78-495: Raj Narain (23 November 1917 – 31 December 1986) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician. He won in a famous electoral malpractice case against the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi , which led to her disqualification and imposition of the Emergency in 1975. He defeated Gandhi during the 1977 Lok Sabha elections . Raj Narain was the son of Anant Prasad Singh and was born on 23 November 1917 in an affluent Bhumihar family in
156-865: A stalking horse for Charan Singh. Raj Narain had earlier called himself Hanuman to Charan Singh's Ram . He lost the 1980 Lok Sabha election to Kamlapati Tripathi in Varanasi . Later he fell out with his mentor Charan Singh , and Raj Narain stood against Singh in the Baghpat constituency in 1984. At this time, in his opinion, his Ram turned in to a Ravan and had to be destroyed. Inspector of Congress Socialist Party, 1946. District Secretary, Congress Socialist Party (SP), 1946. Secretary, Uttar Pradesh Socialist Party (SP), 1948–51. Convener, ‘Janvani Diwas’ of Socialist Party in Delhi, on 9 June 1951. Member National Executive, PSP, 1954–55. Joined Samyukta Socialist Party (SSP) after
234-552: A " total revolution ". In 1999, Narayan was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna , India's highest civilian award, in recognition of his social service. His other awards include the Magsaysay award for public service in 1965. Jayprakash Narayan Srivastava was born on 11 October 1902 in the village of Sitabdiara, Saran district , Bengal Presidency , British India (present-day Ballia district , Uttar Pradesh , India). His house
312-417: A "none of the above" or "against all" voting option; civil disobedience where voting is mandatory; and attempts at discrediting or invalidating an election. An unusually large share of invalidated ballots may be attributed to loyal supporters of candidates that lost in primaries or previous rounds, did not run or did not qualify to do so, or some manner of protest movement or organized boycott. In 2016, during
390-629: A MA in Sociology, and from Ohio State University with a BA in behavioural science. While in the United States, he met K. B. Menon , then teaching at Harvard , ultimately persuading him to return to India and join the independence movement there. Having become a Marxist, Narayan returned from the US to India in late 1929. The same year, he joined the Indian National Congress (INC or Congress) on
468-545: A blind or illiterate person may be told that they have voted for one party when in fact they have been led to vote for another. Proxy voting is particularly vulnerable to election fraud, due to the amount of trust placed in the person who casts the vote. In several countries, there have been allegations of retirement home residents being asked to fill out 'absentee voter' forms. When the forms are signed and gathered, they are secretly rewritten as applications for proxy votes, naming party activists or their friends and relatives as
546-491: A canning factory, washed dishes, and worked as a garage mechanic and at a slaughterhouse, sold lotions and taught. These jobs gave Narayan an insight into the difficulties of the working class. After a semester studying chemistry at UC Berkeley, his fees doubled and Narayan was forced to transfer to The University of Iowa and later to other universities. He pursued his favourite subject, sociology, and received much help from Professor Edward A. Ross . In Wisconsin, Narayan
624-467: A democratic system without actively manipulating votes or coercing the electorate. Under the right conditions, the democratic system is maneuvered into an equilibrium in which divided opposition parties act as unwitting accomplices to single-party rule. This permits the ruling regime to abstain from illegal electoral fraud. Preferential voting systems such as score voting and single transferable vote , and in some cases, instant-runoff voting , can reduce
702-455: A goal of starting an underground movement for freedom. Many young socialist leaders like Rammanohar Lohia, Chhotubhai Puranik and Aruna Asaf Ali took part in the movement. Because Narayan was ill, Yogendra Shukla walked to Gaya with Narayan on his shoulders, a distance of about 124 km (77 mi). Narayan also served as the chairman of Anugrah Smarak Nidhi (Anugrah Narayan Memorial Fund). Between 1947 and 1953, Jayaprakash Narayan
780-428: A machine, such as a Diebold Accuvote TS, can install inexpensive, readily available electronic components to manipulate its functions. Other approaches include: In 1994, the election which brought majority rule and put Nelson Mandela in office, South Africa's election compilation system was hacked, so they re-tabulated by hand. In 2014, Ukraine's central election system was hacked. Officials found and removed
858-518: A national Emergency on the midnight of 25 June 1975. Desai, opposition leaders, and dissenting members of Gandhi's own party were arrested that day. Jayaprakash Narayan gathered a crowd of 100,000 people at Ramlila grounds and recited Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' 's poem Singhasan Khaali Karo Ke Janata Aaati Hai . Narayan was detained at Chandigarh ; he asked for one month parole to mobilise relief in flooded parts of Bihar. His health suddenly deteriorated on 24 October 1975, and he
