The Indian honours system is the system of awards given to individuals for a variety of services to the Republic of India . The categories of awards are as follows:
67-465: The Bharat Ratna ( Hindi pronunciation: [bʰaːɾət̪ rət̪nə] ; lit. ' Jewel of India ' ) is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India . Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is conferred in recognition of "exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position or gender. The award was originally limited to achievements in
134-475: A naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990. Sachin Tendulkar , at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first sportsperson to receive the honour. Dhondo Keshav Karve was the oldest living recipient when he was awarded on his 100th birthday on 18 April 1958. As of 2024,
201-627: A Padma award, the President of India , per the awards' statutes, may cancel and annul any award in the case of any misconduct committed by the recipient. At least three awards of the Padma Shri have been so annulled, twice in 1958 for recipients residing in the state of Punjab and once in 1974 for a recipient residing in the state of Gujarat . Since 11 July 2019, the Indian Army allows close relatives of deceased military personnel to wear their medals on
268-401: A citizen of Pakistan ) and Nelson Mandela , a citizen of South Africa . The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil honours , was briefly suspended from July 1977 to January 1980, during the change in the national government; and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995, when several public-interest litigations challenged the constitutional validity of the awards. In 1992,
335-462: A high court bench at Thiruvananthapuram , capital city of Kerala . The Union Government and the Supreme Court are favourable in sanctioning more high court benches in country, and had already sanctioned many in other states. However, a new high court bench at Thiruvananthapuram is still pending, due to opposition by some in the high court at Kochi. The opposition is based on the rationale that when
402-413: A person for Padma awards online. The government said that this was done with the belief that every citizen has something to contribute to the nation and that contribution should be integrated with the country's growth. Accordingly, several hitherto unknown citizens were awarded Padma awards in 2017. The role of the state governments was also minimised. While there are no specific criteria for withdrawing
469-469: A person with past and future recipients. It was also contested that the award cannot be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945. The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 to date, based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla Commission . Bose's family also declined to accept
536-460: A prefix or suffix, however recipients may identify themselves as "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award". The award does not carry any monetary benefits, but the award includes the following entitlements: The Bharat Ratna has been mired in several controversies and award grants have been subject to multiple Public-Interest Litigations (PILs). On 23 January 1992,
603-402: A press release was published by the President's secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose . The decision was contested in a public interest litigation, with the petitioner objecting to the conferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose, saying that honoring a personality higher than the award is "ridiculous", and it was an act of "carelessness" to classify such
670-620: A vassal state of the British Empire . British diplomats encouraged judicial reform as they became involved in the political affairs of Travancore. In 1811, following the 1808 insurrection against British Cochin and Quilon , Colonel H. M. Munro succeeded Colonel Macaulay as the Resident in Travancore with supervision over the Kingdom of Cochin. Following an investigation into the rampant lawlessness and
737-514: A violation of the code. Another litigation was filed against then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , home minister Sushilkumar Shinde and sports minister Bhanwar Jitendra Singh for conferring of the award on Tendulkar, alleging an apparent "conspiracy to ignore" the famed Indian field hockey player Dhyan Chand . The litigation filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists, such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai , had contributed more than Rao, his claim of publishing 1400 research papers
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#1732851029673804-855: A year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . The awarding of 5 Bharat Ratna awards in quick succession in 2024 have been also been criticised. Critics argue this was done keeping in mind the 2024 Lok Sabha Elections . Awarding of Bharat Ratna to L. K. Advani was also criticised. Editorials of Indian newspapers have observed that the BJP strategically uses the Bharat Ratna to integrate figures like L K Advani , balancing narratives around mandir (temple) and Mandal (social justice). While some view these awards as politically astute, others criticize them for potentially normalizing Hindutva , especially given Advani 's contentious legacy. Though, as per
871-466: Is eligible for this award. It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service or performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavor. On conferment of the award, the recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion. Padma Awards were instituted in the year 1954. Except for brief interruptions during the years 1978 to 1979 and 1993 to 1997, these awards have been announced every year on Republic Day . The award
