118-662: Rasau is an area in Brunei . The area contains one of the many oil fields of Brunei, the Rasau Field , and a small village, Kampong Rasau , which has a population of 103. Rasau is located in the Belait district on the west bank of the Belait River south of Kampong Sungai Teraban , close to the district capital of Kuala Belait . It is one of the villages in Mukim Kuala Belait . It
236-643: A British protected state (which continued until 1984). But, when the Raj of Sarawak annexed Brunei's Pandaruan District in 1890, the British did not take any action to stop it. They did not regard either Brunei or the Raj of Sarawak as 'foreign' (per the Treaty of Protection). This final annexation by Sarawak left Brunei with its current small land mass and separation into two parts. British residents were introduced in Brunei under
354-716: A civil war from 1660 to 1673. The British have intervened in the affairs of Brunei on several occasions. Britain attacked Brunei in July 1846 due to internal conflicts over who was the rightful Sultan. In the 1880s, the decline of the Bruneian Empire continued. The sultan granted land (now Sarawak) to James Brooke , who had helped him quell a rebellion, and allowed him to establish the Raj of Sarawak . Over time, Brooke and his nephews (who succeeded him) leased or annexed more land. Brunei lost much of its territory to him and his dynasty, known as
472-429: A geophysicist , who conducted a survey there. In 1927, gas seepages were reported in the area. Seria Well Number One (S-1) was drilled on 12 July 1928. Oil was struck at 297 metres (974 ft) on 5 April 1929. Seria Well Number 2 was drilled on 19 August 1929, and, as of 2009 , continues to produce oil. Oil production was increased considerably in the 1930s with the development of more oil fields. In 1940, oil production
590-536: A welfare state for its citizens, with free or significant subsidies in regards to housing, healthcare and education. It ranks "very high" on the Human Development Index (HDI)—the second-highest among Southeast Asian states after Singapore , which it maintains close relations with including a Currency Interchangeability Agreement . According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Brunei
708-554: A family of Malaysians drowned at the ferry point during heavy rain. The small village of Kampong Rasau is located to the south of the Rasau Bridge. It has a population of 103, and is situated further upriver from Kuala Belait towards Kuala Balai. This was formerly a village of hunter-gatherers and fishermen . The modern day Kampong Rasau serves as a suburb of the nearby Kuala Belait. Villagers residing in Kampong Rasau can obtain
826-650: A former Secretary to the British Resident, Ernest Edgar Pengilly, was appointed chief administrative officer under the Japanese Governor. The Japanese had proposed that Pengilly retain his position under their administration, but he declined. Both he and other British nationals still in Brunei were interned by the Japanese at Batu Lintang camp in Sarawak. While the British officials were under Japanese guard, Ibrahim made
944-581: A hall for 1,000 people, a gymnastics hall, an Olympic-sized pool, and a gender-separated hostel, and it celebrated its golden jubilee in 2020. The capital is connected by bus from Bandar Seri Begawan to the western part of the country by road. Road access to/from the exclave of Temburong is via the Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddien Bridge — until the bridge opened in 2020, it was necessary to travel through Sarawak in Malaysia , via
1062-674: A major development plan was introduced, dedicating $ 100 million to the city's growth—a significant investment for a community of just 54,000. That same year on 1 August, the BTSB was renamed the Brunei Town Municipal Board (BTMB) and administered by the British Resident until 1959. From then on, the Brunei–Muara District Officer took on dual roles as head and chairman of the BTMB. Brunei's population tripled to 83,877 by 1960 as
1180-627: A new constitution was written declaring Brunei a self-governing state, while its foreign affairs, security, and defence remained the responsibility of the United Kingdom. A small rebellion erupted against the monarchy in 1962, which was suppressed with help of the UK. Known as the Brunei Revolt , the rebellion contributed to the Sultan's decision to opt out of joining the emerging state now called Malaysia under
1298-620: A point of personally shaking each one by the hand and wishing him well. The Sultan retained his throne and was given a pension and honours by the Japanese. During the later part of the occupation, he resided at Tantuya, Limbang and had little to do with the Japanese. Most of the Malay government officers were retained by the Japanese. Brunei's administration was reorganised into five prefectures, which included British North Borneo . The Prefectures included Baram , Labuan , Lawas , and Limbang . Ibrahim hid numerous significant government documents from
SECTION 10
#17328445807771416-630: A result of immigration brought on by oilfield finds in Belait. The capital was now competing economically with the burgeoning cities of Seria and Kuala Belait. Although the majority did not hold Bruneian citizenship, the Chinese community, who were extensively involved in local commerce, increased to a quarter of the population by 1960. The Brunei revolt began on 8 December 1962, when the North Kalimantan National Army quickly captured Brunei Town,
1534-614: A special permit to waive toll payment across the Rasau Bridge. This allows the villagers to conveniently travel across the Belait River for employment opportunities. A shipyard, on the opposite bank from the Port of Kuala Belait at Kampong Sungai Duhon in Rasau, is a major source of employment for the people from the village and the greater Kuala Belait area. Rasau is dominated by the Rasau Field which
1652-429: A sturdy brick wall and furnished with opulent furnishings, the sultan's palace looks like a cheap shed. The town's filthy state is exacerbated by offensive smells coming from uncovered mud, where waste builds up. In sharp contrast to the town's historical splendour, the majority of the population is made up of slaves and the Sultan's and nobility's dependents. Brunei Town's development unfolded in three major phases, with
1770-654: A territorial conflict between Hindu Tondo and Muslim Manila in the Philippines by appointing the Bruneian descended Rajah Ache of Manila as admiral of the Bruneian navy in a rivalry against Tondo and as the enforcer of Bruneian interests in the Philippines. He subsequently encountered the Magellan expedition wherein Antonio Pigafetta noted that under orders from his grandfather the Sultan of Brunei, Ache had previously sacked