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#1732854825380936-409: A particular party make it known that if a particular village or neighborhood is found to have voted the 'wrong' way, reprisals will be made against that community. Another method is to make a general threat of violence, for example, a bomb threat which has the effect of closing a particular polling place, thus making it difficult for people in that area to vote. One notable example of outright violence
1014-562: A particular party, then they can either be concentrated into one area, thus making their votes count for less, or moved into marginal seats , where they may tip the balance towards their preferred party. One example of this was the 1986–1990 Homes for votes scandal in the City of Westminster in England under Shirley Porter . Immigration law may also be used to manipulate electoral demography. For instance, Malaysia gave citizenship to immigrants from
1092-470: A particular way. Voters who are not confident about their entitlement to vote may also be intimidated by real or implied authority figures who suggest that those who vote when they are not entitled to will be imprisoned, deported or otherwise punished. For example, in 2004, in Wisconsin and elsewhere voters allegedly received flyers that said, "If you already voted in any election this year, you can't vote in
1170-631: A range of forms including verbal, physical, or coercion. This was so common that in 1887, a Kansas Supreme Court in New Perspectives on Election Fraud in The Gilded Age said "[...] physical retaliation constituted only a slight disturbance and would not vitiate an election." In its simplest form, voters from a particular demographic or known to support a particular party or candidate are directly threatened by supporters of another party or candidate or by those hired by them. In other cases, supporters of
1248-487: A religious or ethnic group, they may so distort the political process that the political order becomes grossly unrepresentative, as in the post- Reconstruction or Jim Crow era until the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Felons have been disenfranchised in many states as a strategy to prevent African Americans from voting. Groups may also be disenfranchised by rules which make it impractical or impossible for them to cast
1326-590: A school for adults, a girls school, a study centre and a labour organisation and became member of Congress Socialist Party, in 1934, and National Committee of Students Federation, 1939–44. He was President of the Banaras University Mandal Congress Committee and Member of District Congress Committee (D.C.C.). He was president of Student Congress during the 1942 Quit India Movement , and led protests in and around Varanasi district in UP. Initially he
1404-525: A separate table in the election to the EU parliament in 2009. Ballots from Sweden Democrats have been mixed with ballots from the larger Swedish Social Democratic Party , which used a very similar font for the party name written on the top of the ballot. Another method of confusing people into voting for a different candidate from the one intended is to run candidates or create political parties with similar names or symbols to an existing candidate or party. The goal
1482-488: A small number of ballot papers without detection, thereby changing the overall result. Blatant destruction of ballot papers can render an election invalid and force it to be re-run. If a party can improve its vote on the re-run election, it can benefit from such destruction as long as it is not linked to it. During the Bourbon Restoration in late 19th century Spain, the organized “loss” of voting slips ( pucherazo )
1560-892: A sufficient scale can have the effect of a coup d'état , protest or corruption of democracy. In a narrow election , a small amount of fraud may suffice to change the result. Even if the outcome is not affected, the revelation of fraud can reduce voters' confidence in democracy. Because U.S. states have primary responsibility for conducting elections, including federal elections, many forms of electoral fraud are prosecuted as state crimes. State election offenses include voter impersonation, double voting, ballot stuffing, tampering with voting machines, and fraudulent registration. Penalties vary widely by state and can include fines, imprisonment, loss of voting rights, and disqualification from holding public office. The U.S. federal government prosecutes electoral crimes including voter intimidation, conspiracy to commit election fraud, bribery, interference with
1638-468: A vehicle for the broad spectrum of the opposition to Gandhi, was formed under JP's guidance. The Janata Party was voted into power and became the first non-Congress party to form a central government. In the 1977 Indian presidential election , Narayan was proposed as President of India by Janata Party leaders but he refused and Neelam Sanjiva Reddy , then Speaker of the Lok Sabha , became president. At
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#17328548253801716-434: A virus and said the totals were correct. Jai Prakash Narayan Jayaprakash Narayan Srivastava ( listen ; 11 October 1902 – 8 October 1979), also known as JP and Lok Nayak ( Hindi for " People's leader "), was an Indian politician, theorist and independence activist . He is mainly remembered for leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and calling for her overthrow in
