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127-444: Belait District ( Malay : Daerah Belait ; Jawi : دأيره بلأيت) or simply known as Belait ( buh- LEIT ; Malay: [bəlait] ), is the largest as well as the westernmost district in Brunei . It has an area of 2,727 square kilometres (1,053 sq mi) and the population of 65,531 as of 2021. The administrative town is Kuala Belait , located at the mouth of

254-619: A chance to interact with the local way of life. The Pasarneka indoor market in Kuala Belait is open every day and offers fresh fish, flowers, and other items. Weekly markets are conducted in Seria on Thursday nights and Friday mornings. Among the well-known local retailers are Milimewah, Sentral Shopping Center, Soon Lee Mega Mart, Supa Save, and Ramdhani. The cuisine of Brunei is varied and includes Indian, Bangladeshi, Malay, Mexican, Thai, Japanese, and Chinese dishes. In Kuala Belait and Seria, there are

381-604: A commonly used indicator. With helminth egg analysis, eggs are extracted from the sample after which a viability test is done to distinguish between viable and non viable eggs. The viable fraction of the helminth eggs in the sample is then counted. In the year 2016, the Sustainable Development Goals replaced the Millennium Development Goals. Sanitation is a global development priority and included Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). The target

508-644: A descendant of the Proto-Austronesian language , began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of Austronesian peoples into Maritime Southeast Asia from the island of Taiwan . The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Classical Malay, Late Modern Malay and Modern Malay. Old Malay is believed to be

635-507: A few known groundwater reserves in the Sungai Liang and Seria regions. As of 1992, 18,418 hectares of Brunei's mangrove forests were being modestly exploited for firewood , charcoal , and commercially for building poles, with Belait District contributing 3% (533 hectares (1,320 acres)). Ceriops tagal was cultivated only in Belait, while Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans were

762-476: A few well-known western eateries as KFC , Burger King , and Pizza Hut . The NAAFI operates the restaurant, which is exclusively available to authorised employees and their families. The eatery offers pizzas and Asian fare. There are a number of noteworthy sites of interest in the district. BSP commissioned the Billionth Barrel Monument to commemorate the production of its billionth barrel of oil in

889-507: A healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as surface water , groundwater , soil ), and to provide safety, security and dignity for people when they defecate or urinate . The Human Right to Water and Sanitation was recognized by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 2010. It has been recognized in international law through human rights treaties , declarations and other standards. It

1016-518: A lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as Makassar Malay , which appears to be a mixed language . Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malayic homeland being in western Borneo . A form known as Proto-Malayic was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE, it has been argued to be the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayic languages . Its ancestor, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian ,

1143-555: A mid vowel [e, o] . Orthographic note : both /e/ and /ə/ are written with ⟨e⟩ . Orthographic /e, o/ are relatively rare, so the letter ⟨e⟩ usually represents /ə/ . There are some homographs; for example, perang is used for both /pəraŋ/ "war" and /peraŋ ~ piraŋ/ "blond". (In Indonesia, "blond" may be written perang or pirang .) Some analyses regard /ai, au, oi/ as diphthongs. However, [ai] and [au] can only occur in open syllables, such as cukai ("tax") and pulau ("island"). Words with

1270-435: A new term: "basic sanitation service". This is defined as the use of improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households. A lower level of service is now called "limited sanitation service" which refers to use of improved sanitation facilities that are shared between two or more households. Community-based sanitation is related to decentralized wastewater treatment (DEWATS). The term "dry sanitation"

1397-434: A phonetic diphthong in a closed syllable, such as baik ("good") and laut ("sea"), are actually two syllables. An alternative analysis therefore treats the phonetic diphthongs [ai] , [au] and [oi] as a sequence of a monophthong plus an approximant: /aj/ , /aw/ and /oj/ respectively. There is a rule of vowel harmony : the non-open vowels /i, e, u, o/ in bisyllabic words must agree in height, so hidung ("nose")

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1524-581: A portion near the river mouth that is administered by BSP and has limited public access. Further upriver in Kampong Sungai Duhon , the commercial port can only handle shallow draft vessels because to silting. At the mouth of the river, two breakwaters have been built to lessen this. The nearest deepwater port in Brunei is Muara Port in Brunei–Muara District. A privately owned airstrip at Anduki

1651-414: A range of products from clothing and handicrafts to everyday essentials. The most well-liked local supermarket is Supa Save on Jalan Tengah; it offers a large selection of goods, including British and Australian brands as well as gluten-free, non-dairy, and organic foods. Stores are usually 5–10 minutes drive from SFA estates. Fresh fruits and vegetables are available at local tamu (market), which also offer

1778-431: A root word ( affixation ), formation of a compound word (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words ( reduplication ). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are derived from other words by means of prefixes , suffixes and circumfixes . Malay does not make use of grammatical gender , and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for 'he' and 'she' which

1905-510: A sanitation technology at any step of the sanitation chain are called " sanitation workers ". Several sanitation "levels" are being used to compare sanitation service levels within countries or across countries. The sanitation ladder defined by the Joint Monitoring Programme in 2016 starts at open defecation and moves upwards using the terms "unimproved", "limited", "basic", with the highest level being " safely managed ". This

2032-549: A total of 1,625 fishermen over the seven-year period. With meshes ranging from 4 to 26.5 cm, andang karan is used to catch fish in the open coastal waters near Belait District. Belait (20%), Tutong (15%), and Brunei-Muara District (65%) account for the majority of the licensed full-time fisherman. Currently, artisanal fishermen use seven primary landing locations, two of which are in the Belait District. These fish inhabit mangrove lining of river embankments , river channels, and