938-529: Is equipped with modern amenities like videoconferencing , air conditioned courtrooms , internet , and facilities for retrieval of order copies and publishing of the case status via the internet. The building is built on 5 acres (20,000 m ) of land and has a built-up area of 550,000 square feet (51,000 m ) over nine floors. The building has in it a post office, bank, medical clinic, library, canteens and such other most needed utilities and services. The High Court of Kerala has moved to its new building from
1005-511: Is given for distinguished and exceptional achievements/service in all fields of activities/disciplines, such as art, literature and education, sports, medicine, social work, science and engineering, public affairs, civil service, trade and industry, etc. All persons without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex are eligible for these awards. In 2015, the government decided to end the practice of ministers recommending names for Padma awards and replaced it with any Indian citizen recommending
1072-650: Is given in three categories: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri, in decreasing order of precedence. Unlike national honours, the Padma awards do not include cash allowances, benefits, or special concessions in rail/air travel. The Supreme Court of India , Balaji Raghavan v. Union of India, (1996) while the Bharat Ratna and the Padma awards do not come under the definition of "titles" under Article 18 of Fundamental Rights in India , no titles or honorifics are associated with
1139-463: Is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge. A platinum State Emblem of India was placed in the center of the reverse side with the national motto, " Satyameva Jayate " in Devanagari Script ( Sanskrit : सत्यमेव जयते ; lit. "Truth alone triumphs"), inscribed in silver-gilt on the lower edge. A year later, the design was modified. The current medal is in
1206-654: Is the highest court in the Indian state of Kerala and the Union territory of Lakshadweep . It is located in Kochi . Drawing its powers under Article 226 of the Constitution of India , the High Court has the power to issue directions, orders and writs including the writs of habeas corpus , mandamus , prohibition , quo warranto and certiorari for ensuring the enforcement of
1273-530: Is the national academy for music, dance, and drama, and is considered the apex body for performing arts in India. National Corporate Social Responsibility Awards are given by the President of India . These awards have been instituted by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs . Awards are given in 20 different sub-categories. [REDACTED] Pravasi Bharatiya Samman is awarded to Overseas Indians for excellence. Kerala High Court The High Court of Kerala
1340-586: Is today was established on 1 November 1956 as the High Court designated for the State of Kerala. The Kerala High Court Act , 1958 defined the jurisdiction and various functions, and powers of the High Court of Kerala. Initially, many cases from both the Travancore-Cochin High Court and the High Court of Madras were transferred to the High Court of Kerala for adjudication. Justice K. T. Koshi was appointed as
1407-577: The Election Commission indicated that the awarding him was a violation of the model code of conduct as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated member of Rajya Sabha and the decision to award him would influence the voters of five states where elections were underway at the time. On 4 December 2013, the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to
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#17328510296731474-580: The Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution to citizens or for other specified purposes. The High Court is empowered with original, appellate and revisional jurisdiction in civil as well as criminal matters, and the power to answer references to it under some statutes . The High Court has the superintendence and visitorial jurisdiction over all courts and tribunals of inferior jurisdiction covered under its territorial jurisdiction. At present,
1541-498: The abuse of the system , Colonel Munro surveyed the region with his assistant Captain Blacker and established reforms including courts, pensions, and construction of roads, bridges and schools. He functioned as the Diwan until February 1818 when he handed over the reins to Nanjappayya of Coimbatore . Thus it was Colonel Munro who laid the foundations for a systematic legal system, resulting in
1608-452: The Bharat Ratna or any of the Padma awards; awardees cannot use them or their initials as suffixes, prefixes or pre- and post-nominals attached to the awardee's name. This includes any such use on letterheads, invitation cards, posters, books etc. In the case of any misuse, the awardee will forfeit the award, and he or she is cautioned against any such misuse upon receiving the honour. These awards seek to recognize work of any distinction, and
1675-621: The Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence . As with many official announcements, recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India , a publication released by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices; without publication in the Gazette , conferral of the award is not considered official. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require
1742-559: The Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi . On 27 January 2014, a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner, they were provided with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to the Prime Minister's Office. A Division bench consisting of the Chief Justice and another judge, dismissed