1794-463: A vote. For example, requiring people to vote within their electorate may disenfranchise serving military personnel, prison inmates, students, hospital patients or anyone else who cannot return to their homes. Polling can be set for inconvenient days, such as midweek or on holy days of religious groups: for example on the Sabbath or other holy days of a religious group whose teachings determine that voting
1872-469: A voter disinformation scheme they undertook in the months prior to the 2020 United States presidential election . The pair hired a firm to make nearly 85,000 robocalls that targeted minority neighborhoods in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, Michigan, and Illinois. Like Democratic constituencies in general that year, minorities voted overwhelmingly by absentee ballot , many judging it a safer option during
1950-545: A voter must have lived in an electoral district for a minimum period (for example, six months) in order to be eligible to vote there. However, such laws can also be used for demographic manipulation as they tend to disenfranchise those with no fixed address, such as the homeless, travelers, Roma , students (studying full-time away from home), and some casual workers. Another strategy is to permanently move people into an electoral district, usually through public housing . If people eligible for public housing are likely to vote for
2028-1024: A weak candidate for that party's leadership. The goal ultimately is to defeat the weak candidate in the general election by the leader of the party that the voter truly supports. There were claims that this method was being utilised in the UK Labour Party leadership election in 2015 , where Conservative-leaning Toby Young encouraged Conservatives to join Labour and vote for Jeremy Corbyn in order to "consign Labour to electoral oblivion". Shortly after, #ToriesForCorbyn trended on Twitter . The composition of an electorate may also be altered by disenfranchising some classes of people, rendering them unable to vote. In some cases, states had passed provisions that raised general barriers to voter registration, such as poll taxes , literacy and comprehension tests, and record-keeping requirements, which in practice were applied against minority populations to discriminatory effect. From
2106-411: Is prohibited on such a day. Communities may also be effectively disenfranchised if polling places are situated in areas perceived by voters as unsafe, or are not provided within reasonable proximity (rural communities are especially vulnerable to this). In some cases, voters may be invalidly disenfranchised, which is true electoral fraud. For example, a legitimate voter may be "accidentally" removed from
2184-424: Is recorded for another, or electronic results are duplicated or lost, and there is rarely evidence whether the cause was fraud or error. Many elections feature multiple opportunities for unscrupulous officials or 'helpers' to record an elector's vote differently from their intentions. Voters who require assistance to cast their votes are particularly vulnerable to having their votes stolen in this way. For example,
2262-681: Is to give voters incorrect information about the time or place of polling, thus causing them to miss their chance to vote. As part of the 2011 Canadian federal election voter suppression scandal , Elections Canada traced fraudulent phone calls, telling voters that their polling stations had been moved, to a telecommunications company that worked with the Conservative Party . Similarly in the United States, right-wing political operatives Jacob Wohl and Jack Burkman were indicted on several counts of bribery and election fraud in October 2020 regarding
2340-454: Is to mislead voters into voting for the false candidate or party. Such tactics may be particularly effective when many voters have limited literacy in the language used on the ballot. Again, such tactics are usually not illegal but they often work against the principles of democracy. Another possible source of electoral confusion is multiple variations of voting by different electoral systems . This may cause ballots to be counted as invalid if
2418-447: Is widely considered a violation of the principles of democracy. In many cases, it is possible for authorities to artificially control the composition of an electorate in order to produce a foregone result. One way of doing this is to move a large number of voters into the electorate prior to an election, for example by temporarily assigning them land or lodging them in flophouses . Many countries prevent this with rules stipulating that
Raj Narain - Misplaced Pages Continue
2496-587: The COVID-19 pandemic than in-person voting. Baselessly, the call warned potential voters if they submitted their votes by mail that authorities could use their personal information against them, including threats of police arrest for outstanding warrants and forced debt collection by creditors. On October 24, 2022, Wohl and Burkman pleaded guilty in Cuyahoga County, Ohio Common Pleas Court to one count each of felony telecommunications fraud. Commenting on
2574-654: The Congress Socialist Party (CSP), a left-wing group within the Congress, was formed with Acharya Narendra Deva as president and Narayan as general secretary. When Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement in August 1942, Narayan, along with Yogendra Shukla , Suraj Narayan Singh, Gulab Chand Gupta, Pandit Ramnandan Mishra , Shaligram Singh and Shyam Barthwar, scaled the wall of Hazaribagh Central Jail with