1888-824: Is ranked ninth in the world by gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity . Brunei is a member of the United Nations , the World Trade Organization , the East Asia Summit , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Commonwealth of Nations , and ASEAN . According to local historiography, Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar, later to be Sultan Muhammad Shah , reigning around AD 1400. He moved from Garang in
2006-619: Is a country in Southeast Asia , situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo . Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea , it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak , with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of Limbang . Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between its multi-landmass neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia . As of 2023 ,
2124-481: Is a single carriageway and it is surfaced. It connects the Seria Bypass and the Rasau Bridge to the 11 km road between Kampong Sungai Teraban and Sungai Tujoh. The Rasau Bridge across the Belait River is a toll bridge. The tolls ranges from B$ 3 for a passenger car to over $ 20 for a commercial long vehicle. An unsurfaced road connects the village of Kampong Rasau to the Rasau bridge. A "water taxi" can be hired at
2242-451: Is also home to Kampong Ayer , the largest 'water village' in the world and nicknamed Venice of the East . It was once the host city of the 20th Southeast Asian Games in 1999 and 8th APEC Summit in 2000. It was named after Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III , the 28th Sultan of Brunei and the father of the current Sultan, Hassanal Bolkiah . Seri Begawan is part of the royal title bestowed on
2360-510: Is home to Bandar Seri Begawan. The area contrasts sharply with the mountainous Temburong District to the east, featuring low hills, marshy coastal plains, and narrow alluvial valleys along key rivers. Between Tutong and the capital, hills approach the coast, while the coastal plains around Bandar Seri Begawan remain low and marshy, particularly to the south. Brunei's territory is divided by the Limbang region of Sarawak , which historically served as
2478-1028: Is known for its diverse food offerings, from local specialties like roti john, ambuyat, and satay to exotic fruits such as durian and jackfruit. Bandar Seri Begawan is home to several notable schools across various educational levels. Primary and secondary institutions include the historic Raja Isteri Girls High School , established in 1957 as the country's first all-girls secondary school, along with private schools such as Jerudong International School and International School Brunei . The city also has government sixth form centers: Duli Pengiran Muda Al-Muhtadee Billah College for general studies and Hassanal Bolkiah Boys' Arabic Secondary School for students from Arabic secondary religious schools. In higher education, Bandar Seri Begawan hosts two national universities: Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University , focused on Islamic studies, and Seri Begawan Religious Teachers University College , which specialises in training teachers for religious education. Technical and vocational education
SECTION 20
#17328445807772596-468: Is located at 114°11′E longitude and 4°34′N latitude. To the north lies Kampong Sungai Teraban. The Malaysian state of Sarawak lies to the west and south with the Asam Paya oil field to the southwest. Across the Belait River to the east lies the southern portion of Kuala Belait and Kampong Sungai Duhon . Rasau was historically one of the first stops on the Belait River upriver from Kuala Belait towards
2714-554: Is located in the Rasau area. Pipelines connect it to the tank farms in Seria via Mumong, and to the Refinery of Seria, via Kuala Belait. Hydrocarbons from Malaysia's Asam Paya field in Sarawak, across the border from Rasau is piped into Rasau. The well Rasau 5 had a depth of 9,000 ft . The main highway from Bandar Seri Begawan to the Malaysian border passes through Rasau. The road, Jalan Rasau,
2832-518: Is one of the two onshore oil fields in Brunei. The field is operated by Brunei Shell Petroleum (BSP) and was discovered in 1979, although production from the field did not start until 1983. Most of the wells are located between the highway linking the Rasau Bridge to Sungai Tujoh in the Rasau area. However, some of the Rasau wells are on the east side of the Belait River in Kampong Sungai Duhon and Kampong Pandan . The Rasau Production Station
2950-628: Is present in the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names geographical database, as well as the official ASEAN and Commonwealth listings. The earliest recorded documentation by the West about Brunei is by an Italian known as Ludovico di Varthema . On his documentation back to 1550; We arrived at the island of Bornei (Brunei or Borneo) , which is distant from the Maluch about two hundred miles [three hundred kilometres], and we found that it
3068-676: Is the Pro-Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption . The tombs of Bolkiah and Sharif Ali in Kota Batu are key historical attractions, symbolising Brunei's rich legacy. The Lapau , traditionally used for royal ceremonies, and the Old Lapau , now a gallery in the Brunei History Centre , add to the city's cultural significance. The city also hosts several museums. The Brunei Museum , situated in
3186-422: Is the capital and largest city of Brunei . It is officially a municipal area ( kawasan bandaran ) with an area of 100.36 square kilometres (38.75 sq mi) and an estimated population of 100,700 as of 2007. It is part of Brunei–Muara District , the smallest yet most populous district which is home to over 70 per cent of the country's population. It is the country's largest urban centre and nominally
3304-516: Is the main burial ground for several sultans and royal family members of Brunei, adding to the country's historical significance. The city's suburb incorporates nearby Kampong Ayer, in which houses were built on stilts . It stretches about 8 km (5.0 mi) along the Brunei River. Founded 1,000 years ago, the village is considered the largest stilt settlement in the world, with approximately 30,000 residents and 2,000 houses. The term "Venice of
3422-492: Is used for passengers travelling to Penambang from Bangar and Limbang. The economy of Bandar Seri Begawan includes the production of furniture , textiles , handicrafts , and timber . For shopping, the Gadong commercial area is popular, offering a range of shops, restaurants, and cafes. The traditional Kianggeh Market , believed to be Brunei’s oldest market, mainly sells local cuisine, seafood, and fruit. Gadong Night Market
