to increase photosynthesis by investing in more leaf mass (i.e. growth). Consequently, when there

4350-670: The enzyme nitrate reductase , which most plants require to assimilate soil-borne nitrate into organic forms. Similar to Drosera is the Portuguese dewy pine, Drosophyllum , which differs from the sundews in being passive. Its leaves are incapable of rapid movement or growth. Unrelated, but similar in habit, are the Australian rainbow plants ( Byblis ). Drosophyllum is unusual in that it grows under near- desert conditions; almost all other carnivores are either bog plants or grow in moist tropical areas. Recent molecular data (particularly

4437-405: The lack of waterborne nutrients, various resilient plants live amongst the sphagnum moss that are able to tolerate full on cool, acidic peat bog soils. One of the plant features of this bog are the carnivorous plants . These plants counteract the lack of nutrients in the soil by entrapping and consuming small insects, such as the round-leafed sundew , pitcher plants , and bladderworts . This bog

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4524-411: The land as a park. 1970s: During the 1970s, the beautiful nature park had a lot of success and significant moments. For instance, their first committee meeting took place in 1971. In 1972 the park was officially named and they were endowed Local Ascendancy Grants in order to help and support a number of their future projects that they had forthcoming. 1976 was a significant year because the Nature House

4611-448: The leaf blade (to prevent rain from splashing the prey off the leaf surface) or dishing of the surface under the prey to form a shallow digestive pit. The sundew genus ( Drosera ) consists of over 100 species of active flypapers whose mucilage glands are borne at the end of long tentacles , which frequently grow fast enough in response to prey ( thigmotropism ) to aid the trapping process. The tentacles of D. burmanii can bend 180° in

4698-399: The leaves having a simple memory: for the lobes to shut, two stimuli are required, 0.5 to 30 seconds apart. According to a recent study, calcium molecules move dynamically within the cells of the plant's leaves when a carnivorous plant touches live prey. Changing calcium levels make leaves move to catch prey, likely by producing more hormones related to defense. The snapping of the leaves

4785-443: The mind. Universities in the United States often offer indoor rock climbing walls, equipment rental, ropes courses and trip programming. A few universities give degrees in adventure recreation, which aims to teach graduates how to run businesses in the field of adventure recreation. In the UK, the house of commons' Education and Skills Committee supports outdoor education. The committee encourages fieldwork projects since it helps in

4872-623: The most common. Balance, core strength, and endurance are all physical traits that are required to go mountain biking. Riders also need bike handling skills and the ability to make basic repairs to their bikes. More advanced mountain biking involves technical descents such as down hilling and free riding. Canyoning is an activity which involves climbing, descending, jumping and trekking through canyons. The sport originates from caving and involves both caving and climbing techniques. Canyoning often includes descents that involve rope work, down-climbing, or jumps that are technical in nature. Canyoning

4959-438: The nectar bribe is laced with coniine , a toxic alkaloid also found in hemlock , which probably increases the efficiency of the traps by intoxicating prey. Most Heliamphora rely on bacterial digestion alone with the exception of a single species, Heliamphora tatei , which does produce digestive enzymes. The enzymes digest the proteins and nucleic acids in the prey, releasing amino acids and phosphate ions, which

5046-441: The net-like funnel found in most aquatic bladderworts. Whatever their origin, the helical shape of the lobster pot is an adaptation that displays as much trapping surface as possible in all directions when buried in moss . The traps of the bladderworts may have derived from pitchers that specialised in aquatic prey when flooded, like Sarracenia psittacina does today. Escaping prey in terrestrial pitchers have to climb or fly out of

5133-402: The next steps. Leaves can be reused three or four times before they become unresponsive to stimulation, depending on the growing conditions. Bladder traps are exclusive to the genus Utricularia , or bladderworts . The bladders (vesiculae) pump ions out of their interiors. Water follows by osmosis , generating a partial vacuum inside the bladder. The bladder has a small opening, sealed by