2652-515: The EU membership referendum , Leave-supporting voters in the UK alleged without evidence that the pencils supplied by voting stations would allow votes to be erased their votes from the ballot. All voting systems face threats of some form of electoral fraud. The types of threats that affect voting machines vary. Research at Argonne National Laboratories revealed that a single individual with physical access to
2730-478: The National Institute of Standards and Technology . Ballot papers may be used to discourage votes for a particular party or candidate, using the design or other features which confuse voters into voting for a different candidate. For example, in the 2000 U.S. presidential election , Florida's butterfly ballot paper was criticized as poorly designed, leading some voters to vote for the wrong candidate. While
2808-620: The Republican National Committee created the Ballot Security Task Force to discourage voting among Latino and African-American citizens of New Jersey. The task force identified voters from an old registration list and challenged their credentials. It also paid off-duty police officers to patrol polling sites in Newark and Trenton, and posted signs saying that falsifying a ballot is a crime. Another use of disinformation
2886-414: The additional member system ; and UK Parliamentary elections by first-past-the-post . Ballot stuffing , or "ballot-box stuffing", is the illegal practice of one person submitting multiple ballots during a vote in which only one ballot per person is permitted. Votes may be misrecorded at source, on a ballot paper or voting machine, or later in misrecording totals. The 2019 Malawian general election
2964-870: The electoral roll , making it difficult or impossible for the person to vote. In the Canadian federal election of 1917, during the Great War , the Canadian government, led by the Union Party, passed the Military Voters Act and the Wartime Elections Act . The Military Voters Act permitted any active military personnel to vote by party only and allowed that party to decide in which electoral district to place that vote. It also enfranchised those women who were directly related or married to an active soldier. These groups were believed to be disproportionately in favor of
3042-689: The Assembly until 1962. The parties he was affiliated with included CSP (1934–1948), Socialist Party (1948–1952), Praja Socialist Party (1952–1955), Socialist Party (1956–1964), Samyukta Socialist Party (1964–1972), Socialist Party (1971–1972), Socialist Party (Lohia) (1972–1974), Bhartiya Lok Dal , (1974–1977), Janata Party (1977–1979), Janata Party (Secular) (1979–1980), Democratic Socialist Party (1981–1983), Janata Party (1983–1984), and Socialist Party from 1984 till his death, in 1986. Party positions he held included, Member National Executive, PSP, 1954–1955, Chairman, Socialist Party, 1961–1964. He
3120-612: The Presidential Election", implying that those who had voted in earlier primary elections were ineligible to vote. Also, "If anybody in your family has ever been found guilty of anything you can't vote in the Presidential Election." Finally, "If you violate any of these laws, you can get 10 years in prison and your children will be taken away from you." Employers can coerce the voters' decision, through strategies such as explicit or implicit threats of job loss. People may distribute false or misleading information in order to affect
3198-471: The Union government, as that party was campaigning in favor of conscription. The Wartime Elections Act , conversely, disenfranchised particular ethnic groups assumed to be disproportionately in favour of the opposition Liberal Party. Stanford University professor Beatriz Magaloni described a model governing the behaviour of autocratic regimes. She proposed that ruling parties can maintain political control under
Raj Narain - Misplaced Pages Continue
3276-461: The accusations and set aside the election of Indira Gandhi and also disqualified her to contest Lok Sabha election for next 6 years, which led to the imposition of Emergency in India. Nationwide protest started and the streets were flooded with people under the leadership of Loknayak Jai Prakash Narayan and Raj Narain. This was biggest drama of Indian politics after independence, with Raj Narain as one of
3354-423: The age of 17, Jayaprakash was married to Prabhavati Devi , daughter of lawyer and nationalist Brij Kishore Prasad in October 1919. Prabhavati was very independent and on Gandhi's invitation, went to stay at his ashram while Jayaprakash continued his studies. Prabhavati Devi died on 15 April 1973 after a long battle with cancer. In March 1979, while he was in hospital, Narayan's death was erroneously announced by
3432-598: The ballot itself was designed by a Democrat, it was the Democratic candidate, Al Gore , who was most harmed by voter errors because of this design. Poor or misleading design is usually not illegal and therefore not technically election fraud, but it can nevertheless subvert the principles of democracy. Sweden has a system with separate ballots used for each party, to reduce confusion among candidates. However, ballots from small parties such as Piratpartiet , Junilistan and Feministiskt initiativ have been omitted or placed on