3540-521: Is used for transportation between downtown Bandar Seri Begawan and Kampong Ayer . Water taxis are the most common means of negotiating the waterways of Kampong Ayer. They can be hailed from the numerous "docking parts" along the banks of the Brunei River . Fares are negotiable. Regular water taxi and boat services depart for Temburong between 7:45 am and 4 pm daily, and also serve the Malaysian towns of Limbang , Lawas , Sundar and Labuan . A speedboat
3658-426: The 17th century with the emergence of a water settlement near present-day Kota Batu . In the second stage, the capital shifted to the area around what is now Kampong Ayer —a collection of water villages. Today, Kampong Ayer, originally the ancient capital built over the Brunei River , serves as a suburb of the modern capital on adjacent land, having thrived particularly during Sultan Bolkiah 's reign. This city
Rasau - Misplaced Pages Continue
3776-475: The Bruneian Empire 's peak during the reign of Sultan Bolkiah (1485–1528), the state is claimed to have had control over the most of Borneo , including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah , as well as the Sulu archipelago and the islands off the northwestern tip of Borneo. There are also claims to its historical control over Seludong , the site of the modern Philippine capital of Manila, but Southeast Asian scholars believe
3894-699: The Bumiputera privileges. Large numbers of foreign workers are also found within Brunei and the capital city, with the majority being from Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia (mostly Betawi, Batak, Ambon, Minahasa, Aceh, Malay and Minangkabau), and the Indian subcontinent . Numerous important historical and religious sites may be found in Bandar Seri Begawan. The Ash-Shaliheen Mosque , Jame' Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque , and Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque are notable mosques. Another noteworthy house of worship
4012-755: The Conspiracy of the Maharlikas , an attempt by Filipinos to link up with the Brunei Sultanate and Japanese Shogunate to expel the Spaniards from the Philippines. However, upon the Spanish suppression of the conspiracy, the Bruneian descended aristocracy of precolonial Manila were exiled to Guerrero, Mexico which consequently later became a center of the Mexican war of independence against Spain . The local Brunei accounts of
4130-703: The Golden Jubilee of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah 's rule, while the Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Silver Jubilee Park , opened in 2004, celebrates the Silver Jubilee of his reign. Tasek Lama Recreational Park is one of the oldest recognised parks in the country. Additionally, Pusat Belia, Brunei's youth centre , was established on 20 December 1969 after being commissioned by then-Crown Prince Hassanal Bolkiah in 1967. The center, costing B$ 2 million, includes extensive facilities such as
4248-521: The Intertropical Convergence Zone than to the trade winds and rare cyclones . The climate is hot and wet. The city sees heavy precipitation throughout the year, with the northeast monsoon blowing from December to March and the southeast monsoon from around June to October. The wettest day on record is 9 July 2020, when 662.0 millimetres (26.06 in) of rainfall was reported at the airport. The Bruneian Census 2011 Report estimated
4366-531: The Istana Nurul Iman palace currently serves as the residence of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. The Secretariat Building , the oldest government structure, holds the seat of government known as " State Secretary ." The Raja Ayang Mausoleum , dating back to the 15th century, is believed to honor a royal who was punished for incest, and it has since become a cultural site where visitors often seek blessings, despite some damage caused by offerings. Kubah Makam Di Raja
4484-615: The Kampong Ayer community. His involvement inspired Kampong Ayer residents to consider mainland resettlement, and relocation efforts in the 1920s began expanding beyond the city centre to areas like Tungkadeh and Kumbang Pasang , marking a significant shift in Brunei’s urban development. After the Japanese launched an assault starting in Kuala Belait , Brunei Town was overrun by them on 22 December 1941. To British officers they had seized,
4602-616: The Kawaguchi Detachment from Cam Ranh Bay at Kuala Belait . After six days' fighting, they occupied the entire country. The only Allied troops in the area were the 2nd Battalion of the 15th Punjab Regiment based at Kuching , Sarawak. Once the Japanese occupied Brunei, they made an agreement with Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin over governing the country. Inche Ibrahim (known later as Pehin Datu Perdana Menteri Dato Laila Utama Awang Haji Ibrahim),
4720-557: The Kota Batu Archaeological Park , is the country’s largest archaeological site. Other notable museums include the Brunei Darussalam Maritime Museum , Brunei Energy Hub , Kampong Ayer Cultural and Tourism Gallery , Malay Technology Museum , Royal Regalia Museum , and Bubungan Dua Belas . Istana Darussalam and Istana Darul Hana are former royal residences of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III, while
4838-522: The Temburong District to the Brunei River estuary, discovering Brunei. According to legend, upon landing he exclaimed, Baru nah (loosely translated as "that's it!" or "there"), from which the name "Brunei" was derived. He was the first Muslim ruler of Brunei. Before the rise of the Bruneian Empire under the Muslim Bolkiah dynasty, Brunei is believed to have been under Buddhist rulers. It
Rasau - Misplaced Pages Continue
4956-614: The White Rajah , and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company . In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906. After the Japanese occupation during World War II , a new constitution was written in 1959. In 1962, a small armed rebellion against the monarchy which was indirectly related to the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
5074-536: The White Rajahs . Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin appealed to the British to stop further encroachment by the Brookes. The "Treaty of Protection" was negotiated by Sir Hugh Low and signed into effect on 17 September 1888. The treaty said that the sultan "could not cede or lease any territory to foreign powers without British consent"; it provided Britain effective control over Brunei's external affairs, making it
5192-431: The oilfields at Seria , and portions of Sarawak and North Borneo . In response, British forces, including Gurkhas and Royal Marines , regained control of most key centres by 11 December, resulting in the capture or surrender of around 2,700. Together with the expansion of the oil and gas industry, commercialisation began to transform Brunei's capital and a large number of public buildings were constructed, along with