2159-461: A variety of private schools and centers for varied learning requirements, Belait has embraced the SPN21 educational system . The Government Resthouse, Hotel Koperasi Seria, Plaza Sutera Biru, Riviera Hotel, Sea View Hotel, Sentosa Hotel, and The Swiss Hotel Apartment are among the many lodging options. A row of retail stores located on Jalan Pretty, Kuala Belait; near Pandan 5, and in Seria town, offering

2286-402: Is dia or for 'his' and 'her' which is dia punya . There is no grammatical plural in Malay either; thus orang may mean either 'person' or 'people'. Verbs are not inflected for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as 'yesterday') or by other tense indicators, such as sudah 'already' and belum 'not yet'. On the other hand, there

2413-456: Is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote voice or intentional and accidental moods . Malay does not have a grammatical subject in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an agent and an object , these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive",

2540-742: Is a government-owned enterprise that produces 1,365,000 tons of urea yearly, making it one of the largest fertiliser plant in Southeast Asia. In 2022, Belait District utilised 232.27 hectares for livestock , covering a variety of commodities. This included 22.98 hectares for broiler (chicken meat), 16.60 hectares for layer (eggs), 40.00 hectares for day-old chicks, and 0.00 hectares for fertilised eggs. Additionally, 16.37 hectares were used for buffalo , 27.24 hectares for cattle, 58.01 hectares for goats, and 38.75 hectares for sheep. Other livestock areas included 8.42 hectares for miscellaneous livestock. Slaughterhouses occupied 3.90 hectares. The egg industry in

2667-493: Is about "clean water and sanitation for all" by 2030. It is estimated that 660 million people still lacked access to safe drinking water as of 2015. Since the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the fight for clean water and sanitation is more important than ever. Handwashing is one of the most common prevention methods for Coronavirus, yet two out of five people do not have access to a hand-washing station. The United Nations , during

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2794-678: Is administered by the Belait District Office ( Jabatan Daerah Belait ), a government department under the Ministry of Home Affairs . The district is subdivided into 8 mukims , namely: These are further subdivided into 83 Kampongs (Villages). According to the Constitution , the district is to be represented in the Legislative Council , the state legislature, by up to 3 members. As of 2023, two members have been appointed to represent

2921-430: Is allowed but * hedung is not. Pronunciation Pronunciation Pronunciation Study by Uri Tadmor which was published in 2003 shows that mutation of ⟨a⟩ in final open syllable is an areal feature. Specifically, it is an areal feature of Western Austronesia. Uri Tadmor classify those types into four groups as below. Malay is an agglutinative language , and new words are formed by three methods: attaching affixes onto

3048-670: Is also referred to as water reclamation . Sanitation systems in urban areas of developed countries usually consist of the collection of wastewater in gravity driven sewers, its treatment in wastewater treatment plants for reuse or disposal in rivers, lakes or the sea. In developing countries most wastewater is still discharged untreated into the environment. Alternatives to centralized sewer systems include onsite sanitation , decentralized wastewater systems , dry toilets connected to fecal sludge management . Sewers are either combined with storm drains or separated from them as sanitary sewers . Combined sewers are usually found in

3175-557: Is an Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , and Singapore . It is also spoken in East Timor and parts of Thailand . Altogether, it is spoken by 290 million people (around 260 million in Indonesia alone in its own literary standard named " Indonesian ") across Maritime Southeast Asia . The language is pluricentric and a macrolanguage , i.e., several varieties of it are standardized as

3302-924: Is derived from the human right to an adequate standard of living . Effective sanitation systems provide barriers between excreta and humans in such a way as to break the disease transmission cycle (for example in the case of fecal-borne diseases). This aspect is visualised with the F-diagram where all major routes of fecal-oral disease transmission begin with the letter F: feces, fingers, flies, fields, fluids, food. Sanitation infrastructure has to be adapted to several specific contexts including consumers' expectations and local resources available. Sanitation technologies may involve centralized civil engineering structures like sewer systems , sewage treatment , surface runoff treatment and solid waste landfills . These structures are designed to treat wastewater and municipal solid waste . Sanitation technologies may also take

3429-406: Is designated the bahasa persatuan/pemersatu ("unifying language" or lingua franca ) whereas the term "Malay" ( bahasa Melayu ) is domestically restricted to vernacular varieties of Malay indigenous to areas of Central to Southern Sumatra and West Kalimantan . Classical Malay , also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial Malacca and Johor Sultanates and so

3556-477: Is divided into Bornean and Sumatran Malay; some of the most widely spoken Sumatran Malay dialects are Riau Malay , Langkat , Palembang Malay and Jambi Malay . Minangkabau , Kerinci and Bengkulu are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile, the Jakarta dialect (known as Betawi ) also belongs to the western Malay group. The eastern varieties, classified either as dialects or creoles , are spoken in

3683-476: Is made from Stainless Steel 316L, (an alloy containing small amounts of molybdenum ). The surface is usually electropolished to an effective surface roughness of less than 0.5 micrometre to reduce the possibility of bacterial adhesion. In many settings, provision of sanitation facilities alone does not guarantee good health of the population. Studies have suggested that the impact of hygiene practices have as great an impact on sanitation related diseases as

3810-582: Is most commonly conducted in landfills , but incineration, recycling , composting and conversion to biofuels are also avenues. In the case of landfills, advanced countries typically have rigid protocols for daily cover with topsoil, where underdeveloped countries customarily rely upon less stringent protocols. The importance of daily cover lies in the reduction of vector contact and spreading of pathogens . Daily cover also minimizes odor emissions and reduces windblown litter. Likewise, developed countries typically have requirements for perimeter sealing of

3937-585: Is mostly used for flights to BSP facilities located offshore. Travelers must go to the Miri Airport or the Brunei International Airport for commercial flights. Panaga Health Centre, BSP Headquarters, and Suri Seri Begawan Hospital all have helipads. Furthermore, military helicopter operations are supported by a heliport at the Medicina Lines' British Army Jungle Warfare Training School , which