3510-679: The canal department of the state government and often toured the region. When Narayan was nine years old, he left his village to enroll in the seventh class of the collegiate school at Patna. This was his first break from village life. Narayan stayed at Saraswati Bhawan, a student hostel in which most of the boys were older than him and included some of Bihar's future leaders, such as its first chief minister Krishna Singh , his deputy Anugrah Narayan Sinha and several others who became politicians and academics. In October 1918, Narayan married Braj Kishore Prasad's elder daughter and independence activist Prabhavati Devi . After their wedding, because Narayan
3588-575: The first students of Gandhian Anugraha Narayan Sinha. After exhausting the courses at the Vidyapeeth, Narayan decided to continue his studies in the United States. At age 20, Jayaprakash sailed aboard the cargo ship Janus while Prabhavati remained at Sabarmati. Jayaprakash reached California on 8 October 1922 and was admitted to University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) in January 1923. To pay for his education, Narayan picked grapes, packed fruits at
3666-399: The impact of systemic electoral manipulation and political duopoly . Voter intimidation involves putting undue pressure on a voter or group of voters so that they will vote a particular way, or not at all. Absentee and other remote voting can be more open to some forms of intimidation as the voter does not have the protection and privacy of the polling location. Intimidation can take
3744-649: The invitation of Jawaharlal Nehru ; Mahatma Gandhi became Narayan's mentor in the Congress. Narayan shared a house at Kadam Kuan in Patna with his close friend and nationalist Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha) with whom he shared a lasting friendship. After being jailed in 1930 for civil disobedience against British rule, Narayan was imprisoned in Nasik Jail, where he met Rammanohar Lohia , Minoo Masani , Achyut Patwardhan , Asoka Mehta , Basawon Singh , Yusuf Desai, C K Narayanaswami and other national leaders. After his release,
3822-459: The main protagonists. Known as biggest critique and adversary of Indira Gandhi , upon imposition of Emergency , Raj Narain was immediately arrested and imprisoned on the same day, along with several leading opposition leaders including Jai Prakash Narayan , Morarji Desai , Satyendra Narayan Sinha , Charan Singh , L. K. Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee without any advance notice and confined mostly in undisclosed locations. Mrs. Gandhi lifted
3900-605: The majority in the parliament (Lok Sabha). Narain reluctantly joined the Morarji Desai government and became Minister of Health and Family Welfare. Narain's stint as minister lasted just over a year when he and Charan Singh were asked to resign for criticising the Janata government. Later on, he demanded that Janata Party members with ties to the Hindu Nationalist , RSS renounce those ties to avoid split loyalties. When this
3978-508: The merger of PSP and SP. General Secretary Samyukta Socialist Party (SSP), 1964–66. Revived Socialist Party (Lohia), in 1972 and was its Member, 1972–74. Merged SSP (Lohia) into BKD in 1974 and formed Bhartiya Lok Dal Formed Janata Party in 1977 after the merger of BLD, Bhartiya Jana sangh, Congress (O), Socialist Party and Congress for Democracy (CFD) Contested against former Prime Minister Charan Singh, in 1984 Lok Sabha elections from Baghpat (U.P.) Formed Socialist Party in 1985, and
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#17328548253804056-423: The neighboring Philippines and Indonesia , together with suffrage, in order for a political party to "dominate" the state of Sabah ; this controversial process was known as Project IC . A method of manipulating primary contests and other elections of party leaders are related to this. People who support one party may temporarily join another party (or vote in a crossover way, when permitted) in order to elect
4134-626: The outcome of an election. For example, in the Chilean presidential election of 1970 , the U.S. government's Central Intelligence Agency used "black propaganda"—materials purporting to be from various political parties—to sow discord between members of a coalition between socialists and communists. Another method, allegedly used in Cook County, Illinois , in 2004, is to falsely tell particular people that they are not eligible to vote In 1981 in New Jersey,
4212-521: The process of an election , either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both. It differs from but often goes hand-in-hand with voter suppression . What exactly constitutes electoral fraud varies from country to country, though the goal is often election subversion . Electoral legislation outlaws many kinds of election fraud, but other practices violate general laws, such as those banning assault , harassment or libel . Although technically
4290-456: The proxies. These people, unknown to the voter, cast the vote for the party of their choice. In the United Kingdom , this is known as 'granny farming.' One of methods of electoral fraud is to destroy ballots for an opposing candidate or party. While mass destruction of ballots can be difficult to achieve without drawing attention to it, in a very close election it may be possible to destroy
