Misplaced Pages

#228771

38-666: Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas. These include single-family housing , multi-family residential , or mobile homes . Zoning for residential use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business and industry. It may permit high density land use or only permit low density uses. Residential zoning usually includes a smaller FAR ( floor area ratio ) than business, commercial or industrial/manufacturing zoning. The area may be large or small. In certain residential areas, especially rural , large tracts of land may have no services whatever, such that residents seeking services must use

76-399: A hard shoulder , on the approach to towns and villages where the speed limit is reduced from 100 km/h to 50 or 60 km/h. This is done by reducing the width of the hard shoulder and the carriageway, various landscaping and installation of 'gateways' in order to reduce the driver's field of view and thus their speed. A gateway marks the transition from high-speed to low-speed road and may feature

114-434: A pavement , cycle lane , central island (where the road is sufficiently wide enough) or all three, and is accompanied with town/village entrance and speed limit signs as well as bollards and a lamppost in the island. An evaluation of 91 traffic calming schemes implemented between 1997 and 2002 showed that they were successful in reducing road collisions, the number of which decreased by 13%. The number of fatal collisions

152-518: A common traffic calming technique in Tokyo is to change the surface material and/or texture of the shoulder of narrow roads, which helps define the boundary between cars and pedestrians, while allowing cars to use the shoulder to pass each other after yielding to pedestrians. A Cochrane Review of studies found that there is evidence to demonstrate the efficacy of traffic calming measures in reducing traffic-related injuries and may even reduce deaths. However,

190-631: A cultural preference in settler societies for privacy and space. A countervailing trend has been industrialization and urbanization, which has seen more people worldwide move into multi-story apartment blocks . In the New World, this type of densification was halted and reversed following the Second World War when increased automobile ownership and cheaper building and heating costs produced suburbanization instead. Single-family homes are now common in rural and suburban and even some urban areas across

228-417: A day. Many techniques which had made the automobile affordable made housing affordable: standardization of design and small, repetitive assembly tasks, advertising, and a smooth flow of capital. Mass production resulted in a similar uniformity of product, and a more comfortable lifestyle than cramped apartments in the cities. With the advent of government-backed mortgages, it could actually be cheaper to own

266-650: A greater tendency to yield to pedestrians. Visual traffic calming includes lane narrowings (2.7–3.0 m (9–10 ft)), road diets (reduction in lanes), use of trees next to streets, on-street parking, and buildings placed in urban fashion close to streets. Physical devices include speed humps, speed cushions and speed tables, sized for the desired speed. Such measures normally slow cars to between 16 and 40 kilometres per hour (10 and 25 mph). Most devices are made of asphalt or concrete but rubber traffic calming products are emerging as an effective alternative with several advantages. Physical traffic calming can include

304-614: A home for their own family, but this was not the norm . The idea of a nuclear family living separately from their relatives as the norm is a relatively recent development related to rising living standards in North America and Europe during the early modern and modern eras . In the New World , where land was plentiful, settlement patterns were quite different from the close-knit villages of Europe, meaning many more people lived in large farms separated from their neighbors. This has produced

342-499: A house in a new residential development than to rent. As with other products, continual refinements appeared. Curving streets, greenbelt parks, neighborhood pools, and community entry monumentation appeared. Diverse floor plans with differing room counts, and multiple elevations (different exterior "looks" for the same plan) appeared. Developers remained competitive with each other on everything, including location, community amenities, kitchen appliance packages, and price. Today,

380-419: A motor vehicle or other transportation, so the need for transportation has resulted in land development following existing or planned transport infrastructure such as rail and road. Development patterns may be regulated by restrictive covenants contained in the deeds to the properties in the development and may also result from or be reinforced by zoning . Restrictive covenants are not easily changed when

418-406: A preset speed threshold. One cycling expert argues for placing direct restrictions on motor-vehicle speed and acceleration performance. An EU report on promoting walking and cycling specifies as one of its top measures comprehensive camera-based speed control using mainly movable equipment at unexpected spots. The Netherlands has an estimated 1,500 speed/red-light camera installations and has set

SECTION 10

#1732841667229

456-685: A rate of 24% of trips being on two wheels, mainly via traffic calming and the use of 30 km/h or 20 mph zones. In 1999, the Netherlands had over 6000 woonerven where cyclists and pedestrians have legal priority over cars and where a motorised "walking speed" limit applies. However, some UK and Irish "traffic calming" schemes, particularly involving road narrowings, are viewed as extremely hostile and have been implicated directly in death and injury to cyclists and pedestrians. A number of visual changes to roads are being made to encourage more attentive driving, reduced speed, reduced crashes, and