5220-631: The nutrients in the bugs' feces . By some definitions this would still constitute botanical carnivory. A number of species in the Martyniaceae (previously Pedaliaceae ), such as Ibicella lutea , have sticky leaves that trap insects. However, these plants have not been shown conclusively to be carnivorous. Likewise, the seeds of Shepherd's Purse , urns of Paepalanthus bromelioides , bracts of Passiflora foetida , and flower stalks and sepals of triggerplants ( Stylidium ) appear to trap and kill insects, but their classification as carnivores

5307-452: The opening underneath the balloon. Once inside, they tire themselves trying to escape from these false exits, until they eventually fall into the tube. Prey access is increased by the "fish tails", outgrowths of the operculum that give the plant its name. Some seedling Sarracenia species also have long, overhanging opercular outgrowths; Darlingtonia may therefore represent an example of neoteny . The second major group of pitcher plants are

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5394-956: The outdoors. Some famous outdoor enthusiasts include U.S. president Teddy Roosevelt , Robert Baden-Powell , Ernest Hemingway , Ray Mears , Bear Grylls , Doug Peacock , Richard Wiese , Kenneth "Speedy" Raulerson , Earl Shaffer , Jo Gjende , Saxton Pope , Randy Stoltmann , Christopher Camuto , Eva Shockey , Jim Shockey , Henry Pittock , Eddie Bauer , Gaylord DuBois , Euell Gibbons , Clay Perry , Arthur Hasketh Groom , Les Hiddins , Bill Jordan , and Corey Ford . Some pioneering female outdoor enthusiasts include Mary Seacole , Isabella Bird , Emma Rowena Gatewood , Claire Marie Hodges , Mina Benson Hubbard , Beryl Markham , Freya Stark , Margaret Murie , Celia Hunter , Rachel Carson , Terry Tempest Williams , Marjory Stoneman Douglas , Ruth Dyar Mendenhall, and Arlene Blum . Sparsely populated areas with mountains, lakes, rivers, scenic views, and rugged terrain are popular with outdoor enthusiasts. In

5481-416: The park continues to flourish. The Richmond Nature House in Richmond Nature Park is an interpretive centre for visitors to learn more about the park through interactive displays, games, and resources. The Nature House also offers a gift shop, trail guide information, and exhibits including an active beehive and a reptile show, and a collection of live animals to educate visitors about the bog. Admission into

5568-549: The park's natural scenery, giving visitors the ability to encounter plants and animals in the bog, forest, and pond habitats. Other amenities located in the park include the outdoor picnic area including picnic tables, washrooms, a playground area, and available parking. However, food services within the park are not available. The four main trails in the Richmond Nature Park include: Bog Forest Trail (1.8 km), Quaking Trail (1.6 km), Time trail (0.83 km) and Pond Trail (0.35 km). The Lulu Island Bog which once covered

5655-476: The park, including a variety of owl species , hawks , eagles , woodpeckers , and many more. Many of the bird species are considered to be "year-round residents", while other bird species are "found seasonally or during migration only". Over the past few decades since the park has been established, the numbers and diversity of the birds have changed with time as the bog-forest has developed and expanded, but there has been especially fewer waterfowl compared to what

5742-437: The physical environment they are being carried out in. These activities can include fishing , hunting , backpacking , walking and horseback riding — and can be completed individually or collectively. Outdoor recreation is a broad concept that encompasses a varying range of activities and landscapes. Outdoor recreation is typically pursued for purposes of physical exercise, general wellbeing, and spiritual renewal. It's

5829-446: The pitcher. In the genus Sarracenia , the problem of pitcher overflow is solved by an operculum , which is essentially a flared leaflet that covers the opening of the rolled-leaf tube and protects it from rain. Possibly because of this improved waterproofing, Sarracenia species secrete enzymes such as proteases and phosphatases into the digestive fluid at the bottom of the pitcher. In at least one species, Sarracenia flava ,