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4064-623: Is not a tonal language . The consonants of Malaysian and also Indonesian are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic, Dutch and English, are shown in brackets. Orthographic note : The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except: Loans from Arabic : Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six, with /i/ split into /i, e/ and /u/ split into /u, o/ . Many words are commonly pronounced variably, with either [i, u] or [e, o] , and relatively few words require

4191-616: Is not in widespread use and is not very well defined. It usually refers to a system that uses a type of dry toilet and no sewers to transport excreta. Often when people speak of "dry sanitation" they mean a sanitation system that uses urine-diverting dry toilet (UDDTs). Environmental sanitation encompasses the control of environmental factors that are connected to disease transmission . Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise pollution control. According to World health organization (WHO) Environmental sanitation

4318-505: Is not readily intelligible with the standard language , and the same is true with some lects on the Malay Peninsula such as Kedah Malay . However, both Brunei and Kedah are quite close. Malay is now written using the Latin script , known as Rumi in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore or Latin in Indonesia, although an Arabic script called Arab Melayu or Jawi also exists. Latin script

4445-592: Is not shared with other households, and where the excreta produced is either treated and disposed in situ, stored temporarily and then emptied and transported to treatment off-site, or transported through a sewer with wastewater and then treated off-site. In other words, safely managed sanitation is a basic sanitation service where in addition excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Wastewater management consists of collection, wastewater treatment (be it municipal or industrial wastewater ), disposal or reuse of treated wastewater. The latter

4572-594: Is official in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Malay uses Hindu-Arabic numerals . Rumi (Latin) and Jawi are co-official in Brunei only. Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the religious school, sekolah agama , which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14. Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi in Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examinations in Malaysia have

4699-531: Is particularly applicable to developing countries . The Human Right to Water and Sanitation was recognized by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 2010. Sanitation is a global development priority and the subject of Sustainable Development Goal 6 . The estimate in 2017 by JMP states that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation . Lack of access to sanitation has an impact not only on public health but also on human dignity and personal safety. There are some variations on

4826-665: Is run by No. 230 Squadron RAF . In 2022, the Belait District had 1,511.72 hectares of gazetted agricultural development areas, with 1,052.67 hectares allocated to farmers and 269.31 hectares used for stations or other purposes. The district hosts a variety of Agricultural Development Areas (KKP), with a total of 1,511.72 hectares gazetted for agriculture. Of this, 1,052.67 hectares have been allocated to farmers, while 269.31 hectares are used for stations or other purposes. Specific areas include KKP Buau and KKP Kenapol, both dedicated to agriculture stations. KKP Bukit Sawat supports agriculture stations and fruit cultivation, while KKP Sungai Liang

4953-515: Is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition. Owing to earlier contact with the Philippines , Malay words—such as dalam hati (sympathy), luwalhati (glory), tengah hari (midday), sedap (delicious)—have evolved and been integrated into Tagalog and other Philippine languages . By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the lingua franca for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because

5080-619: Is the basic and most common word order. The Malay language has many words borrowed from Arabic (in particular religious terms), Sanskrit , Tamil , certain Sinitic languages , Persian (due to historical status of Malay Archipelago as a trading hub), and more recently, Portuguese , Dutch and English (in particular many scientific and technological terms). There is a group of closely related languages spoken by Malays and related peoples across Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Southern Thailand , Kampung Alor in East Timor , and

5207-517: Is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb pe and Ambon pu (from Malay punya 'to have') to mark possession. So 'my name' and 'our house" are translated in western Malay as namaku and rumah kita but kita pe nama and torang pe rumah in Manado and beta pu nama , katong pu rumah in Ambon dialect. The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially

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5334-411: Is used for fruits and vegetables. KKP Kandol, the largest area, spans 710.00 hectares, with 505.00 hectares for paddy. KKP Labi Lama and KKP Lilas are dedicated to fruits, integrated crops, and miscellaneous farming. KKP Lot Sengkuang A and KKP Merangking focus on paddy cultivation. Additionally, KKP Mumong and KKP Sungai Petai are used for a mix of fruits, vegetables, and livestock activities. In 2022,

5461-442: Is usually open defecation (and open urination but this is of less concern) with associated serious public health issues. It is estimated that 2.4 billion people still lacked improved sanitation facilities including 660 million people who lack access to safe drinking water as of 2015. Onsite sanitation (or on-site sanitation) is defined as "a sanitation system in which excreta and wastewater are collected and stored or treated on

5588-587: The Australian Army 's 9th Division . The path between Seria and Badas is now paved, while parts of the track may still exist. To get upriver towards Kuala Balai, tourists can rent a water taxi at the public dock next to the Kuala Belait market. Additionally, the Kuala Belait Boat Club arranges boat cruises to a number of neighbouring locations. around the past, Rasau had a timber jetty around 1930. One of Brunei's three ports, Kuala Belait Port , features

5715-581: The Belait people —were merged into a single Malay identity in 1961 with the passage of the Nationality Act. Consequently, the Belait and other communities are now acknowledged as Malays by the government, adding to Brunei's complex Malay identity. Some notable non-Muslim minorities including the Belait people maintain their historical customs in spite of Islam's supremacy. In 2022, Eid al-Fitr and Adau Gayoh were jointly celebrated in Belait District, which represent

5842-608: The Cham alphabet are used by the Chams of Vietnam and Cambodia . Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Malacca Sultanate, Jawi gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. Starting from the 17th century, under Dutch and British influence, Jawi

5969-518: The Department of Electrical Services is in charge of managing the production, distribution, and transmission of electricity in Brunei . Brunei–Muara, Tutong, and Belait Districts are covered by network one. In response to the increasing need for power, the government built the Seria power station and, in 1987, developed a cogeneration plant in Lumut in collaboration with BSP. New street lights were installed,

