45-544: The Revised New Jerusalem Bible ( RNJB ) is an English translation of the Catholic Bible translated by the Benedictine scholar Henry Wansbrough as an update and successor to the 1966 Jerusalem Bible and the 1985 New Jerusalem Bible . The translation seeks to balance the fluid literary style of the original with a more formally equivalent rendering "suitable for reading out loud." Additional differences from
90-601: A basis for translation, as some of the alternate sources do not include phrases (or sometimes entire verses) which are found only in the Textus Receptus. Some say the alternate sources were poorly representative of the texts used in their time, whereas others claim the Textus Receptus includes passages that were added to the alternate texts improperly. These controversial passages are not the basis for disputed issues of doctrine: they tend to be additional stories or snippets of phrases. Many modern English translations, such as
135-677: A scholarly view of the New Testament text by conforming to the Nestle-Aland 27th edition and extensively annotating the translation to fully explain different textual sources and possible alternative translations. A Comparative Psalter ( ISBN 0-19-529760-1 ) edited by John Kohlenberger presents a comparative diglot translation of the Psalms of the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint, using
180-662: A small number of Greek texts, or on Latin translations, modern English translations of the Bible are based on a wider variety of manuscripts in the original languages, mostly Greek and Hebrew. The translators put much scholarly effort into cross-checking the various sources such as the Septuagint , Textus Receptus , and Masoretic Text . Relatively recent discoveries such as the Dead Sea scrolls provide additional reference information. Some controversy has existed over which texts should be used as
225-492: A word or phrase admits of more than one meaning the Amplified Bible presents all the possible interpretations, allowing the reader to choose one. For example, the first two verses of the Amplified Bible read: In the beginning God (Elohim) created [by forming from nothing] the heavens and the earth. The earth was formless and void or a waste and emptiness, and darkness was upon the face of the deep [primeval ocean that covered
270-581: Is based on the Jerusalem Bible translation, that is the current approved lectionary for New Zealand". Eamon Duffy , an Irish historian at Cambridge University , criticised the Revised New Jerusalem Bible for being "flaccid" and containing "casual inaccuracy" and said that "The English Standard Version is more accurate, and reads better." Dr Sara Parvis , senior lecturer in patristics at Edinburgh University School of Divinity, disagreed that
315-637: Is concluded that this was printed in Antwerp and the colophon gives the date as 4 October 1535. This first edition was adapted by Coverdale for his first "authorised version", known as the Great Bible , of 1539. Other early printed versions were the Geneva Bible published by Sir Rowland Hill in 1560. This version is notable for being the first Bible divided into verses and which negated the Divine Right of Kings;
360-498: Is often reflected in non-Jewish translations. For example, Jewish translations translate עלמה ‘almâh in Isaiah 7:14 as young woman , while many Christian translations render the word as virgin . While modern biblical scholarship is similar for both Christians and Jews, there are distinctive features of Jewish translations, even those created by academic scholars. These include the avoidance of Christological interpretations, adherence to
405-585: Is one who" rather than "Blessed is he who"). In so doing, it complies with the instruction of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued under Cardinal Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI), which requires that the "natural gender of 'personae' in the Bible, including the human author of various texts where evident, must not be changed" and that the "grammatical gender of God, pagan deities, and angels according to
450-602: Is that it uses a modification of the Revised Grail Psalter for the Psalms rather than its own rendering. Both The Jerusalem Bible and The New Jerusalem Bible were notable for their extensive footnotes. By comparison, the RNJB has far fewer and different notes from the previous versions, using instead the footnotes Wansbrough wrote for the 2007 CTS New Catholic Bible . The RNJB Bible text, introductions, and footnotes all carry
495-499: Is thought to have written an Old English translation of the Psalms . Bede ( c. 672–735) produced a translation of the Gospel of John into Old English, which he is said to have prepared shortly before his death. This translation is lost; we know of its existence from Cuthbert of Jarrow's account of Bede's death. In the 10th century an Old English translation of the Gospels was made in