494-505: A target for 30 km/h limits on 70% of urban roads. The UK has more than 6,000 speed cameras, which took more than £ 100 million in fines in 2006/07. Traffic calming has been successfully used for decades in cities across Europe. For example, a living street (sometimes known as home zones or by the Dutch word woonerf , as the concept originated in the Netherlands ) towards the end of

532-524: A tool to combat speeding and other unsafe behaviours of drivers. It aims to encourage safer, more responsible driving and potentially reduce traffic flow . Urban planners and traffic engineers have many strategies for traffic calming, including narrowed roads and speed humps . Such measures are common in Australia and Europe (especially Northern Europe), but less so in North America . Traffic calming

570-737: A typical residential development in the United States might include traffic calming features such as a slowly winding street , dead-end road , or looped road lined with homes. Suburban developments help form the stereotypical image of a "suburban America" and are generally associated with the American middle-class . Most offer homes in a narrow range of age, price, size and features, thus potential residents having different needs, wishes or resources must look elsewhere. Some residential developments are gated communities or residential communities . Criticisms of residential developments may include

608-604: Is a calque (literal translation) of the German word Verkehrsberuhigung – the term's first published use in English was in 1985 by Carmen Hass-Klau. In its early development in the UK in the 1930s, traffic calming was based on the idea that residential areas should be protected from through-traffic. Subsequently, it became valued for its ability to improve pedestrian safety and reduce noise and air pollution from traffic. For much of

646-402: Is completely separated by open space on all sides from any other structure, except its own garage or shed. — Statistics Canada The definition of this type of house may vary between legal jurisdictions or statistical agencies. The definition, however, generally includes two elements: Most single-family homes are built on lots larger than the structure itself, adding an area surrounding

684-534: Is divided into lots with houses constructed on each lot. Such developments became common during the late nineteenth century, particularly in the form of streetcar suburbs . In previous centuries, residential development was mainly of two kinds. Rich people bought a townlot, hired an architect and/or contractor, and built a bespoke / customized house or mansion for their family. Poor urban people lived in shantytowns or in tenements built for rental. Single-family houses were seldom built on speculation , that

722-417: Is for future sale to residents not yet identified. When cities and the middle class expanded greatly and mortgage loans became commonplace, a method that had been rare became commonplace to serve the expanding demand for home ownership. Post–World War II economic expansion in major cities of the United States, especially New York City and Los Angeles produced a demand for thousands of new homes, which

760-511: The 1960s, initially in Delft , is a street in which the needs of car drivers are secondary to the needs of other road users; traffic calming principles are integrated into their design. From the Netherlands, the concept spread rapidly to Germany, starting in North Rhine-Westphalia in 1976, and had become very widespread by the early 1980s. The ideas and techniques also spread to the UK towards

798-567: The 20th century, streets were designed by engineers who were charged only with ensuring smooth motor vehicular traffic flow and not with fostering the other functions of streets. Traffic calming initiatives have grown to consider other design functions as well. For example, it has been shown that car traffic severely impairs the social and recreational functions of public streets. The Livable Streets study by Donald Appleyard (1981) found that residents of streets with light traffic had, on average, three more friends and twice as many acquaintances as

SECTION 20

#1732841667229

836-553: The New World and Europe , as well as wealthier enclaves within the Third World . They are most common in low-density, high-income regions. For example, in Canada , according to the 2006 census, 55.3% of the population lived in single-detached houses, but this varied substantially by region. In the city of Montreal , Quebec, Canada's second- most populous municipality , only 7.5% of the population lived in single-detached homes; in contrast, in

874-1020: The United Kingdom and Canada), and separate house (in New Zealand). In the United Kingdom, the term single-family home is almost unknown, except through Internet exposure to US media. Whereas in the US, housing is commonly divided into "single-family homes", " multi-family dwellings ", "condo/ townhouse ", etc., the primary division of residential property in British terminology is between "houses" (including "detached", " semi-detached ", and "terraced" houses and bungalows ) and "flats" (i.e., "apartments" or "condominiums" in American English). In pre-industrial societies, most people lived in multi-family dwellings for most of their lives. A child lived with their parents from birth until marriage and then generally moved in with

912-400: The agreement of all property owners (many of whom may not live in the area) is required. The area so restricted may be large or small. Residential areas may be subcategorized in the concentric zone model and other schemes of urban geography . Residential development is real estate development for residential purposes. Some such developments are called a subdivision , when the land

950-402: The city of Calgary , the third-most populous, 57.8% did. Note that this includes the "city limits" populations only, not the wider region. Culturally, single-family houses are associated with suburbanization in many parts of the world. Owning a home with a yard and a " white picket fence " is seen as a key component of the " American dream " (which also exists with variations in other parts of