6096-719: The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report in 2006 has shown, progress meeting the MDG sanitation target is slow, with a large gap between the target coverage and the current reality. In December 2006, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2008 "The International Year of Sanitation ", in recognition of the slow progress being made towards the MDGs sanitation target. The year aimed to develop awareness and more actions to meet

6223-549: The WASH sector only include excreta management in their definition of sanitation. Another example of what is included in sanitation is found in the handbook by Sphere on "Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response" which describes minimum standards in four "key response sectors" in humanitarian response situations. One of them is "Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion" ( WASH ) and it includes

6350-503: The "mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, sanitation, and lack of hygiene". When analyzing environmental samples, various types of indicator organisms are used to check for fecal pollution of the sample. Commonly used indicators for bacteriological water analysis include the bacterium Escherichia coli (abbreviated as E. coli) and non-specific fecal coliforms . With regards to samples of soil , sewage sludge , biosolids or fecal matter from dry toilets , helminth eggs are

6477-477: The 'software' (regulation, hygiene promotion) needed to reduce faecal-oral disease transmission. It encompasses too the re-use and ultimate disposal of human excreta. The term environmental sanitation is used to cover the wider concept of controlling all the factors in the physical environment which may have deleterious impacts on human health and well-being. In developing countries, it normally includes drainage, solid waste management, and vector control, in addition to

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6604-717: The 1959 Declaration. The region starts from a position on the Belait River estuary, travels north toward the China Sea, and passes by certain locations, such as the Istana Manggalela and the sewage disposal facility owned by Brunei Shell Petroleum (BSP), before circling back along the Belait River to the beginning point. The procedures for the board's business conduct are outlined in the Kuala Belait and Seria Municipal Board (Standing Orders) By-Laws, 2014. Meeting procedures, such as notification requirements, quorum requirements, and

6731-425: The 32 kilometres (20 mi) long Belait River . The district is commonly associated with the oil and gas industry of the country, mainly concentrated near the town of Seria . The South China Sea borders Belait District to the north, Tutong District to the northeast, and Sarawak , Malaysia to the west and south. The district's lowlands are steep and below an elevation of 91 metres (299 ft). Areas along

6858-577: The 32 wells in the 60 kilometers northeast of Seria Magpie field have been producing 6,000 barrels of oil a day since 1977. Additionally, BSP shares output from the Fairley–Baram field, which is situated near Sarawak's border. Located 45 km northwest of Seria, BSP found and is projected to produce an estimated 30 million barrels over the course of 15–20 years from the Egret oil field . The Sungai Liang Industrial Park (SPARK) has developed an industrial cluster that

6985-674: The Baram Valley. Situated 45 minutes away from Kuala Belait, Kuala Balai offers an insight into the traditional sago producing process and is ingrained in the local culture. A spot for jungle trekking , Wasai Wong Kadir has a charming waterfall that's perfect for picnics. About 25 kilometers from Sungai Liang, Luagan Lalak Recreational Park covers 270 hectares in the Labi Hills Forest Reserve and has an alluvial freshwater swamp with wooden walkways, trails, and shelters. Fresh vegetables and household necessities may be purchased from

7112-594: The British Malayan Petroleum Company (now BSP) in the 1930s, a 19.3 kilometres (12.0 mi) narrow gauge railway with a 600 millimetres (24 in) gauge connected Seria to Badas for the transportation of water and subsequently pipeline tubes. Significant portions of the railway were concealed during World War II to keep Japanese soldiers from utilising it. The railway was promptly reactivated to move artillery and ammunition after being freed in July 1945 by

7239-642: The Brunei Economic Development Board (BEDB) worked to transform into a premier petrochemical hub. Located on 271 hectares (670 acres), the Brunei Methanol Company (BMC) operates a US$ 600 million methanol facility, which represents SPARK's first significant investment. BEDB is also taking into account a number of international investors' ideas for further petrochemical projects in the park. Situated in SPARK, Brunei Fertilizer Industries (BFI)

7366-584: The District of Sarawak was ceded to Sir James Brooke in 1841. As a result, the State of Brunei was reduced to approximately 2,226 square miles, with a pre-1947 population of 40,670 (based on preliminary census figures for 1947). The State was made up a few outlying districts, the most significant of which are Belait, Tutong, and Temburong . Brunei's foreign affairs were taken over by the British government in 1888, and in 1905

7493-600: The Kuala Belait and Seria Municipal Board Areas have been redrawn by this decree. The region of Oil Well No. 22 is currently included in the Seria Municipal Board region. The Kuala Belait Municipal Board Area's limits have been altered by the Sultan-in-Council's 1974 Declaration (Municipal Board Area) Amendment. It delineates the new region on the east bank of the Belait River and supersedes the First Schedule of

7620-404: The Malay world of Southeast Asia, and was one of the oldest testimonies to the advent of Islam as a state religion in the region. It contains the proclamation issued by a ruler of Terengganu known as Seri Paduka Tuan, urging his subjects to extend and uphold Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance. The classical Malay language came into widespread use as the lingua franca of

7747-1043: The Malayic languages spoken by the Orang Asli ( Proto-Malay ) in Malaya . They are Jakun , Orang Kanaq , Orang Seletar , and Temuan . The other Malayic languages, included in neither of these groups, are associated with the expansion of the Malays across the archipelago. They include Riau-Johor Malay ( Malaysian and Indonesian ), Kedah Malay , Kedayan/Brunei Malay , Berau Malay , Bangka Malay , Jambi Malay , Kutai Malay , Natuna Malay, Riau Malay , Loncong , Pattani Malay , and Banjarese . Menterap may belong here. There are also several Malay-based creole languages , such as Betawi , Cocos Malay , Makassar Malay , Ambonese Malay , Dili Malay , Kupang Malay , Manado Malay , Papuan Malay , Pattani Malay , Satun Malay , Songkhla Malay , Bangkok Malay , and Sabah Malay , which may be more or less distinct from standard (Malaccan) Malay. Due to

