In Italy , polizia provinciale is the provincial-level police forces.
108-415: Each Italian province can, by statute, have its own police force. Polizia provinciale are small police organisations whose main duties are to enforce regional and national hunting and fishing laws, but they have also expanded into environmental protection. They provide traffic police service and participate in the security services arranged by the authorities. The forces' vehicles are usually white, with
216-552: A green or blue stripe along the side. Polizia provinciale must be distinguished from questura , the office of the head of the state's police ( polizia di stato ) in a province, called questore ( quaestor ). The polizia provinciale operate in various areas: In many provincial districts, the polizia provinciale perform road police service using dedicated equipment (alcohol tests, drug tests, mobile weighing scales, telelaser, speed cameras etc.), contributing to road traffic safety, both with prevention and repression of offences to
324-550: A huge number of civil servants and soldiers recruited from all over the country introduced many more words and idioms from their home languages— ciao is derived from the Venetian word s-cia[v]o ("slave", that is "your servant"), panettone comes from the Lombard word panetton , etc. Only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak the Italian standardized language properly when
432-413: A license and also outside working hours - in accordance with the provisions and the respective regulations. Provincial Police bodies (or services) can perform auxiliary public security functions. Traffic police service: with permanent qualification, the provincial police units also carry out traffic police services in the territory of the body to which they belong, as provided for by articles 11 and 12 of
540-464: A little over one million people in the United States speak Italian at home. Nevertheless, an Italian language media market does exist in the country. In Canada, Italian is the second most spoken non-official language when varieties of Chinese are not grouped together, with 375,645 claiming Italian as their mother tongue in 2016. Italian immigrants to South America have also brought a presence of
648-657: A local vernacular. These dialects, as they are commonly referred to, evolved from Vulgar Latin over the course of centuries, unaffected by formal standards and teachings. They are not in any sense "dialects" of standard Italian, which itself started off as one of these local tongues, but sister languages of Italian. Mutual intelligibility with Italian varies widely, as it does with Romance languages in general. The Romance languages of Italy can differ greatly from Italian at all levels ( phonology , morphology , syntax , lexicon , pragmatics ) and are classified typologically as distinct languages. The standard Italian language has
756-535: A municipality ( comune ) and a region ( regione ). Since 2015, provinces have been classified as "institutional bodies of second level". There are currently 107 institutional bodies of second level in Italy, including 80 ordinary provinces, 2 autonomous provinces, 4 regional decentralization entities, 6 free municipal consortia, and 14 metropolitan cities , as well as the Aosta Valley region (which also exercises
864-645: A poetic and literary origin in the works of Tuscan writers of the 12th century, and, although the grammar and core lexicon are basically unchanged from those used in Florence in the 13th century, the modern standard of the language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. However, Romance vernacular as language spoken in the Italian Peninsula has a longer history. In fact, the earliest surviving texts that can definitely be called vernacular (as distinct from its predecessor Vulgar Latin) are legal formulae known as
972-417: A renewed interest in linguistics in the 16th century, sparked a debate that raged throughout Italy concerning the criteria that should govern the establishment of a modern Italian literary and spoken language. This discussion, known as questione della lingua (i.e., the problem of the language ), ran through the Italian culture until the end of the 19th century, often linked to the political debate on achieving
1080-558: A result. Starting in late medieval times in much of Europe and the Mediterranean, Latin was replaced as the primary commercial language by languages of Italy, especially Tuscan and Venetian. These varieties were consolidated during the Renaissance with the strength of Italy and the rise of humanism and the arts . Italy came to enjoy increasing artistic prestige within Europe. A mark of
1188-474: A single language is that they have evolved so that they are no longer mutually intelligible ; this diagnostic is effective if mutual intelligibility is minimal or absent (e.g. in Romance, Romanian and Portuguese), but it fails in cases such as Spanish-Portuguese or Spanish-Italian, as educated native speakers of either pairing can understand each other well if they choose to do so; however, the level of intelligibility
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#17328555162341296-601: A total of 110 provinces. In May 2012, a referendum abolished the eight provinces of Sardinia, and this suppression was to take effect on 1 March 2013. On 6 July 2012, new plans were published to reduce the number of provinces by around half. In January 2014 the Sardinian Regional Administrative Court declared "unconstitutional" the abolition of the Sardinian provinces. In 2014 the Delrio Law transformed
1404-504: A united Italian state. Renaissance scholars divided into three main factions: A fourth faction claimed that the best Italian was the one that the papal court adopted, which was a mixture of the Tuscan and Roman dialects. Eventually, Bembo's ideas prevailed, and the foundation of the Accademia della Crusca in Florence (1582–1583), the official legislative body of the Italian language, led to