988-723: The creation of traffic calming measure: capital reconstruction versus operational changes. Enforcement and education measures for traffic calming include: Speed reduction has traditionally been attempted by the introduction of statutory speed limits . Traffic speeds of 30 km/h (20 mph) and lower are said to be more desirable on urban roads with mixed traffic. The Austrian city of Graz , which has achieved steady growth in cycling, has applied 30 km/h limits to 75% its streets since 1994. Zones where speeds are set at 30 km/h (or 20 mph) are preferred by some as they are found to be effective at reducing crashes and increasing community cohesion. Speed limits which are set below

1026-420: The end of the 1980s, and practice there was advocated by academics such as Tim Pharaoh and Carmen Hass-Klau. The guidelines published by Devon County Council (of which Tim Pharaoh was the principal author) in 1991 were particularly well received. In the United Kingdom, Low Traffic Neighbourhoods incorporate traffic calming and filtered permeability. In 2020, some LTNs were introduced with emergency funding from

1064-456: The following engineering measures, grouped by similarity of method: Quite often residents have used a variety of homemade devices ranging from faux enforcement camera signs and even faux speed cameras and including dummy police. Some Canadian communities erect flexible bollards in the middle of the street in school zones . The bollards have a sign affixed indicating a 40 km/h speed limit. There are primarily two implementation options for

1102-431: The following: [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of residential at Wiktionary Single-family housing A single-family detached home , also called a single-detached dwelling, single-family residence (SFR) or separate house is a free-standing residential building. It is defined in opposition to a multi-family residential dwelling . A single detached dwelling contains only one dwelling unit and

1140-597: The government, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . A study found that people living in LTNs in Waltham Forest became less likely to own a car and were more likely to walk or cycle. School Streets are another UK scheme which involves part-time restrictions on motor vehicles during school pick up and drop off times. In Ireland, traffic calming schemes have been implemented on national roads since 1993, typically on those with

1178-645: The house, which is commonly called a yard in North American English or a garden in British English . Garages can also be found on many lots. Houses with an attached front entry garage closer to the street than any other part of the house are often derisively called a snout house . Terms corresponding to a single-family detached home in common use are single-family home (in the US and Canada), single-detached dwelling (in Canada), detached house (in

Residential area - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-523: The most effective traffic calming plans entail all three components—that engineering measures alone will not produce satisfactory results. Engineering measures involve physically altering the road layout or appearance to actively or passively reduce traffic speeds by one of several means: Measures include speed humps , chicanes , curb extensions , modal filters , and living street and shared space type schemes. The town of Hilden in Germany has achieved

1254-401: The parents of the man ( patrilocal ) or the woman ( matrilocal ) so that the grandparents could help raise the young children and so the middle generation could care for their aging parents. This type of arrangement also saved some of the effort and materials used for construction and, in colder climates, heating. If people had to move to a new place or were wealthy enough, they could build or buy

1292-531: The people on streets with heavy traffic which were otherwise similar in dimensions, income, etc. Traffic engineers refer to three "E's" when discussing traffic calming: engineering , (community) education , and (police) enforcement . Because neighborhood traffic management studies have shown that residents often contribute to the perceived speeding problem within their neighborhoods, instructions on traffic calming (for example in Hass-Klau et al., 1992 ) stress that

1330-501: The speed that most motorists perceive to be reasonable for the given road require additional measures to improve compliance. Attempts to improve speed limit observance are usually by either education, enforcement or road engineering. "Education" can mean publicity campaigns or targeted road user training. Speed limit enforcement techniques include: direct police action, automated systems such as speed cameras or vehicle activated signs or traffic lights triggered by traffic exceeding

1368-502: The world). In the 21st century, a lack of affordable housing , the climate change impacts of urban sprawl and car dependency , and concerns about racial inequality have increasingly led cities to abandon single-family housing and single-family zoning in favor of higher-density zones. House types include: Traffic calming Traffic calming uses physical design and other measures to improve safety for motorists, car drivers, pedestrians and cyclists . It has become

1406-558: Was largely met by speculative building. Its large-scale practitioners disliked the term "property speculator" and coined the new name "residential development" for their activity. Entire farms and ranches were subdivided and developed, often with one individual or company controlling all aspects of entitlement (permits), land development (streets and grading), infrastructure (utilities and sewage disposal), and housing. Communities like Levittown, Long Island or Lakewood south of Los Angeles saw new homes sold at unprecedented rates—more than one

1444-612: Was reduced by 52%. By 2017, San Francisco's Vision Zero program, which heavily features traffic calming, has reduced fatalities by 33%. A 2018 study found that traffic calming measures in Portland, Oregon reduced excessive speeds, reduced daily traffic volume by 16% and increased home prices by 1%. Various forms of traffic calming are used in Japanese cities, particularly in large cities like Tokyo and Yokohama. Tokyo's narrow streets force automobiles and pedestrians to be close to one another;

#228771