1809-704: The Bharat Ratna were: the former Governor-General of the Union of India C. Rajagopalachari , the former President of the Republic of India Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ; and the Indian physicist C. V. Raman , who were honoured in 1954. Since then, the award has been bestowed upon 53 individuals, including 18 who were awarded posthumously. The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but were amended in January 1966 to permit them to honor former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri ,
1876-688: The Chief Judge. Mr. S. Locke was appointed as the first Chief Judge. Later the Chief Court of Cochin was reconstituted as the High Court, during the Diwanship of Sri. Shanmukham Chettiyar. After India gained her independence on 15 August 1947, the Kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin were integrated to form the Travancore-Cochin State or Thiru-Kochi on 1 July 1949. Later, the High Court of Travancore-Cochin
1943-426: The High Court of Kerala was laid on 14 March 1994 by the then Chief Justice of India , Justice M. N. Venkatachaliah . The estimated cost of construction was 100 million Indian rupees . The construction was completed in 2005 at a cost of 850 million Indian rupees. The completed High Court building was inaugurated by the Chief Justice of India , Justice Y. K. Sabharwal on 11 February 2006. The new High Court building
2010-516: The High Court of Travancore was established with bench strength of five judges. One among the five judges was appointed as the Chief Justice. The judges had the assistance of a Pundit, who acted as an amicus curiae to advise them on the various points of Hindu law . Ramachandra Iyer was appointed as the first Chief Justice. In the Kingdom of Cochin , Desavazhis and Naduvazhis were empowered to settle
2077-446: The Kingdom of Travancore, in the years 1811 and 1814 respectively. Munro established five zilla (District) courts in A.D 1811 at Padmanabhapuram , Thiruvananthapuram , Mavelikkara , Vaikom and Aluva . Huzur Court, which functioned as the final appellate Court was later replaced by Sadar Court in 1861. Sadar Court, which possessed almost all the powers of the present High Court of Kerala, continued functioning until 1881. Later in 1887,
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2144-593: The Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri . The award was briefly suspended twice in its history. The first suspension occurred when Morarji Desai , who was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister in 1977, withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977. The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister. The award
2211-466: The Supreme Court was formed, which restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution" on 15 December 1995. Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, multiple litigations were filed challenging the awards. The litigation against Tendulkar to
2278-617: The arts, literature, science, and public services, but the Government of India expanded the criteria to include "any field of human endeavor" in December 2011. The recommendations for the award are made by the Prime Minister to the President . The recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a peepal leaf-shaped medallion. Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence . The first recipients of
2345-483: The authority of the President, are registered in the Gazette . Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals, and their names are struck from the register. The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 1 + 3 ⁄ 8 inches (35 mm) in diameter with a centered image of the sun on the obverse side. The text "Bharat Ratna", in Devanagari Script,
2412-400: The award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been "deliberately neglected by previous governments" but his family clarified that they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence movement and did not need an award for recognition. Per the original statutes, sports-persons were not eligible for
2479-498: The award has been conferred upon 50 people with 15 posthumous declarations. The Bharat Ratna is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or gender. The award was originally confined to the arts, literature, science, and public services, as per the 1954 regulations. In December 2011, the rules were amended to "any field of human endeavour". The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this
2546-611: The award in May 2013 by the National Rifle Association of India . In July 2013, the ministry again recommended Dhyan Chand. However, in November 2013, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports-person to receive the honour and this garnered much criticism for the government. In 2012, a litigation was filed in the Karnataka High Court requesting the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to confer
2613-455: The award. The Supreme Court formed a special two-judge division bench to adjudicate the case. The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna, the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President. It was noted that only an announcement had been made by press communique, but
2680-631: The award; however, a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible "any field of human endeavour". Subsequently, several sports-persons' names were discussed; amongst them were field-hockey player Dhyan Chand and former world chess champion Viswanathan Anand . In 2011, 82 members of parliament recommended Chand's name for the award to the Prime Minister's Office . In January 2012, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again, this time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay while Bindra had already been recommended for