1512-427: Is 89% with French, 87% with Catalan , 85% with Sardinian , 82% with Spanish, 80% with Portuguese , 78% with Ladin , 77% with Romanian . Estimates may differ according to sources. One study, analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin (comparing phonology , inflection , discourse , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation ), estimated that distance between Italian and Latin
1620-668: Is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire . Italian is the least divergent language from Latin , together with Sardinian (meaning that Italian and Sardinian are the most conservative Romance languages). Spoken by about 85 million people, including 67 million native speakers (2024), Italian is an official language in Italy , San Marino , Switzerland ( Ticino and
1728-450: Is also a Prefect ( prefetto ), a representative of the central government who heads an agency called prefettura-ufficio territoriale del governo . The Questor ( questore ) is the head of State Police ( Polizia di Stato ) in the province and his office is called questura . There is also a provincial police force depending from local government, called provincial police ( polizia provinciale ). The Aosta Valley region
1836-729: Is also spoken by a minority in Monaco and France, especially in the southeastern part of the country. Italian was the official language in Savoy and in Nice until 1860, when they were both annexed by France under the Treaty of Turin , a development that triggered the " Niçard exodus ", or the emigration of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to Italy, and the Niçard Vespers . Giuseppe Garibaldi complained about
1944-528: Is higher than that between Sardinian and Latin. In particular, its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian . As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive. Italian is the official language of Italy and San Marino and is spoken fluently by the majority of the countries' populations. Italian is the third most spoken language in Switzerland (after German and French; see Swiss Italian ), although its use there has moderately declined since
2052-455: Is markedly lower between Italian-Spanish, and considerably higher between the Iberian sister languages of Portuguese-Spanish. Speakers of this latter pair can communicate with one another with remarkable ease, each speaking to the other in his own native language without slang/jargon. Nevertheless, on the basis of accumulated differences in morphology, syntax, phonology, and to some extent lexicon, it
2160-498: Is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries. Some speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian (either in its standard form or regional varieties ) and a local language of Italy , most frequently the language spoken at home in their place of origin. Italian is a major language in Europe, being one of the official languages of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and one of
2268-410: Is not difficult to identify that for the Romance varieties of Italy, the first extant written evidence of languages that can no longer be considered Latin comes from the ninth and tenth centuries C.E. These written sources demonstrate certain vernacular characteristics and sometimes explicitly mention the use of the vernacular in Italy. Full literary manifestations of the vernacular began to surface around
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#17328555162342376-408: Is not divided into provinces due to its size, but straight to the comune level. South Tyrol and Trentino are autonomous provinces, unlike all other provinces they have the same legislative powers as regions and are not subordinated to Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , the region they are part of. Based on the most recent legislation, contained in the law of 7 April 2014 n. 56, the council and
2484-626: Is the main working language of the Holy See , serving as the lingua franca (common language) in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta . Italian has a significant use in musical terminology and opera with numerous Italian words referring to music that have become international terms taken into various languages worldwide. Almost all native Italian words end with vowels , and
2592-538: Is used, and the town of Chipilo near Puebla, Mexico; each continues to use a derived form of Venetian dating back to the 19th century. Other examples are Cocoliche , an Italian–Spanish pidgin once spoken in Argentina and especially in Buenos Aires , and Lunfardo . The Rioplatense Spanish dialect of Argentina and Uruguay today has thus been heavily influenced by both standard Italian and Italian regional languages as
2700-501: The Il Globo (Australia) and the La gazzetta del Sud Africa (South Africa). Italian is widely taught in many schools around the world, but rarely as the first foreign language. In the 21st century, technology also allows for the continual spread of the Italian language, as people have new ways to learn how to speak, read, and write languages at their own pace and at any given time. For example,
2808-936: The La Voce del Popolo ( Croatia ), the Corriere d'Italia (Germany), the L'italoeuropeo (United Kingdom), the Passaparola ( Luxembourg ), the America Oggi (United States), the Corriere Canadese and the Corriere Italiano (Canada), the Il punto d'incontro (Mexico), the L'Italia del Popolo ( Argentina ), the Fanfulla (Brazil), the Gente d'Italia ( Uruguay ), the La Voce d'Italia ( Venezuela ),
2916-615: The 2016 Italian constitutional referendum , the provinces of Italy were still kept alive under provisions of the Delrio Constitutional Law to be merged in a smaller number of union of provinces. Provinces are often deemed useless by their critics, and many proposals were made in the 2010s to eliminate them. The difficulty of changing the Constitution of Italy and the opposition of groups of politicians and citizens halted any proposal of reform. In 2013, during his speech to