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7874-692: The Millennium Summit in New York in 2000 and the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, developed the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) aimed at poverty eradication and sustainable development. The specific sanitation goal for the year 2015 was to reduce by half the number of people who had no access to potable water and sanitation in the baseline year of 1990. As the JMP and

8001-561: The Seria oil field. BSP also founded the Seria Energy Lab in 2002 with the goal of educating the general population about science, technology, and the environment. Nodding donkey oil wells are another feature of the region, especially in the oil town of Seria. Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah inaugurated Anduki Jubilee Recreational Park in 1992. It has a 3.8 km running track, a lagoon, and some modest public amenities. Huts and shelters are available for recreational use at Lumut Beach. Opened in 1989,

8128-797: The Sungai Liang Forest Reserve has a tiny lake, a swimming pool, and a number of recreational amenities. Several places of interest in Kuala Belait consisted of the Belait District Museum and the Belait Beach . Finally, the 12,679 hectares Silver Jubilee Park honours the Silver Jubilee of Hassanal Bolkiah and is situated at Jalan Maulana with a view of the South China Sea. Other noteworthy locations include one of Labi's highest peaks, Bukit Teraja, provides views of Mount Mulu and

8255-475: The Sustainable Development Goal 6.2, Indicator 6.2.1, as the "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water". The current value in the 2017 baseline estimate by JMP is that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation. Safely managed sanitation is defined as an improved sanitation facility which

8382-656: The activities covered by the definition of sanitation." Sanitation can include personal sanitation and public hygiene. Personal sanitation work can include handling menstrual waste , cleaning household toilets , and managing household garbage . Public sanitation work can involve garbage collection, transfer and treatment ( municipal solid waste management ), cleaning drains, streets, schools, trains, public spaces , community toilets and public toilets , sewers , operating sewage treatment plants , etc. Workers who provide these services for other people are called sanitation workers . The overall purposes of sanitation are to provide

8509-654: The actual ancestor of Classical Malay. Old Malay was influenced by Sanskrit, the classical language of India . Sanskrit loan words can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in Sumatra , Indonesia, written in the Pallava variety of the Grantha alphabet and is dated 1 May 683. Known as the Kedukan Bukit inscription , it

8636-620: The actual provision of sanitation facilities. Hygiene promotion is therefore an important part of sanitation and is usually key in maintaining good health. Hygiene promotion is a planned approach of enabling people to act and change their behavior in an order to reduce and/or prevent incidences of water, sanitation and hygiene ( WASH ) related diseases. It usually involves a participatory approach of engaging people to take responsibility of WASH services and infrastructure including its operation and maintenance. The three key elements of promoting hygiene are; mutual sharing of information and knowledge,

8763-574: The blending of national identity with ancient rituals and promote unity, have become more common in public settings in recent years. The government has invested approximately B$ 600 million in the 2007–2012 National Development Plan (RKN) to enhance road networks, including highway projects, paving, maintenance, and resurfacing. Notable projects in Belait under the RKN include upgrading Jalan Tutong–Seria ( Lumut ) phase 2, Jalan Sungai Mau/Merangking/Buau, high-density roads, and wooden bridge replacements, along with

8890-399: The capture, storage, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta and wastewater . Reuse activities within the sanitation system may focus on the nutrients , water, energy or organic matter contained in excreta and wastewater. This is referred to as the "sanitation value chain" or "sanitation economy". The people responsible for cleaning, maintaining, operating, or emptying

9017-408: The central, older parts or urban areas. Heavy rainfall and inadequate maintenance can lead to combined sewer overflows or sanitary sewer overflows , i.e., more or less diluted raw sewage being discharged into the environment. Industries often discharge wastewater into municipal sewers, which can complicate wastewater treatment unless industries pre-treat their discharges. Disposal of solid waste

9144-549: The colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In East Timor , which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its Constitution as a 'working language'.) Besides Indonesian , which developed from the Riau Malay dialect, there are many Malay varieties spoken in Indonesia; they are divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay dialects are predominantly spoken in Sumatra and Borneo , which itself

9271-591: The company's total production are found at the South West Ampa gas field , which is the oldest and most significant offshore field in the country. It is situated 13 kilometers offshore from Kuala Belait. Gas is routed 39 kilometers to the Brunei LNG facility at Lumut from its 56 wells. The field has 164 producing wells and significant oil reserves. The Gannet and Fairley fields, which are nearby, yield both gas and oil; Fairley has 22 gas wells and 29 oil wells. In addition,

9398-671: The constitution as one of two working languages (the other being English ), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese . The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia , and became the sole official language in Peninsular Malaysia in 1968 and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in

9525-734: The construction of the Seria By-Pass second lane and widening roads on Jalan Singa Menteri. The Rasau Bridge connects the district to Sungai Tujoh and Miri in Sarawak, Malaysia to the west, while the Seria/Lumut bypass connects it to the Muara–Tutong Highway to the east. By coastal highways, it takes over an hour to get from Bandar Seri Begawan to Belait District. As of 2022, the district's road network consisted of 923.16 kilometres (573.63 mi), out of which 90.8% were paved . Built by

9652-505: The court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular. Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are

9779-594: The current infrastructure to accommodate the increasing demand. The Suri Seri Begawan Hospital in Belait District was founded in 1972 and is currently the second biggest hospital in the country with 183 beds and cutting-edge medical services. It offers specialised services in internal medicine, pediatrics, surgery, and other fields. In addition, Kuala Belait, Seria, Sungai Liang, and Labi have three health centers, several clinics, as well as flying and mobile clinics serving outlying communities. With five secondary and sixteen elementary public schools, two vocational schools, and