5916-405: The pitcher. Once within the pitcher structure, digestive enzymes or mutualistic species break down the prey into an absorbable form for the plant. Water can become trapped within the pitcher, making a habitat for other flora and fauna. This type of 'water body' is called a phytotelma . The simplest pitcher plants are probably those of Heliamphora , the marsh pitcher plant . In this genus ,

6003-464: The plant absorbs. Darlingtonia californica , the cobra plant, possesses an adaptation also found in Sarracenia psittacina and, to a lesser extent, in Sarracenia minor : the operculum is balloon-like and almost seals the opening to the tube. This balloon-like chamber is pitted with areolae , chlorophyll -free patches through which light can penetrate. Insects, mostly ants, enter the chamber via

6090-461: The plant is carnivorous. This may be related to a requirement for specific nutrients for flowering. The only two active snap traps—the Venus flytrap ( Dionaea muscipula ) and the waterwheel plant ( Aldrovanda vesiculosa )—had a common ancestor with the snap trap adaptation, which had evolved from an ancestral lineage that utilized flypaper traps. Their trapping mechanism has also been described as

6177-472: The plant, diazotrophic (nitrogen-fixing) bacteria. In Brocchinia , the urn is a specialised insect trap, with a loose, waxy lining and a population of digestive bacteria. The flypaper trap utilises sticky mucilage or glue. The leaf of flypaper traps is studded with mucilage -secreting glands, which may be short (like those of the butterworts ), or long and mobile (like those of many sundews ). Flypapers have evolved independently at least five times. There

6264-494: The pond. The park's nature exhibits were also updated. Some other projects were the Bog Ecology Protection Zone, the trail guides, and time trails. Through the years of 1987-1989, the park took part in technological advancement, such as their first computer and video camera for the surveillance of the park and to support their office work research for the nature house. 1990s: In 1995, a winter outreach program that

6351-960: The population. These include natural parks , parks , playgrounds , sports facilities but also areas with free sea access such as the beach area of Venice Beach in California, the Promenade des Anglais in Nice or the waterfront of Barcola in Trieste. Outdoor recreation involves any kind of activity within an outdoor environment. Outdoor recreation can include established sports, and individuals can participate without association with teams, competitions or clubs. Activities include backpacking , canoeing , canyoning , caving , climbing , hiking , hill walking , hunting , kayaking , and rafting . Broader groupings include water sports , snow sports , and horseback riding . People engage in physical activity outdoors as

6438-557: The prey is decomposed by a cocktail of hydrolytic enzymes which are stored in sub-cellular compartments or synthesized over and over as needed. Proteins of digestive fluid include proteases, chitinases (partly destroy exoskeleton of insects), phosphatases, and nucleases. Charles Darwin spent 16 years growing carnivorous plants, experimenting with them in the greenhouse of his home in Kent , Down House . In his pioneering book Insectivorous Plants (1875) Darwin concluded that carnivory in plants

6525-517: The production of plumbagin ) indicate that the remaining flypaper , Triphyophyllum peltatum , a member of the Dioncophyllaceae , is closely related to Drosophyllum and forms part of a larger clade of carnivorous and non-carnivorous plants with the Droseraceae , Nepenthaceae , Ancistrocladaceae and Plumbaginaceae . This plant is usually encountered as a liana , but in its juvenile phase,

6612-412: The production of more deeply cupped leaves, followed by "zipping up" of the margins and subsequent loss of most of the hairs. Alternatively, insects can be retained by making the leaf stickier by the production of mucilage , leading to flypaper traps. The only traps that are unlikely to have descended from a hairy leaf or sepal are the carnivorous bromeliads ( Brocchinia and Catopsis ): These plants use

6699-501: The retention and digestion of prey. Characterised by an internal chamber, pitfall traps are thought to have evolved independently at least six times. This particular adaptation is found within the families Sarraceniaceae (Darlingtonia , Heliamphora , Sarracenia ), Nepenthaceae ( Nepenthes ), and Cephalotaceae ( Cephalotus ) . Within the family Bromeliaceae , pitcher morphology and carnivory evolved twice ( Brocchinia and Catopsis ). Because these families do not share