5310-484: The Bandar Seri Begawan Municipal Board since the country's independence in 1984. The new town has grown along Jalan Berakas and Jalan Muara in the north and Jalan Tutong and Jalan Gadong in the west. On 1 August 2007, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah gave consent for the expansion of the city from 12.87 km (4.97 sq mi) to 100.36 km (38.75 sq mi). The city is administered by
5428-418: The Bandar Seri Begawan Municipal Board within Bandar Seri Begawan Municipal Department, a government department within the Ministry of Home Affairs. The Municipal Board was established in 1921, originally as a Sanitary Board ( Lembaga Kebersihan ) which was, and is still, responsible for maintaining the cleanliness to the then Brunei Town. It achieved the status of bandaran (municipality) in 1935 with
5546-498: The Brunei Malay Organisation, in an effort to exploit the oil riches. The town was brutally bombarded by Allied forces beginning in November 1944 and subjected to extreme brutality by the Japanese military police, the Kempeitai . After three days of warfare, American and Australian forces captured Brunei on 10 June 1945, but Brunei Town suffered significant damage. Brunei Malays had a stronger sense of national identity at this time, and local partners went on to play important roles in
5664-402: The Buddhist city of Loue in Southwest Borneo for being faithful to the old religion and rebelling against the authority of Sultanate. However, European influence gradually brought an end to Brunei's regional power , as Brunei entered a period of decline compounded by internal strife over royal succession. In the face of these invasions by European Christian powers, the Ottoman Caliphate aided
5782-452: The Castilian War differ greatly from the generally accepted view of events. What was called the Castilian War was seen as a heroic episode, with the Spaniards being driven out by Bendahara Sakam , purportedly a brother of the ruling sultan, and a thousand native warriors. Most historians consider this to be a folk-hero account, which probably developed decades or centuries after. Brunei eventually descended into anarchy. The country suffered
5900-513: The Chinese admiral Zheng He visited the Brunei in the early 15th century, he founded a major trading port which included Chinese people who were actively trading with China. During the 15th century, Boni had seceded from Majapahit and then converted to Islam. Thus transforming into the independent Sultanate of Brunei. Brunei became a Hashemite state when she allowed the Arab Emir of Mecca, Sharif Ali , to become her third sultan. As customary for close affiliation and alliances in Southeast Asia,
6018-433: The Constitution Agreement was signed in Brunei Town . The agreement was signed by Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Sir Robert Scott, the Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia. It included the following provisions: Five councils were established: A series of National Development Plans was initiated by the 28th Sultan of Brunei, Omar Ali Saifuddien III . The first was introduced in 1953. A total sum of B$ 100 million
SECTION 50
#17328445807776136-491: The East" was coined by Pigafetta in honour of the water village that he encountered at Kota Batu. Pigafetta was on Ferdinand Magellan 's last voyages when he visited Brunei in 1521. Several parks and trails in the city serve as landmarks of historical and cultural significance. Taman Haji Sir Muda Omar 'Ali Saifuddien , for example, was where Brunei's declaration of independence was read on 1 January 1984. Taman Mahkota Jubli Emas , inaugurated on 22 October 2017, commemorates
6254-410: The Japanese and remained until July 1946. After World War II , a new government was formed in Brunei under the British Military Administration (BMA). It consisted mainly of Australian officers and servicemen. The administration of Brunei was passed to the Civil Administration on 6 July 1945. The Brunei State Council was also revived that year. The BMA was tasked to revive the Bruneian economy, which
6372-722: The Japanese declared their intention to free Asia from colonial rule. Due to an Allied embargo that hampered the local economy, Brunei Town experienced extreme economic duress during the Japanese occupation . On 22 December 1941, Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin , who was based in Kampong Sumbiling , surrendered to General Tawaguchi . By encouraging agriculture and requiring farmers to turn over a percentage of their harvests, Japan sought to integrate Brunei's culture and economy with its own, appointing Ibrahim Mohammad Jahfar as head of administration under Governor Takamura. The Japanese instituted stringent cultural initiatives, such as teaching Japanese language and values and establishing youth groups like
6490-414: The Japanese during the occupation. Pengiran Yusuf (later YAM Pengiran Setia Negara Pengiran Haji Mohd Yusuf ), along with other Bruneians, was sent to Japan for training. Although in the area the day of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima , Yusuf survived. The British had anticipated a Japanese attack, but lacked the resources to defend the area because of their engagement in the war in Europe. The troops from
6608-488: The Philippine kingdoms of Butuan , Sulu , Ma-i (Mindoro), Malilu 麻裏蘆 ( Manila ), Shahuchong 沙胡重 (Siocon or Zamboanga ), Yachen 啞陳 Oton , and 文杜陵 Wenduling ( Mindanao ), which would regain their independence at a later date. In the 14th century, the Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama , written by Prapanca in 1365, mentioned Barune as the constituent state of Hindu Majapahit , which had to make an annual tribute of 40 katis of camphor . In 1369, Sulu which
6726-426: The Punjab Regiment filled in the Seria oilfield oilwells with concrete in September 1941 to deny the Japanese their use. The remaining equipment and installations were destroyed when the Japanese invaded Malaya . By the end of the war, 16 wells at Miri and Seria had been restarted, with production reaching about half the pre-war level. Coal production at Muara was also recommenced, but with little success. During
6844-474: The RBA Plaza in the city. Ships up to 280 feet (85 m) long may dock in the former port of Dermaga Diraja Bandar Seri Begawan , which is located 17 miles upstream from the mouth of the Brunei River. A 124-foot passenger pier, a 730-foot reinforced concrete wharf, and an electrically powered ramp are among the port's amenities. Ships may purchase purified fresh water in the capital for $ 2.00 per 1,000 gallons. The Marine Department keeps track of use and bills