9906-520: The daily food stalls run by Kuala Belait's Gerai Tudung Saji. In addition, the district is home to traditional longhouses that represent the Iban people way of life, such as Bang Taong, Rampayoh , Mendaram Besar, Mendaram Kecil, and Teraja . 4°25′N 114°35′E  /  4.417°N 114.583°E  / 4.417; 114.583 Malay language Malay ( / m ə ˈ l eɪ / mə- LAY ; Malay: Bahasa Melayu , Jawi : بهاس ملايو )

10033-657: The district in the legislature. Malay, Chinese , and other indigenous communities like the Dusun and Murut make up its population. The majority of people live in Seria and the main town of Kuala Belait. Due to homes provided by BSP and the British Forces Brunei , as well as recreational amenities, the Panaga area in the district is home to a significant expat population. Despite their varied cultural histories and original non-Muslim status, seven indigenous ethnic groups—including

10160-401: The district is the only producer of all local cut flowers . The market was dominated by Orchidaceae , with 48,996 cuts valued at B$ 41,325, representing 98.6% of the total quantity. Alpinia purpurata , Davallia mariesii , and Heliconia accounted for 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.1% of the total quantity, respectively. The overall market totaled 49,681 cuts with a retail value of B$ 41,908. Being

10287-480: The district produced 81.44 million eggs, which accounted for 46.8% of the total production in Brunei. The retail value of these eggs was B$ 14.20 million. The district have 2 farms involved in the egg production industry. In 2021, Belait District produced 0.17 metric tonnes of freshwater fish, with a retail value of B$ 0.002 million. This accounted for a small fraction of the total production in Brunei. The number of small-scale fishermen varied from 268 in 2015 to 189, with

10414-481: The early settlement of a Cape Malay community in Cape Town , who are now known as Coloureds , numerous Classical Malay words were brought into Afrikaans . The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia , and became

10541-567: The east side of the Belait River. The gas sector grew significantly as well, and at Lumut, where one of the biggest liquefied natural gas facilities in the world was established by Brunei LNG . In the natural gas sector, the Bruneian government, BSP, and Mitsubishi Corporation are partners, while the oil industry functions as a joint venture between the Bruneian government and the Royal Dutch Shell. Over half of Brunei's gas reserves and 60% of

10668-474: The eastern part of the Malay or Nusantara archipelago and include Makassar Malay , Manado Malay , Ambonese Malay , North Moluccan Malay , Kupang Malay , Dili Malay , and Papuan Malay . The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example, the word kita means 'we, us' in western, but means 'I, me' in Manado, whereas 'we, us" in Manado is torang and Ambon katong (originally abbreviated from Malay kita orang 'we people'). Another difference

10795-494: The economic costs of inadequate sanitation is a huge concern. For example, according to a World Bank study, economic losses due to inadequate sanitation to The Indian economy are equivalent to 6.4% of its GDP. Most of these are due to premature mortality, time lost in accessing, loss of productivity, additional costs for healthcare among others. Inadequate sanitation also leads to loss from potential tourism revenue. This study also found that impacts are disproportionately higher for

10922-574: The end of the RKN 8. Water from Sungai Badas is delivered to Belait and treated at the Labi and Seria water treatment plants. Enhancing treatment capacity, decreasing unaccounted water, raising water resources, and raising quality are the main objectives of the RKN 2007–2012. Important initiatives include building a new water treatment facility in Sungai Liang, building dams in Ulu Tutong and Kargo, and modernizing

11049-714: The exception of those pertaining to the Islamic faith. Under the direction of the British Resident, four administrative districts were overseen by Malay district officers. Heads of state departments, including agriculture, public works, and medicine, are European officials on secondment; the Assistant Resident oversees the department of education at the moment. Local sanitation and related issues are overseen by sanitary boards in Brunei Town, Tutong, and Kuala Belait. Starting at

11176-412: The experience of the user, excreta and wastewater collection methods, transporting and treatment of waste, and reuse or disposal. All need to be thoroughly considered. The benefits to society of managing human excreta are considerable, for public health as well as for the environment. As a rough estimate: For every US$ 1 spent on sanitation, the return to society is US$ 5.50. For developing countries,

11303-486: The fact that sanitation includes wastewater treatment, the two terms are often used side by side as "sanitation and wastewater management". Another definition is in the DFID guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes from 1998: "For the purposes of this manual, the word 'sanitation' alone is taken to mean the safe management of human excreta. It therefore includes both the 'hardware' (e.g. latrines and sewers) and

11430-590: The far southern parts of the Philippines . They have traditionally been classified as Malay, Para-Malay, and Aboriginal Malay, but this reflects geography and ethnicity rather than a proper linguistic classification. The Malayic languages are mutually intelligible to varying extents, though the distinction between language and dialect is unclear in many cases. Para-Malay includes the Malayic languages of Sumatra . They are: Minangkabau , Central Malay (Bengkulu), Pekal , Talang Mamak , Musi (Palembang), Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia), and Duano’ . Aboriginal Malay are

11557-457: The fecal sludge that is generated onsite is treated at an offsite location. Wastewater ( sewage ) is only generated when piped water supply is available within the buildings or close to them. A related term is a decentralized wastewater system which refers in particular to the wastewater part of on-site sanitation. Similarly, an onsite sewage facility can treat the wastewater generated locally. The global methane emissions from NSSS in 2020

11684-493: The following areas: Hygiene promotion, water supply , excreta management, vector control , solid waste management and WASH in disease outbreaks and healthcare settings. Hygiene promotion is seen by many as an integral part of sanitation. The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council defines sanitation as "The collection, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta , domestic wastewater and solid waste, and associated hygiene promotion." Despite