4368-516: The results. President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro also made numerous claims of electoral fraud without evidence during and after the 2022 Brazilian presidential election . Vote buying occurs when a political party or candidate seeks to buy the vote of a voter in an upcoming election. Vote buying can take various forms such as a monetary exchange, as well as an exchange for necessary goods or services. A list of threats to voting systems, or electoral fraud methods considered as sabotage are kept by
4446-431: The right to vote, and fraud related to absentee ballots in federal elections. In France, someone guilty may be fined and/or imprisoned for not more than one year, or two years if the person is a public official. Electoral fraud can occur in advance of voting if the composition of the electorate is altered. The legality of this type of manipulation varies across jurisdictions. Deliberate manipulation of election outcomes
4524-481: The state of emergency in January 1977, dissolved Lok Sabha and arranged fresh elections to the body. Narain joined with other opposition parties to form the Janata alliance to face Mrs. Gandhi's Congress party. Narain once again stood against her from the Rae Bareli constituency. He defeated her with a margin of more than fifty thousand votes. The Janata alliance also swept the election throughout North India to form
4602-602: The tactic of using disinformation to suppress voter turnout, Cuyahoga County Prosecutor Michael C. O’Malley said the two men had "infringed upon the right to vote", and that "by pleading guilty, they were held accountable for their un-American actions.” False claims of electoral fraud can be used as a basis for attempting to overturn an election. During and after the 2020 presidential election , incumbent President Donald Trump made numerous baseless allegations of electoral fraud by supporters of Democratic candidate Joe Biden . The Trump campaign lost numerous legal challenges to
4680-492: The term "electoral fraud" covers only those acts which are illegal, the term is sometimes used to describe acts which are legal , but considered morally unacceptable, outside the spirit of an election or in violation of the principles of democracy . Show elections , featuring only one candidate, are sometimes classified as electoral fraud, although they may comply with the law and are presented more as referendums/plebiscites. In national elections, successful electoral fraud on
4758-421: The turn of the century into the late 1960s, most African Americans in the southern states comprising the former Confederacy were disenfranchised by such measures. Corrupt election officials may misuse voting regulations such as a literacy test or requirement for proof of identity or address in such a way as to make it difficult or impossible for their targets to cast a vote. If such practices discriminate against
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#17328548253804836-505: The village Motikoat in Varanasi . He was related to the Narayan dynasty , who were the royal family of the Benares State . Narain was directly associated with the family of Maharaja Chet Singh and Maharaja Balwant Singh, who were the rulers of Benares State, over a century earlier. He was educated at Banaras Hindu University , and did M.A. and LL.B. A Political and Social worker he organised
4914-411: The voter has voted for more candidates than entitled, for instance. It would be difficult to do this to a large number of paper ballots without detection in some locales, but altogether too simple in others, especially jurisdictions where legitimate ballot spoiling by voter would serve a clear and reasonable aim: for example emulating protest votes in jurisdictions that have recently had and since abolished
4992-556: The wrong system is used. For instance, if a voter puts a first-past-the-post cross in a numbered single transferable vote ballot paper, it is invalidated. For example, in Scotland and other parts of the United Kingdom, up to three different voting systems and types of ballots may be used, based on the jurisdictional level of the election. Local elections are determined by single transferable votes ; Scottish parliamentary elections by
5070-474: Was "like leaves before a storm: Jayaprakash was swept away and momentarily lifted up to the skies. That brief experience of soaring up with the winds of a great idea left imprints on his inner being". Inspired by Azad's words, Jayaprakash left Bihar National College with just 20 days remaining to his examinations. Jayaprakash joined the Bihar Vidyapeeth, a college founded by Rajendra Prasad , and became among
5148-482: Was "underground" for three months and later arrested on 28 September 1942, during Quit India Movement and detained till 1945. He was imprisoned 58 times for a period totalling about 15 years in connection with students' and socialist movements. When India became independent, Raj Narain joined Socialist Party led by Acharya Narendra Deva , Jayprakash Narayan and Dr Rammanohar Lohia and held many party positions including Secretary of UP Socialist Party, 1948–51. He
5226-576: Was President of All India Railwaymen's Federation , the largest labour union in Indian Railways . In 1975, Allahabad High Court found Indira Gandhi guilty of violating electoral laws. Narayan called for Gandhi and the CMs to resign, and the military and police to disregard unconstitutional and immoral orders. He advocated a program of social transformation, which he termed Sampoorna kraanti (total revolution). Immediately afterwards, Gandhi proclaimed