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#1732852498707540-848: The Bishop's Bible (1568), which was an attempt by Elizabeth I to create a new authorised version; and the Authorized King James Version of 1611. The first complete Catholic Bible in English was the Douay–Rheims Bible , of which the New Testament portion was published in Rheims in 1582 and the Old Testament somewhat later in Douay in Gallicant Flanders . The Old Testament was completed by
585-568: The Catholic Church in Australia , New Zealand , and Ireland . Henry Wansbrough presented three principles of revision in the preface to The Revised New Jerusalem Bible : that it be intelligible when read aloud, that it adhere to formal rather than dynamic equivalence, and that it use gender-neutral language. However, the translation limits the use of gender-neutral language to personal pronouns referring to people of either gender (i.e., "Blessed
630-583: The Lindisfarne Gospels : a word-for-word gloss inserted between the lines of the Latin text by Aldred , Provost of Chester-le-Street . This is the oldest extant translation of the Gospels into an English language . The Wessex Gospels (also known as the West-Saxon Gospels ) are a full translation of the four gospels into a West Saxon dialect of Old English. Produced in approximately 990, they are
675-618: The Liturgy can be traced back to the late 7th century, including translations into Old and Middle English . The Old English language started first from the Angle-Jute-Saxon invaders/settlers in the South and Eastern regions and evolved influenced by Anglo-Danish invaders/settlers in the North and Eastern Danelaw , to the extent that an Icelandic saga around the year 1000 said the language of England
720-470: The Lollards . Theologian John Wycliffe (c. 1320s–1384) is popularly credited with translating what is now known as Wycliffe's Bible, though it is not clear how much of the translation he himself did. Released in 1382, this was the first known complete translation of the Bible into English. This translation came out in two different versions. The earlier version ("EV") is characterised by a strong adherence to
765-566: The Masoretic Text (at least in the main body of the text, as in the new Jewish Publication Society (JPS) translation) and greater use of classical Jewish exegesis. Some translations prefer names transliterated from the Hebrew, though the majority of Jewish translations use the Anglicized forms of biblical names. The first English Jewish translation of the Bible into English was by Isaac Leeser in
810-853: The New International Version , contain limited text notes indicating where differences occur in original sources. A somewhat greater number of textual differences are noted in the New King James Bible , indicating hundreds of New Testament differences between the Nestle-Aland , the Textus Receptus , and the Hodges edition of the Majority Text . The differences in the Old Testament are less well documented, but they do contain some references to differences between consonantal interpretations in
855-658: The Nihil Obstat of Father John Hemer, Censor Deputatus, Appointed by the Department for Christian Life and Worship and the Imprimatur of the Archbishop George Stack , chairman, Department for Christian Life and Worship, a declaration that, for Catholics, the contents are "considered to be free from doctrinal or moral error." In July 2021 the bishops' conferences of Australia and New Zealand stated that they would use
900-710: The Revised New Jerusalem Bible as the basis for their new lectionary . Their previous lectionary had been based on the Jerusalem Bible . Stephen Lowe , the bishop of Hamilton and Secretary of the New Zealand Catholic Bishops' Conference , said that they had debated between adopting the English Standard Version Catholic Edition (ESV-CE) or the RNJB but had settled on the RNJB because it "uses inclusive language, and
945-567: The Torah and other portions in an ongoing project by Everett Fox , and the ArtScroll Tanakh. Modern translations take different approaches to the rendering of the original languages of approaches. The approaches can usually be considered to be somewhere on a scale between the two extremes: Some translations have been motivated by a strong theological distinctive. In the Sacred Name Bibles
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#1732852498707990-781: The bishops of the country in order to discuss pastoral issues and in general all matters that have to do with the Church. The NZCBC was formed after the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s. The Conference has a Secretariat located in Wellington , and a number of agencies and offices to assist the bishops in carrying out national level functions. The NZCBC established a Committee for Interfaith Relations to assist them in their interfaith work. Recent political engagement by New Zealand bishops have included statements issued in relation to: indigenous rights and Treaty of Waitangi settlements ;
1035-473: The printing press – this enabled the distribution of several thousand copies of his New Testament translation throughout England. Tyndale did not complete his Old Testament translation. The first printed English translation of the whole Bible was produced by Miles Coverdale in 1535, using Tyndale's work together with his own translations from the Latin Vulgate or German text. After much scholarly debate it