6962-541: The Spanish captured the capital on 16 April 1578, with the help of Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. The Sultan Saiful Rijal and Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Abdul Kahar were forced to flee to Meragang then to Jerudong . In Jerudong, they made plans to chase the conquering army away from Brunei. Suffering high fatalities due to a cholera or dysentery outbreak, the Spanish decided to abandon Brunei and returned to Manila on 26 June 1578, after 72 days. Pengiran Seri Lela died in August or September 1578, probably from
7080-438: The Sultan, Resident and High Commissioner met to discuss the findings of the committee. They agreed to authorise the drafting of a constitution. In March 1959, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III led a delegation to London to discuss the proposed Constitution. The British delegation was led by Sir Alan Lennox-Boyd , Secretary of State for the Colonies. The British Government later accepted the draft constitution. On 29 September 1959,
7198-413: The Supplementary Protectorate Agreement in 1906. The residents were to advise the sultan on all matters of administration. Over time, the resident assumed more executive control than the sultan. The residential system ended in 1959. Petroleum was discovered in 1929 after several fruitless attempts. Two men, F. F. Marriot and T. G. Cochrane, smelled oil near the Seria river in late 1926. They informed
SECTION 60
#17328445807777316-488: The area was officially designated as Brunei’s capital and municipal territory. Along the western riverbanks, government buildings and a mosque were constructed in the same year. Later on 1 January 1921, the Brunei Town Sanitary Board (BTSB) was established to oversee its development. In 1922, Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II 's decision to relocate his palace from Kampung Sultan Lama to the interior of Brunei Town renewed interest in Resident McArthur's proposal for relocating
7434-508: The beleaguered Southeast Asian Sultanates by making Aceh a protectorate and sending expeditions to reinforce, train and equip the local mujahideen . Turks were routinely migrating to Brunei as evidenced by the complaints of Manila Oidor Melchor Davalos who in his 1585 report, say that Turks were coming to Sumatra, Borneo and Ternate every year, including defeated veterans from the Battle of Lepanto . Spain declared war in 1578, planning to attack and capture Kota Batu , Brunei's capital at
7552-408: The burgeoning nationalist movement. The town's wartime population of 16,000 was reduced to a small number of people who remained when the war came to a close due to Allied bombs and food shortages. Residents were forced to observe from neighboring hills or take cover in the bush after the bombers destroyed almost all of the town's homes and businesses. Bruneians started reconstructing their homes out of
7670-454: The capital's natural hinterland until its cession to Sarawak in 1890. The city is easily accessible from Bukit Kota, a 133-meter (436 ft) hill near the eastern boundary of Brunei's western area, while TV broadcasts were transmitted from nearby Subok Hill . The Brunei River , which flows into Brunei Bay , is one of several waterways converging near Bandar Seri Begawan. Key subcatchments— Kedayan River , Sungai Damuan, and Sungai Imang—enter
7788-458: The conversion of the Sanitary Board into the current Municipal Board ( Lembaga Bandaran ). The city is located in Brunei–Muara District , the smallest yet the most populous district in the country, and as of 1 August 2007, the municipal area has been expanded from 12.87 square kilometres (4.97 sq mi) to 100.36 square kilometres (38.75 sq mi). The Bandar Seri Begawan area encompasses several mukims and villages within
7906-483: The country had a population of 455,858, of whom approximately 180,000 resided in the capital and largest city of Bandar Seri Begawan . Its official language is Malay and Islam is the state religion of the country, although other religions are nominally tolerated . The government of Brunei is a constitutional absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan , and it implements a fusion of English common law and jurisprudence inspired by Islam , including sharia . At
8024-432: The country's unicameral legislature , the Legislative Council , is simply consultative and are all appointed by the Sultan. The country's wealth derives from its extensive petroleum and natural gas fields. Economic growth during the 1990s and 2000s has transformed Brunei into an industrialised country, with its GDP increasing 56% between 1999 and 2008. Political stability is maintained by the House of Bolkiah by providing
8142-412: The country's only city. The capital is home to Brunei's seat of government, as well as a commercial and cultural centre. It was formerly known as Brunei Town until it was renamed in 1970 in honour of Omar Ali Saifuddien III , the 28th Sultan of Brunei and the father of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah . The history of Bandar Seri Begawan can be traced back to the establishment of a Malay stilt settlement on
8260-486: The debris left by the bombs after the Japanese withdrew into the forest in June 1945. The town became a focal point for important institutional and religious transformation following the war. To further Islamic matters, a board of 19 notable individuals and not all of them were religious experts, was formed in 1948. In order to increase the sultan's legitimacy in the face of British scrutiny, this reform sought to standardise religious courts, codify Islamic law , and enhance
8378-446: The development of a central business district in the 1970s and 1980s. Brunei Town was formally renamed Bandar Seri Begawan on 4 October 1970, in honour of the retired Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III, with the renaming ceremony held at the capital. On 1 January 1984, at midnight, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah declared Brunei's independence at the Taman Haji Sir Muda Omar 'Ali Saifuddien . The Ministry of Home Affairs has been in charge of
8496-421: The district, including Mukim Berakas 'A' , Mukim Berakas 'B' , Mukim Burong Pingai Ayer , Mukim Gadong 'A' , Mukim Gadong 'B' , Mukim Kianggeh , Mukim Kilanas , Mukim Kota Batu , Mukim Peramu , Mukim Saba , Mukim Sungai Kebun , Mukim Sungai Kedayan , and Mukim Tamoi . The Brunei–Muara District, encompassing 563 square kilometres (217 sq mi), is the smallest of Brunei’s western districts and
8614-656: The former district administrative capital of Kuala Balai . It was founded further inland from the mouth of the Belait River and Kuala Belait for protection against pirates. A timber jetty used to exist in the area in 1930. Moreover latter that year, British Malayan Petroleum Company constructed a telephone line along the Kuala Belait Beach which linked up Seria and Rasau with their main headquarters in Kuala Belait. Commercial hydrocarbons were first discovered in Rasau in 1979, and production began in 1983. A blowout of one of