5304-526: Was also a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1966–1972 and 1974–1977. Raj Narain opposed policies and practices of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and stood (against her) in 1971 Lok Sabha elections from Rae Bareli as an Samyukta Socialist Party Candidate. Although he suffered a defeat from her in 1971 elections, he accused Indira Gandhi of corrupt electoral practices and filed an election petition against her. The Allahabad High Court on 12 June 1975 upheld
5382-436: Was associated with this party till his death in 1986. Raj Narain was married and had three sons and one daughter. Raj Narain published ‘Janmukh’-a weekly from Varanasi and has been on the editorial board of ‘Jan’ a monthly established by Dr Rammanohar Lohia. Electoral malpractice Electoral fraud , sometimes referred to as election manipulation , voter fraud , or vote rigging , involves illegal interference with
5460-412: Was ignored, he resigned from the party to float a new outfit called Janata Party (Secular) . He was able to attract enough defectors from the former socialist and BLD factions to make the Morarji Desai government lose a vote of confidence in the parliament and lose power. Raj Narain's performance in the 1977–1979 Janata period has been described as that of Buffoon, practitioner of Guerilla theatre, and as
5538-538: Was introduced to Karl Marx 's book Das Kapital . News of the success of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War made Narayan conclude Marxism was the way to alleviate the suffering of the masses. He studied books by Indian intellectual and Communist theoretician M. N. Roy . Narayan's paper on sociology Cultural Variation was declared the best of the year. Narayan graduated from University of Wisconsin with
5616-404: Was near the banks of the flood-prone Ghaghara river; every time the river swelled, the house would be slightly damaged, eventually forcing the family to move a few kilometres away to a settlement that is now known as Jayprakash Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. Narayan came from a Srivastava Kayastha family. He was the fourth child of Harsu Dayal and Phul Rani Devi. His father was a junior official in
5694-486: Was nullified by the Constitutional Court in 2020 because many results were changed by use of correction fluid, as well as duplicate, unverified and unsigned results forms. California allows correction fluid and tape, so changes can be made after the ballot leaves the voter. Where votes are recorded through electronic or mechanical means, the voting machinery may be altered so that a vote intended for one candidate
5772-442: Was released on 12 November the same year. At Jaslok Hospital , Bombay, Narayan was diagnosed with kidney failure; he would be on kidney dialysis for the rest of his life. In the UK, Surur Hoda launched "Free JP", a campaign for the release of Jayaprakash Narayan that was chaired by Nobel Peace Prize winner Philip Noel-Baker . On 18 January 1977, Indira Gandhi revoked the emergency and announced elections. The Janata Party ,
5850-764: Was the 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack , where followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh deliberately contaminated salad bars in The Dalles, Oregon , in an attempt to weaken political opposition during county elections. Historically, this tactic included Lynching in the United States to terrorize potential African American voters in some areas. Polling places in an area known to support a particular party or candidate may be targeted for vandalism, destruction or threats, thus making it difficult or impossible for people in that area to vote. In this case, voters will be made to believe, accurately or otherwise, that they are not legally entitled to vote, or that they are legally obliged to vote
5928-517: Was used to maintain the agreed alternation between the Liberals and the Conservatives. This system of local political domination, especially rooted in rural areas and small cities, was known as caciquismo . Another method is to make it appear that the voter has spoiled his or her ballot, thus rendering it invalid. Typically this would be done by adding another mark to the paper, making it appear that
6006-492: Was very close to his Guru Acharya Narendra Deva and Rammanohar Lohia . Lohia described him as "a person who has the heart of a Lion and practices of Gandhi". Lohia admired him a lot and even said that "if in India there could be just three or four persons like him, dictatorship can never shadow the democracy". He was elected to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1952 and was Leader of Opposition in
6084-469: Was working in Patna and it was difficult for his wife to stay with him, Mahatma Gandhi invited Prabhavati to become an inmate at Sabarmati Ashram ( Ahmedabad ). Jayaprakash, along with some friends, went to listen to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad speak about Gandhi's non-cooperation movement against the passing of the Rowlatt Act of 1919. Azad was a brilliant orator and his call to give up English education
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