1080-574: The 19th century. The JPS produced two of the most popular Jewish translations, namely the JPS The Holy Scriptures of 1917 and the NJPS Tanakh (first printed in a single volume in 1985, second edition in 1999). Since the 1980s there have been multiple efforts among Orthodox publishers to produce translations that are not only Jewish, but also adhere to Orthodox norms. Among these are The Living Torah and Nach by Aryeh Kaplan and others,
1125-510: The Bible. Jewish English Bible translations are modern English Bible translations that include the books of the Hebrew Bible ( Tanakh ) according to the Masoretic Text , and according to the traditional division and order of Torah , Nevi'im , and Ketuvim . Jewish translations often also reflect traditional Jewish interpretations of the Bible, as opposed to the Christian understanding that
1170-709: The English Standard Version is more accurate than the RNJB. Fr. Neil Xavier O'Donoghue, a theologian, notes that while the original Jerusalem Bible had extensive footnotes, the RNJB does not. Indeed, the notes to the RNJB were originally composed by Henry Wansbrough for the CTS New Catholic Bible and are, O'Donoghue says, "squat", or relatively sparse. Nicholas King SJ , a tutor and fellow in New Testament studies at Campion Hall in Oxford University , observes that there are some difficulties with
1215-547: The Masoretic Text, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the Septuagint. Even with these hundreds of differences, however, a more complete listing is beyond the scope of most single-volume Bibles. While most Bible translations are made by committees of scholars in order to avoid bias or idiosyncrasy, translations are sometimes made by individuals. The following, selected translations are largely the work of individual translators: Others, such as N. T. Wright , have translated portions of
1260-620: The Old Testament even though it does not appear in the Greek text. While most translations attempt to synthesize the various texts in the original languages, some translations also translate one specific textual source, generally for scholarly reasons. A single volume example for the Old Testament is The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible ( ISBN 0-06-060064-0 ) by Martin Abegg, Peter Flint and Eugene Ulrich. The Comprehensive New Testament ( ISBN 978-0-9778737-1-5 ) by T. E. Clontz and J. Clontz presents
1305-674: The Revised Standard Version and the New English Translation of the Septuagint. R. A. Knox's Translation of the Vulgate into English is another example of a single source translation. Most translations make the translators' best attempt at a single rendering of the original, relying on footnotes where there might be alternative translations or textual variants. An alternative is taken by the Amplified Bible . In cases where
1350-501: The Study of Religion and American Culture at Indiana University and Purdue University found that Americans read versions of the Bible as follows: New Zealand Catholic Bishops%27 Conference The New Zealand Catholic Bishops' Conference ( NZCBC ; Māori : Te Huinga o ngā Pīhopa Katorika o Aotearoa ) is an episcopal conference of the Catholic Church in New Zealand that gathers
1395-490: The aristocratic and secular court languages (1066), with Latin still the religious, diplomatic, scientific and ecclesiastical court language, and with parts of the country still speaking Cornish, and perhaps Cumbric. The Ormulum is in Middle English of the 12th century. Like its Old English precursor from Ælfric , an abbot of Eynsham, it includes very little Biblical text, and focuses more on personal commentary. This style
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1440-502: The conviction that God's name be preserved in a Semitic form is followed. The Purified Translation of the Bible promotes the idea that Jesus and early Christians drink grape juice not wine. The Jehovah's Witnesses ' New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures renders the tetragrammaton as Jehovah throughout the Old Testament, and it uses the form Jehovah in the New Testament including — but not limited to — passages quoting
1485-482: The earlier versions include rendering the Tetragrammaton as "LORD" rather than " Yahweh ", using more gender-inclusive language , converting ancient systems of measurement and timing into modern metric equivalents, and reflecting shifts in modern English usage. For instance, the use of ‘shall’ for an emphatic or prophetic future is now rare, being generally replaced by 'will', as in Isaiah 2:2 : It will happen in
1530-644: The first translation of all four gospels into English without the Latin text. In the 11th century, Abbot Ælfric translated much of the Old Testament into Old English. The Old English Hexateuch is an illuminated manuscript of the first six books of the Old Testament (the Hexateuch ). There are no known complete translations ( pandects ) from early in this period, when Middle English emerged after Anglo-Norman replaced Old English (Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Danish) as