6786-420: The sundew Drosera glanduligera combines features of both flypaper and snap traps; it has been termed a catapult-flypaper trap . Similarly, Nepenthes jamban is a combination of pitfall and flypaper traps because it has a sticky pitcher fluid. Most Sumatran nepenthes, like N. inermis , also have this method. For example, N. dubia and N. flava also use this method. To be defined as carnivorous,

6873-509: The traps are clearly derived from a simple rolled leaf whose margins have sealed together. These plants live in areas of high rainfall in South America such as Mount Roraima and consequently have a problem ensuring their pitchers do not overflow. To counteract this problem, natural selection has favoured the evolution of an overflow similar to that of a bathroom sink —a small gap in the zipped-up leaf margins allows excess water to flow out of

6960-549: The upper two arms of the Y are forced to move inexorably towards a stomach in the lower arm of the Y , where they are digested. Prey movement is also thought to be encouraged by water movement through the trap, produced in a similar way to the vacuum in bladder traps, and probably evolutionarily related to it. Outside of Genlisea , features reminiscent of lobster-pot traps can be seen in Sarracenia psittacina , Darlingtonia californica , and, some horticulturalists argue, Nepenthes aristolochioides . The trapping mechanism of

7047-435: The urn – a characteristic part of all bromeliads, not just the carnivorous ones – for a new purpose, and build on it by the production of wax and the other paraphernalia of carnivory. The lobster-pot traps of Genlisea are difficult to interpret. They may have developed from bifurcated pitchers that later specialised on ground-dwelling prey; or, perhaps, the prey-guiding protrusions of bladder traps became more substantial than

7134-522: The year 2000. Additionally, over 300 protocarnivorous plant species in several genera show some but not all of these characteristics. A 2020 assessment has found that roughly one quarter are threatened with extinction from human actions. Plants are considered carnivorous if they have these five traits: Other traits may include the attraction and retention of prey. Five basic trapping mechanisms are found in carnivorous plants. These traps may be active or passive, depending on whether movement aids

7221-423: The years, especially as a result of urban and agricultural use of the land. Dominated by large precipitation levels, the study of this ecosystem structure is focused on the "raised or domed centre" of the bog which "causes water to drain from the centre radically outwards". The Lulu Island Bog is characterized by their temperate climate , acidic (low pH) growing conditions, and with a minimal water flow into

7308-421: Was convergent , writing that carnivorous genera Utricularia and Nepenthes were not "at all related to the [carnivorous family] Droseraceae ".  This remained a subject of debate for over a century. In 1960, Leon Croizat concluded that carnivory was monophyletic , and placed all the carnivorous plants together at the base of the angiosperms.   Molecular studies over the past 30 years have led to

7395-475: Was directed for schools was developed, known as "Wilderness on Wheels"; however, the name of the program was later changed to "Natural Indoors". In the year of 1997, the park proudly celebrated its 25th anniversary. 2000s: In the year 2002, the 30th Anniversary of the City of Richmond took place. It was during this year that the park was officially appointed and identified as the Richmond Nature Park, and up to this day

7482-514: Was opened to the public, and in the following year, the name of the committee was officially changed to the Richmond Nature Park Society. 1980s: In the 1980s, the park's main goal was to build future ideas and to develop the park even more. There were a lot of projects that took place successfully, such as constructing a boardwalk primarily for disabled people, providing them with their own personal trail that gave them access around

7569-460: Was there during the 1970s Other species in the nature park include 2 types of garter snakes and several frog species. invertebrate species are also frequently present in the park, with a great diversity of colourful butterflies and dragonflies that fly around the pond during the spring and summer seasons. The main entrance into Richmond Nature Park is through Westminster Highway, just next to No. 5 road in east Richmond. The city of Richmond

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