8732-508: The land. During World War II , the capital was occupied by the Japanese forces from 1941 and bombed in 1945 upon liberation by Allied forces. Brunei's independence from the British was declared on 1 January 1984 on a square in the city centre . Bandar Seri Begawan is home to Istana Nurul Iman , the largest residential palace in the world by the Guinness World Records , and Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque , Brunei's iconic landmark. It
8850-492: The late sultan upon his abdication from the throne in 1967. The city was renamed on 4 October 1970 to commemorate his contribution to the modernisation of the country during his reign in the 20th century. Prior to this, the city had been known as Brunei Town or Bandar Brunei in Malay (literally "Brunei City"). The growth and development of Brunei's historic capital city unfolded in three main stages. The first stage began in
8968-477: The low-lying, swampy Brunei River basin at various points, with Kedayan River joining close to the city. The area is bordered by ridges and estuarine plains, experiencing significant urban development. The neighboring Tutong and Belait rivers add to the region’s complex estuarine and floodplain systems. A strip of thick coal seams runs along the coastline between Bandar Seri Begawan and Muara. Brunei has an equatorial, tropical rainforest climate more subject to
9086-491: The main bus terminal. Buses heading to other towns in Brunei such as Tutong, Seria and Kuala Belait also depart from the main bus terminal and taxicab . Brunei International Airport serves the whole country. It is located 11 km (6.8 mi) from the town centre and can be reached in 10 minutes via the Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Highway. Royal Brunei Airlines , the national airline, has its head office in
9204-435: The management of Islamic services under his direct control. Despite having little contact with Brunei's western regions, new groups like the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation contributed to the region's religious life in the 1950s, which witnessed a considerable increase in religious activity in the town. Despite the oil industry's fast growth in urban areas like Seria and Kuala Belait , no clear regional religious identity
9322-426: The middle of the 19th century , and its look had not altered much since Antonio Pigafetta 's time. It was dubbed a "Venice of hovels" by Rajah James Brooke in 1841. Houses were constructed on mudflats , encircled by mud at low tide and water at high tide, and a floating market was crowded with people peddling things from canoes . Despite its unattractive appearance, the town was renowned for its packed buildings and
9440-626: The name of the location in question is actually in reference to Mount Selurong, in Indonesia. The maritime state of Brunei was visited by the surviving crew of the Magellan Expedition in 1521, and in 1578 it fought against Spain in the Castilian War . During the 19th century, the Bruneian Empire began to decline. The Sultanate ceded Sarawak ( Kuching ) to James Brooke and installed him as
9558-439: The occupation, the Japanese had their language taught in schools, and Government officers were required to learn Japanese. The local currency was replaced by what was to become known as duit pisang (banana money) . From 1943 hyper-inflation destroyed the currency's value and, at the end of the war, this currency was worthless. Allied attacks on shipping eventually caused trade to cease. Food and medicine fell into short supply, and
9676-622: The plan. The deepwater port at Muara was also constructed during this period. Power requirements were met, and studies were made to provide electricity to rural areas. Efforts were made to eradicate malaria , an endemic disease in the region, with the help of the World Health Organization . Malaria cases were reduced from 300 cases in 1953 to only 66 cases in 1959. The death rate was reduced from 20 per thousand in 1947 to 11.3 per thousand in 1953. Infectious disease has been prevented by public sanitation and improvement of drainage, and
9794-455: The population of Bandar Seri Begawan to be approximately 20,000, while the metropolitan area has around 279,924. The majority of Bruneians are Malays , with Chinese being the most significant minority group. Aboriginal groups such as the Bisaya , Belait , Dusun , Kedayan , Lun Bawang , Murut , and Tutong also exist. They are classified as part of the Malay ethnic groups and have been given
9912-528: The population suffered from famine and disease. The airport runway was constructed by the Japanese during the occupation, and in 1943 Japanese naval units were based in Brunei Bay and Labuan. The naval base was destroyed by Allied bombing, but the airport runway survived. The facility was developed as a public airport. In 1944 the Allies began a bombing campaign against the occupying Japanese, which destroyed much of
10030-519: The provision of piped pure water to the population. On 14 November 1971, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah left for London to discuss matters regarding the amendments to the 1959 constitution. A new agreement was signed on 23 November 1971 with the British representative being Anthony Royle . Under this agreement, the following terms were agreed upon: This agreement also caused Gurkha units to be deployed in Brunei, where they remain up to this day. Bandar Seri Begawan Bandar Seri Begawan ( BSB )
10148-585: The public wharf close to the Kuala Belait market to go upriver towards Kampong Rasau and Kuala Balai. Commercial travellers would have to travel to either Bandar Seri Begawan 's Brunei International Airport or Miri's Airport to catch a commercial flight. The Anduki Airfield in Belait District is the nearest private heliport owned by BSP. Brunei in the ASEAN (dark grey) – [ Legend ] Brunei , officially Brunei Darussalam ,
10266-414: The rapid reconstruction of Brunei Town's stores and the temporary thatched-roof rebuild of Masjid Kajang. In 1953, the town saw significant investment through a five-year National Development Plan funded with M$ 100 million, primarily for infrastructure, following Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III 's successful negotiation with the British for increased corporate taxes and expanded war reparations. In 1953,
10384-409: The royal families of Sulu and Brunei, took advantage of the void left by Kampong Ayer's loss in authority throughout the 16th and 17th centuries . Along with other important sites like Endau and Jolo , the capital became a major hub for piracy and the trade in stolen goods and slaves as the sultan attempted to regulate or tax these pirate towns. Kampong Ayer was still humble and less affluent by