1575-432: The form of prose or as interlinear glosses (literal translations above the Latin words). Very few complete translations existed during that time. Most of the books of the Bible existed separately and were read as individual texts. Translations of the Bible often included the writer's own commentary on passages in addition to the literal translation. Aldhelm , Bishop of Sherborne and Abbot of Malmesbury (639–709),
1620-738: The last day . The New Testament and the Psalms were first published separately by Darton, Longman & Todd in February 2018. The full Bible was released in July 2019, published by Darton, Longman & Todd in the United Kingdom and by Image in the United States . Various Catholic Bishops' conferences in the English-speaking world using lectionaries based on the original Jerusalem Bible have begun to revise them with this updated text, including
1665-503: The most popular Jewish version would not compete with rankings of a larger audience. Sales data can be affected by the method of marketing. Some translations are directly marketed to particular denominations or local churches, and many Christian booksellers only offer Protestant Bibles , so books in other biblical canons (such as Catholic and Orthodox Bibles) may not appear as high on the CBA rank. A study published in 2014 by The Center for
1710-430: The original texts must not be changed insofar as this is possible in the receptor language." Whereas The New Jerusalem Bible and its predecessor The Jerusalem Bible featured the use of "Yahweh" some 6800+ times to render the Tetragrammaton , The Revised New Jerusalem Bible uses the word "L ORD " in small capitals. This to conform with instructions from the Congregation for Divine Worship . Another notable change
1755-480: The period of Early Modern English . This was the first major period of Bible translation into the English language. This period began with the introduction of the Tyndale Bible . The first complete edition of his New Testament was in 1526. William Tyndale used the Greek and Hebrew texts of the New Testament (NT) and Old Testament (OT) in addition to Jerome 's Latin translation. He was the first translator to use
1800-537: The time the New Testament was published but, due to extenuating circumstances and financial issues, it was not published until nearly three decades later, in two editions: the first released in 1609, and the rest of the OT in 1610. In this version, the seven deuterocanonical books are amongst the other books, as in the Latin Vulgate , rather than kept separate in an appendix. While early English Bibles were generally based on
1845-514: The translation which include it not being translated by a committee which raises the difficulty "that when you try to set out the Gospels synoptically, it is very difficult to reflect the Greek adequately." King also notices, in the translation, a "slight tension ... in the attitude to inclusive language in this volume." Bible translations into English More than 100 complete translations into English languages have been produced. Translations of Biblical books , especially passages read in
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1890-424: The unformed earth]. The Spirit of God was moving (hovering, brooding) over the face of the waters. The Evangelical Christian Publishers Association release monthly and annual statistics regarding the popularity of different Bibles sold by their members in the United States. In 2023, the top 10 best-selling translations were the following: Sales are affected by denomination and religious affiliation. For example,
1935-409: The word order of Latin, and is more difficult for native English speakers to comprehend. The later version ("LV") made more concessions to the native grammar of English. Around the same period there were several other translations, which partially survive, such as the Paues Fortheenth Century Middle English New Testament . Early Modern English Bible translations are of between about 1500 and 1800,
1980-612: Was adopted by many of the original English translators. For example, the story of the Wedding at Cana is almost 800 lines long, but fewer than 40 lines are in the actual translation of the text. An unusual characteristic is that the translation mimics Latin verse, and so is similar to the better known and appreciated 14th-century English poem Cursor Mundi . Richard Rolle (1290–1349) wrote an English Psalter. Many religious works are attributed to Rolle, but it has been questioned how many are genuinely from his hand. Many of his works were concerned with personal devotion, and some were used by
2025-406: Was the same as Norway and Denmark. It largely replaced the Neo-Brittonic languages and residual Anglo-Latin-using pockets. While there were no complete translations of the Bible in the Old English period, there were many translations of large portions during this time. Parts of the Bible were first translated from the Latin Vulgate by a few monks and scholars. Such translations were generally in
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