11811-454: The food and biopharmaceutical industries, the term "sanitary equipment" means equipment that is fully cleanable using clean-in-place (CIP) and sterilization-in-place (SIP) procedures: that is fully drainable from cleaning solutions and other liquids . The design should have a minimum amount of deadleg, or areas where the turbulence during cleaning is insufficient to remove product deposits. In general, to improve cleanability, this equipment

11938-415: The form of relatively simple onsite sanitation systems. This can in some cases consist of a simple pit latrine or other type of non-flush toilet for the excreta management part. Providing sanitation to people requires attention to the entire system, not just focusing on technical aspects such as the toilet , fecal sludge management or the wastewater treatment plant. The "sanitation chain" involves

12065-514: The highlands of Sumatra , Indonesia . Terengganu Inscription Stone (Malay: Batu Bersurat Terengganu ; Jawi: باتو برسورت ترڠݢانو ) is a granite stele carrying inscription in Jawi script that was found in Terengganu, Malaysia is the earliest evidence of classical Malay inscription. The inscription, dated possibly to 702 AH (corresponds to 1303 CE), constituted the earliest evidence of Jawi writing in

12192-589: The intersection of Lorong Tengah and Jalan Tengah, the declaration of the 1959 Kuala Belait and Seria (Municipal Board Areas) Declaration, delineates the precise boundaries of the Seria Municipal Board Area. It then proceeds to follow a number of roads and crossroads, culminating in the formation of the municipality's specified boundary. Furthermore, in accordance with the Third Schedule, prior notices concerning these limits are withdrawn. The boundaries of

12319-516: The landfill with clay-type soils to minimize migration of leachate that could contaminate groundwater (and hence jeopardize some drinking water supplies). For incineration options, the release of air pollutants , including certain toxic components is an attendant adverse outcome. Recycling and biofuel conversion are the sustainable options that generally have superior lifecycle costs, particularly when total ecological consequences are considered. Composting value will ultimately be limited by

12446-554: The language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other Malayic languages . According to Ethnologue 16, several of the Malayic varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the Orang Asli varieties of Peninsular Malay , are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several Malay trade and creole languages (e.g. Ambonese Malay ) based on

12573-746: The languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities. Within Austronesian, Malay is part of a cluster of numerous closely related forms of speech known as the Malayic languages , which were spread across Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders from Sumatra. There is disagreement as to which varieties of speech popularly called "Malay" should be considered dialects of this language, and which should be classified as distinct Malay languages. The vernacular of Brunei— Brunei Malay —for example,

12700-454: The letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of Ternate , Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia , dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of Portugal , following contact with Portuguese explorer Francisco Serrão . The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated Ternate language , a West Papuan language , as their first language . Malay

12827-458: The location of Brunei's main natural gas and oil resources, the district is an important area. There, Seria oil field was first found in 1929, and commercial production started in 1932. Rasau is dominated by one of Brunei's two onshore oil fields, operated by BSP, discovered in 1979, and began production in 1983, with wells located primarily between the Rasau Bridge and Sungai Tujoh, as well as on

12954-423: The longest river in the nation's four major river systems , has an impact on the district's coastal waters as it empties into the South China Sea. The presence of oil and gas infrastructure, which are encircled by a buffer zone of one nautical mile prohibiting fishing, limits the area's fishing opportunities in both shallow and deeper seas. The district covers 2,727 square kilometres (1,053 sq mi). There are

13081-782: The market demand for compost product. Sanitation within the food industry means the adequate treatment of food-contact surfaces by a process that is effective in destroying vegetative cells of microorganisms of public health significance, and in substantially reducing numbers of other undesirable microorganisms, but without adversely affecting the food or its safety for the consumer ( U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Code of Federal Regulations , 21CFR110, USA). Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures are mandatory for food industries in United States . Similarly, in Japan, food hygiene has to be achieved through compliance with food sanitation law. In

13208-557: The mobilization of affected communities and the provision of essential material and facilities. The WHO has investigated which proportion of death and disease worldwide can be attributed to insufficient WASH services. In their analysis they focus on the following four health outcomes: diarrhea , acute respiratory infections , malnutrition , and soil-transmitted Helminthiasis (STHs). These health outcomes are also included as an indicator for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 ("Good Health and Well-being"): Indicator 3.9.2 reports on

13335-501: The monarchy nominated a British Resident to help with management. The Assistant Resident post was reinstated in response to the oil discoveries in the Belait District in order to handle the region's growing demand. A British Resident, serving as the high commissioner under the Governor of Sarawak , is in charge of Bruneian government. Advice from the Resident was needed on all issues, with

13462-544: The most common species in Brunei–Muara, Belait, and Tutong. In Belait, Melastoma malabathricum was the most associated species, and Rhizophora apiculata had the highest regeneration rate with 3,540 seedlings per hectare. The Belait Swamp Forest has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area . Following numerous similar cessions to Sarawak and the British North Borneo Company ,

13589-478: The national language ( bahasa kebangsaan or bahasa nasional ) of several nation states with various official names: in Malaysia, it is designated as either Bahasa Malaysia (" Malaysian ") or also Bahasa Melayu ("Malay language"); in Singapore and Brunei, it is called Bahasa Melayu ("Malay language"); in Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called Bahasa Indonesia (" Indonesian language ")

13716-431: The option of answering questions using Jawi. The Latin script, however, is the most commonly used in Brunei and Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes. Historically, Malay has been written using various scripts. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using the Pallava , Kawi and Rencong scripts; these scripts are no longer frequently used, but similar scripts such as

13843-561: The plot where they are generated". Another term that is used for the same system is non-sewered sanitation systems (NSSS), which are prevalent in many countries. NSSS play a vital role in the safe management of fecal sludge, accounting for approximately half of all existing sanitation provisions. The degree of treatment may be variable, from none to advanced. Examples are pit latrines (no treatment) and septic tanks ( primary treatment of wastewater). On-site sanitation systems are often connected to fecal sludge management (FSM) systems where