10502-517: The royal family of Luzon intermarried with the ruling houses of the Sultanate of Brunei . Intermarriage was a common strategy for Southeast Asian states to extend their influence. However, Islamic Brunei's power was not uncontested in Borneo since it had a Hindu rival in a state founded by Indians called Kutai in the south which they overpowered but didn't destroy. Nevertheless, by the 16th century, Islam
10620-422: The same illness suffered by his Spanish allies. There was suspicion that the legitimist sultan could have been poisoned by the ruling sultan. Seri Lela's daughter, a Bruneian princess, "Putri", had left with the Spanish, she abandoned her claim to the crown and then she married a Christian Tagalog , named Agustín de Legazpi de Tondo. Agustin de Legaspi along with his family and associates were soon implicated in
10738-509: The ship's agent. The Bandar Seri Begawan Municipal Board is credited with the money received from these water sales. Between the city and Victoria Harbour , a passenger boat that also transports mail runs every day (except for Sundays). On Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays, an outboard motorboat service also carries mail and people between Bandar Seri Begawan to Bangar in Temburong District . A water taxi service known as 'penambang'
10856-530: The spacious but uncomfortable palace, where Brooke was made to feel quite welcome by the sultan and his court despite the gloomy and basic lodgings. Known as the "Venice of Borneo," Kampong Ayer is distinguished by its position on a wide river that empties into a sizeable lake and by the fact that its homes are perched on piles that are around 10 feet (3.0 m) above the tide. The formerly thriving town has lost both size and significance, as seen by its dilapidated buildings and shortage of defences. Once enclosed by
10974-600: The sultan's palace remained in Kampong Ayer. By 1910, Chinese immigrants had opened shops, further establishing the colony on land. In 1911, the water village, largely populated by Malay Muslim and a small Kedayan community in nearby areas, was home to many houses built over water. The capital endured severe hardship after losing Limbang , which had provided essential resources to river villagers; this loss also undermined Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin 's prestige and authority amid growing economic challenges. In 1920,
11092-470: The third beginning in 1906 under Malcolm McArthur 's guidance, focusing on transitioning the settlement to land. His vision aimed to address the sanitation issues that were most severe in Kampong Ayer, a water village with 8,000–10,000 residents when the Residential system was introduced. McArthur prioritised constructing a land-based colony, starting with his own residence, Bubungan Dua Belas , even though
11210-526: The throne usurped by his brother, Saiful Rijal. The Spanish agreed that if they succeeded in conquering Brunei, Pengiran Seri Lela would be appointed as the sultan, while Pengiran Seri Ratna would be the new Bendahara . In March 1578, a fresh Spanish fleet had arrived from Mexico and settled at the Philippines. They were led by De Sande , acting as Capitán-General . He organized an expedition from Manila for Brunei, consisting of 400 Spaniards and Mexicans, 1,500 Filipino natives, and 300 Borneans. The campaign
11328-536: The time. This was based in part on the assistance of two Bruneian noblemen , Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. The former had travelled to Manila , then the centre of the Spanish colony. Manila itself was captured from Brunei, Christianised and made a territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain which was centered in Mexico City. Pengiran Seri Lela came to offer Brunei as a tributary to Spain for help to recover
11446-671: The town and Kuala Belait, but missed Kampong Ayer . On 10 June 1945, the Australian 9th Division landed at Muara under Operation Oboe Six to recapture Borneo from the Japanese. They were supported by American air and naval units. Brunei town was bombed extensively and recaptured after three days of heavy fighting. Many buildings were destroyed, including the Mosque. The Japanese forces in Brunei, Borneo, and Sarawak, under Lieutenant-General Masao Baba, formally surrendered at Labuan on 10 September 1945. The British Military Administration took over from
11564-547: The town of Limbang . The main bus station in the capital is located in Jalan Cator underneath a multi-story car park. There are six bus routes servicing Bandar Seri Begawan area; the Central Line, Circle Line, Eastern Line, Southern Line, Western Line and Northern Line. Buses operate from 6.30 am until 6.00 pm except for bus No. 1 and 20 for which services extend into the night. All bus routes begin and terminate their journey at
11682-428: The umbrella of North Borneo Federation . Brunei gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984. The official National Day, which celebrates the country's independence, is held by tradition on 23 February. In July 1953, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III formed a seven-member committee named Tujuh Serangkai , to determine the citizens' views regarding a written constitution for Brunei. In May 1954,
11800-482: The waters of the Brunei River which became the predecessor of Kampong Ayer today. It became the capital of the Bruneian Sultanate from the 16th century onwards, as well as in the 19th century when it became a British protectorate. The establishment of a British Residency in the 20th century saw the establishment of modern-day administration on land, as well as the gradual resettlement of the riverine dwellers to
11918-469: The wells in the Rasau Field, Rasau-17 occurred in April 1989. The resulting fire lasted from 25 April to 8 May when it was finally extinguished. Rasau gained prominence in the latter half of the 20th century when a bridge was built across the Belait River providing a route to Miri in Sarawak, Malaysia without the need for any ferry crossings across the Belait River. However, the bridge was not opened until after
12036-472: Was a vassal-state to the Buddhist Srivijaya empire and was thought to be located in Borneo's Northwest which flourished in the 7th Century. Vijayapura itself upon earlier in its history, was a rump state of the fallen multi-ethnic: Austronesian, Austroasiatic and Indian, Funan Civilization ; previously located in what is now Cambodia. This alternative Srivijaya known as Vijayapura referring to Brunei,
12154-471: Was able to emerge because of the close institutional ties between Brunei Town's religious establishment and the surrounding districts. In the post-war period, particularly throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Brunei focused on social and religious growth as well as urban reconstruction. Years of occupation during the Pacific War had left the city’s infrastructure severely damaged, necessitating quick solutions like