2747-527: The center of the Sun. The words "Bharat Ratna" on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and "Satyameva Jayate" on the reverse side. A 2-inch-wide (51 mm) white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck. In 1957, the silver-gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze. The medals are minted at Alipore Mint in Kolkata . Bharat Ratna can not be used as
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2814-472: The date of its inauguration, from the adjacent palace, where it had been functioning. The present State of Kerala is result of integrating the erstwhile princely kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin with Malabar district and Kasaragod . The present judicial system in Kerala has its roots dating back to the days of the monarchs of the Kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin. In 1799, the Kingdom of Travancore became
2881-473: The decision by then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) to confer the award posthumously on former chief minister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran was criticized to have been aimed to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989. The decision was also criticized for awarding Ramachandran before prominent independence activists B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel , who were bestowed
2948-404: The disputes following the prevailing customary law. More serious matters used to be attended by the monarch himself. In 1812, for the first time in its history, graded law courts were established under the Diwanship of Colonel Munro, in the Kingdom of Cochin. The first Subordinate Courts (Sub Courts) were established by Colonel Munro at Trichur (Thrissur) and Tripunithura . Until 1835, Huzur Court
3015-467: The first Chief Justice of High Court of Kerala. The current sitting judges of the court are as follows: The High Court of Kerala building in Kochi had not assigned Number 13 to any of its courtrooms due to triskaidekaphobia . This created a controversy in Kerala as the state prides itself on being the most literate in India . A petitioner questioned this in Kerala High Court itself whether it
3082-501: The first individual to be honored posthumously. In 2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar , then aged 40, became the youngest recipient, while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was the oldest recipient when he was awarded on his 100th birthday. Though usually conferred on India-born citizens, the award has been conferred on one naturalized citizen, Mother Teresa , and on two non-Indians: Abdul Ghaffar Khan (born in British India and later
3149-440: The government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette and entering the name in the register with the president having not conferred a Sanad (certificate). On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred, it cannot be revoked and declared that the press communique be treated as cancelled with the court declining to pass any judgement on
3216-413: The government's decision to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose was opposed by those who had refused to accept the fact of his death , including some members of his extended family. Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision, the press communique announcing Bose's award was cancelled; it is the only time when the award was announced but not conferred. On 2 January 1954, a press communique
3283-797: The honor later in 1990 and 1991 respectively. Later, then prime minister V.P. Singh was criticized for posthumously honoring B. R. Ambedkar, apparently in a bid to please the Dalit voters. Later, Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award. The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or before the award was instituted in 1954, have been criticized by various authors and historians, stating that such conferments could lead to more demands to honor people like Maurya emperor Ashoka , Mughal emperor Akbar , Maratha emperor Shivaji , poet Rabindranath Tagore , Hindu spiritualist Swami Vivekananda , independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and father of
3350-461: The nation Mahatma Gandhi . In 1991, then prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao was criticized for bestowing the award upon Sardar Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, who purportedly died in 1945. In 2015, the prime minister Narendra Modi 's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya , who died in 1946, close to the local body elections in Uttar Pradesh
3417-453: The petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations and conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government. Indian honours system [REDACTED] Bharat Ratna ("Jewel of India"), the highest civilian award of India, was instituted in the year 1954. Any person without distinction of race, occupation, position, gender or religion
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#17328510296733484-735: The posthumous mention of Bose and his death. In 1992, two PILs were filed in the High Courts; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court on 24 August 1992. Both petitions questioned the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution . On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards. A special five-judge division bench of
3551-458: The present day scenario. Until his time, there were no independent tribunals for the administration of justice. In the Kingdom of Travancore, Munro recommended necessary regulations to be passed for the reorganisation of the Courts. These recommendations were accepted by the then king and a Regulation in tune to his recommendations was passed in 1811. Zilla Courts and a Huzur Court were established in