13970-530: The poor, women and children. Availability of toilet at home on the other hand, positively contributes to economic well-being of women as it leads to an increase in literacy and participation in labor force. The term sanitation is connected with various descriptors or adjectives to signify certain types of sanitation systems (which may deal only with human excreta management or with the entire sanitation system, i.e. also greywater, stormwater and solid waste management) – in alphabetical order: In 2017, JMP defined

14097-467: The power supply for SPARK was improved, and existing power stations were revitalised. The RKN 2007–2012 calls for more infrastructure development in the district as well as modifications to the distribution network. The nation has been increasing its piped water supply since the 1970s, and in the 1980s, a Master Plan was implemented to address the growing needs resulting from development and population expansion. 99.9% of people have access to potable water by

14224-845: The pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example, in some parts of Malaysia and in Singapore, kita (inclusive 'we, us, our') is pronounced as /kitə/ , in Kelantan and Southern Thailand as /kitɔ/ , in Riau as /kita/ , in Palembang as /kito/ , in Betawi and Perak as /kitɛ/ and in Kedah and Perlis as /kitɑ/. Sanitation A range of sanitation technologies and approaches exists. Some examples are community-led total sanitation , container-based sanitation , ecological sanitation , emergency sanitation , environmental sanitation, onsite sanitation and sustainable sanitation . A sanitation system includes

14351-528: The region during the Malacca Sultanate era (1402–1511). It was the period the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of Arabic , Sanskrit , and Tamil vocabularies, called Classical Malay . Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay. When

14478-466: The responsibilities of the chairman and secretary, are outlined in the bylaws. Members must adhere to certain voting and speaking procedures, and meetings must begin with a prayer. The chairman is in charge of the meeting, and every motion needs to be submitted in writing and seconded before it can be discussed. These bylaws guarantee the Municipal Board's organised and orderly governance. The district

14605-665: The seaward edges of the mangrove fringes in the Brunei estuary , which includes the Belait River. The National Housing Programme started in the 1950s with resettlement initiatives began a number of programs, such as the Infill Scheme (IS), Temporary Occupation-of-Land License (TOL), and Landless Indigenous Citizens' Housing Scheme (STKRJ). Similar housing projects have been carried out in the district at Kampong Pandan , Kampong Sungai Liang/Lumut, and Kampong Lorong Tengah Seria. The RKN 2007–2012 calls for further infrastructure development for Mumong . Using one of three separate networks,

14732-406: The shore, which are mostly characterised by marshy plains with slender alluvial valleys that extend to the major rivers, are the exception. Bukit Teraja, the district's highest point, stands at 417 meters. With multiple offshore installations and pipeline connections, the district is situated on the northwest coast of Borneo , is a vital hub for the nation's oil and gas sector. The Belait River,

14859-583: The sole official language in West Malaysia in 1968, and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia. In Singapore, Malay was historically the lingua franca among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains

14986-435: The status of national language and the national anthem , Majulah Singapura , is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay. Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of Thailand —a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called Pattani —speak a dialect of Malay called Yawi (not to be confused with Jawi), which

15113-590: The superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that in Malaysia. In the Philippines , Indonesian is spoken by the overseas Indonesian community concentrated in Davao City . Functional phrases are taught to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines as well as local students. Malay, like most Austronesian languages,

15240-481: The target. There are numerous reasons for this gap. A major one is that sanitation is rarely given political attention received by other topics despite its key importance. Sanitation is not high on the international development agenda, and projects such as those relating to water supply projects are emphasised. The Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF (JMP) has been publishing reports of updated estimates every two years on

15367-729: The use of the term "sanitation" between countries and organizations. The World Health Organization defines the term "sanitation" as follows: "Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal." Sanitation includes all four of these technical and non-technical systems: Excreta management systems, wastewater management systems (included here are wastewater treatment plants ), solid waste management systems as well as drainage systems for rainwater, also called stormwater drainage . However, many in

15494-473: Was defined as the control of all those factors in the physical environment which exercise a harmful effect on human being physical development, health and survival . One of the primary function of environmental sanitation is to protect public health . Lack of sanitation refers to the absence of sanitation. In practical terms it usually means lack of toilets or lack of hygienic toilets that anybody would want to use voluntarily. The result of lack of sanitation

15621-612: Was discovered by the Dutchman M. Batenburg on 29 November 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra , on the banks of the Tatang, a tributary of the Musi River . It is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres (18 by 31 in). For centuries, Srivijaya , through its expansion, economic power and military prowess, was responsible for the widespread of Old Malay throughout the Malay Archipelago . It

15748-582: Was estimated to as 377 Mt CO2e per year or 4.7% of global anthropogenic methane emissions, which are comparable to the greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants. This means that the GHG emissions from the NSSS as a non-negligible source. Safely managed sanitation is the highest level of household sanitation envisioned by the Sustainable Development Goal Number 6 . It is measured under

15875-452: Was gradually replaced by the Rumi script. Malay is spoken in Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , East Timor , Singapore and southern Thailand . Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use a common standard. Brunei, in addition to Standard Malay, uses a distinct vernacular dialect called Brunei Malay . In East Timor , Indonesian is recognised by

16002-601: Was the working language of traders and it was used in various ports, and marketplaces in the region. Other evidence is the Tanjung Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters. This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text was produced in the Adityawarman era (1345–1377) of Dharmasraya , a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of Srivijayan rule in Sumatra . The laws were for the Minangkabau people , who today still live in

16129-903: Was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean , with a smaller number in continental Asia . Malagasy , a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean , is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language . There are many cognates found in

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