12272-500: Was also equally racially diverse. In addition to the native Malay warriors, the Ottomans had repeatedly sent military expeditions to nearby Aceh . The expeditions were composed mainly of Turks , Egyptians , Swahilis , Somalis , Sindhis , Gujaratis and Malabars . These expeditionary forces had also spread to other nearby Sultanates such as Brunei and had taught new fighting tactics and techniques on how to forge cannons. Eventually,
12390-536: Was also formerly part of Majapahit, had successfully rebelled and then attacked Boni, and had invaded the Northeast Coast of Borneo and afterwards had looted the capital of its treasure and gold including sacking two sacred pearls. A fleet from Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulus, but Boni was left weaker after the attack. A Chinese report from 1371 described Boni as poor and totally controlled by Majapahit. When
12508-796: Was approved by the Brunei State Council for the plan. E.R. Bevington, from the Colonial Office in Fiji , was appointed to implement it. A US$ 14 million Gas Plant was built under the plan. In 1954, survey and exploration work were undertaken by the Brunei Shell Petroleum on both offshore and onshore fields. By 1956, production reached 114,700 bpd . The plan also aided the development of public education. By 1958, expenditure on education totalled at $ 4 million. Communications were improved, as new roads were built and reconstruction at Berakas Airport
12626-511: Was at more than six million barrels. The British Malayan Petroleum Company (now Brunei Shell Petroleum Company) was formed on 22 July 1922. The first offshore well was drilled in 1957. Oil and natural gas have been the basis of Brunei's development and wealth since the late 20th century. The Japanese invaded Brunei on 16 December 1941, eight days after their attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States Navy. They landed 10,000 troops of
12744-403: Was completed in 1954. The second National Development Plan was launched in 1962. A major oil and gas field was discovered in 1963. Developments in the oil and gas sector have continued, and oil production has steadily increased since then. The plan also promoted the production of meat and eggs for consumption by citizens. The fishing industry increased its output by 25% throughout the course of
12862-533: Was developed on land during the third phase, particularly after 1906. Over 300 years of intermittent conflict between the Malay Muslim tribes and Spanish conquistadors, known in Spanish chronicles as the Moro Wars , began in 1578 when Catholic Spaniards attacked Kampong Ayer during the Castilian War . Pirates, many of whom were Muslim sailors from the southern Philippines and Borneo, including destitute princes from
12980-461: Was ended with British assistance and led to the ban of the pro-independent Brunei People's Party . The revolt had also influenced the Sultan's decision not to join the Malaysian Federation while it was being formed . Britain's protectorate over Brunei would eventually end on 1 January 1984, becoming a fully sovereign state . Brunei has been led by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah since 1967, and
13098-589: Was extensively damaged by the Japanese during their occupation. They also had to put out the fires on the wells of Seria, which had been set by the Japanese prior to their defeat. Before 1941, the Governor of the Straits Settlements, based in Singapore, was responsible for the duties of British High Commissioner for Brunei, Sarawak , and North Borneo (now Sabah ). The first British High Commissioner for Brunei
13216-565: Was firmly rooted in Brunei, and the country had built one of its biggest mosques. In 1578, Alonso Beltrán, a Spanish traveller, described it as being five stories tall and built on the water. Brunei briefly rose to prominence in Southeast Asia when the Portuguese occupied Malacca and thereby forced the wealthy and powerful but displaced Muslim refugees there to relocate to nearby Sultanates such as Brunei. The Bruneian Sultan then intervened in
13334-647: Was great wealth in the kingdom. Marco Polo suggested in his memoirs that the Great Khan or the ruler of the Mongol Empire, attempted and failed many times in invading "Great Java" which was the European name for Bruneian controlled Borneo. According to Wang Zhenping, in the 1300s, the Yuan Dade nanhai zhi or "Yuan dynasty Dade period southern sea records" reported that Brunei or administered Sarawak and Sabah as well as
13452-453: Was known to Arabic sources as "Sribuza". One of the earliest Chinese records of an independent kingdom in Borneo is the 977 AD letter to the Chinese emperor from the ruler of Boni, which some scholars believe to refer to Borneo. The Bruneians regained their independence from Srivijaya due to the onset of a Javanese-Sumatran war. In 1225, the Chinese official Zhao Rukuo reported that Boni had 100 warships to protect its trade, and that there
13570-517: Was one of many, which also included action in Mindanao and Sulu . The racial make-up of the Christian side was diverse since it were usually made up of Mestizos , Mulattoes and Amerindians ( Aztecs , Mayans and Incans ) who were gathered and sent from Mexico and were led by Spanish officers who had worked together with native Filipinos in military campaigns across the Southeast Asia. The Muslim side
13688-541: Was renamed "Barunai" in the 14th century, possibly influenced by the Sanskrit word " varuṇ " ( वरुण ), meaning "seafarers". The word " Borneo " is of the same origin. In the country's full name, Negara Brunei Darussalam , darussalam ( Arabic : دار السلام ) means "abode of peace", while negara means "country" in Malay . A shortened version of the Malay official name, "Brunei Darussalam", has also entered common usage, particularly in official contexts, and
13806-508: Was somewhat larger than the aforesaid and much lower. The people are pagans and are men of goodwill. Their colour is whiter than that of the other sort ... in this island justice is well administered ... Areas comprising what is now Brunei participated in the Maritime Jade Road , as ascertained by archeological research. The trading network existed for 3,000 years, between 2000 BC to 1000 AD. The settlement known as Vijayapura
13924-494: Was the Governor of Sarawak, Sir Charles Ardon Clarke. The Barisan Pemuda ("Youth Front"; abbreviated as BARIP) was the first political party to be formed in Brunei, on 12 April 1946. The party intended to "preserve the sovereignty of the Sultan and the country, and to defend the rights of the Malays ". BARIP also contributed to the composition of the country's national anthem. The party was dissolved in 1948 due to inactivity. In 1959,
#776223