3618-499: The right side of the chest while attending homage ceremonies at war memorials, cemeteries and funerals. Established on 26 January 1950 with retrospective effect from 15 August 1947. These awards were instituted on 4 January 1952. These awards were renamed on 27 January 1967 as Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra from Ashoka Chakra (Class I), Ashoka Chakra (Class II) and Ashoka Chakra (Class III) respectively. They were established on January 26, 1960. Sangeet Natak Akademi
3685-405: The sanctioned Judge strength of the High Court of Kerala is 35 Permanent Judges including the Chief Justice and 12 Additional Judges. Depending on the importance and nature of the question to be adjudicated, the judges sit as Single (one judge), Division (two judges), Full (three judges) or such other benches of larger strengths. The foundation stone for the new multi-storied building now housing
3752-451: The shape of a peepal leaf, approximately 2 + 5 ⁄ 16 inches (59 mm) long, 1 + 7 ⁄ 8 inches (48 mm) wide and 1 ⁄ 8 inch (3.2 mm) thick and rimmed in platinum. The embossed sun burst design, made of platinum, on the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of 5 ⁄ 8 inch (16 mm) with rays spreading out from 5 ⁄ 6 inch (21 mm) to 1 ⁄ 2 inch (13 mm) from
3819-411: The statutes for the Bharat Ratna, the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President, there have been several demands from various political parties publicly to honor their leaders. In January 2008, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader L. K. Advani wrote to then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh's predecessor Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the award. This
3886-461: The title 'Bharat Ratna' as a prefix by the awardee is exempt from Article 18 (1) of the Constitution , as per the Supreme Court's precedent in Balaji Raghavan/S.P. Anand v. Union of India in 1995. Additionally, recipients may either use the expression "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award" to indicate that they have been honored with the award. The holders of
3953-442: Was "physically impossible" and Rao had proven cases of plagiarism, hence the announcement should be annulled. The High Courts rejected all the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar. In 1977, the decision by then prime minister Indira Gandhi to posthumously honor former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu K. Kamaraj was criticized to have been aimed at placating the voters before the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977. In 1988,
4020-471: Was also met with criticism. A few of the conferments have been criticized for honoring personalities only after they received global recognition. The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year. In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna,
4087-565: Was due to superstitious beliefs, as the room numbering skipped from 12 to 14. After hearing this petition, the High Court not only dismissed it, but imposed a fine of ₹ 10,000 (US$ 120) on the petitioner. Later, the Supreme Court of India over-ruled the High Court's decision admonishing the encouragement of superstitions saying that "The High Court is an institution. It should not be allowed to encourage this sort of superstitions". Kerala Legislative Assembly passed resolution for setting up
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#17328510296734154-565: Was established at Ernakulam on 7 July 1949 under the Travancore-Cochin High Court Act (1949). Mr. Puthupally Krishna Pillai was the last Chief Justice of High Court of Travancore-Cochin. On 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act , 1956 was passed thereby integrating the State of Travancore-Cochin with Malabar district and Kasaragod to form the present State of Kerala. The High Court of Kerala, as it
4221-534: Was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) lobbying for their leader, Jyoti Basu , former Chief Minister of West Bengal though Basu himself said that he would decline the honour, even if awarded. Similar demands were made by Telugu Desam Party , Bahujan Samaj Party , and Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N. T. Rama Rao , Kanshi Ram , and Parkash Singh Badal . In September 2015, regional political party Shiv Sena demanded
4288-424: Was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of two civilian awards—Bharat Ratna ( Jewel of India ), the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan , classified into "Pehla Warg" (Class I), "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna. On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards;
4355-406: Was subsequently modified in the January 1966 statute, and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first recipient to be honored posthumously in 1966. Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President . The recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary grant. Usage of
4422-450: Was suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed, one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court , challenging the "constitutional validity" of the awards. The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation. There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to
4489-593: Was the final appellate Court. Huzur Court had a bench strength of three judges. Later the Huzur Court was reconstituted as Rajah's Court of Appeal and Subordinate Courts were reconstituted as Zilla Courts. The Zilla Courts were empowered with unlimited jurisdiction, but subject to the confirmation from the Rajah's Court of Appeal. The Rajah's Court of Appeal was reconstituted as the Chief Court of Cochin in 1900. The Chief Court of Cochin had three permanent judges one of whom acted as
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