3024-581: The Austrian Empire . Eventually, in 1870, following the union of Rome and its province from the Papal States , the provinces rose in number to 69. After the World War I , new territories were annexed to Italy. The province of Trento was created in 1923. Provinces of La Spezia and Trieste in 1923, while Ionio in 1924. In 1924 the new provinces of Fiume , Pola , and Zara were created, increasing
3132-672: The Gallo-Italic linguistic panorama of Northern Italy , the Italo-Dalmatian , Neapolitan and its related dialects were largely unaffected by the Franco- Occitan influences introduced to Italy mainly by bards from France during the Middle Ages, but after the Norman conquest of southern Italy , Sicily became the first Italian land to adopt Occitan lyric moods (and words) in poetry. Even in
3240-816: The Grisons ), Corsica , and Vatican City . It has official minority status in Croatia , Slovenian Istria , and the municipalities of Santa Tereza and Encantado in Brazil . Italian is also spoken by large immigrant and expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia . Italian is included under the languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Romania , although Italian
3348-649: The Kingdom of Italy in the Dodecanese ). Italian is widely spoken in Malta , where nearly two-thirds of the population can speak it fluently (see Maltese Italian ). Italian served as Malta's official language until 1934, when it was abolished by the British colonial administration amid strong local opposition. Italian language in Slovenia is an officially recognized minority language in
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3456-763: The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia ), although the masses kept speaking primarily their local vernaculars. Italian was also one of the many recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire . Italy has always had a distinctive dialect for each city because the cities, until recently, were thought of as city-states . Those dialects now have considerable variety . As Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian . The most characteristic differences, for instance, between Roman Italian and Milanese Italian are syntactic gemination of initial consonants in some contexts and
3564-539: The Placiti Cassinesi from the province of Benevento that date from 960 to 963, although the Veronese Riddle , probably from the 8th or early 9th century, contains a late form of Vulgar Latin that can be seen as a very early sample of a vernacular dialect of Italy. The Commodilla catacomb inscription is also a similar case. The Italian language has progressed through a long and slow process, which started after
3672-514: The Western Roman Empire's fall in the 5th century. The language that came to be thought of as Italian developed in central Tuscany and was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri , written in his native Florentine . Dante's epic poems, known collectively as the Commedia , to which another Tuscan poet Giovanni Boccaccio later affixed
3780-409: The polizia provinciale exercise functions and tasks of judicial police, aimed at the repression of all criminal offences within the province. The administrative police functions are carried out for all those activities to which authorization is issued. For example, in the field of: The polizia provinciale can exercise 'auxiliary public security functions'. The services are carried out in aid of
3888-552: The province of Oristano in 1974. In a reorganization in 1992 eight provinces were created: Verbano-Cusio-Ossola , Biella , Lecco , Lodi , Rimini , Prato , Crotone , and Vibo Valentia , while Forlì was renamed as Forlì-Cesena . Four new provinces were created in Sardinia in 2001, with effect from 2005: Olbia-Tempio , Ogliastra , Medio Campidano , and Carbonia-Iglesias . In 2004 three further provinces were created: Monza and Brianza , Fermo , and Barletta-Andria-Trani , making
3996-519: The 111 Italian lecturer sections belonging to foreign schools where Italian is taught as a language of culture. As of 2022, Australia had the highest number of students learning Italian in the world. This occurred because of support by the Italian community in Australia and the Italian Government and also because of successful educational reform efforts led by local governments in Australia. From
4104-506: The 13th century in the form of various religious texts and poetry. Although these are the first written records of Italian varieties separate from Latin, the spoken language had probably diverged long before the first written records appeared since those who were literate generally wrote in Latin even if they spoke other Romance varieties in person. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the use of Standard Italian became increasingly widespread and
4212-549: The 1970s. It is official both on the national level and on regional level in two cantons : Ticino and Grisons . In the latter canton, however, it is only spoken by a small minority, in the Italian Grisons . Ticino, which includes Lugano , the largest Italian-speaking city outside Italy, is the only canton where Italian is predominant. Italian is also used in administration and official documents in Vatican City . Italian
4320-739: The Chamber of Deputies, Enrico Letta , the newly appointed Prime Minister of Italy , announced that a revision of the second part of the constitution was needed, in order to change the bicameral parliamentary system and to abolish the provinces. The proposal, presented during the Renzi government , was rejected in the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum held on 4 December. [REDACTED] Media related to Provinces of Italy at Wikimedia Commons Italian language Italian ( italiano , pronounced [itaˈljaːno] , or lingua italiana , pronounced [ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna] )
4428-417: The Italian dialects has declined in the modern era , as Italy unified under Standard Italian and continues to do so aided by mass media from newspapers to radio to television, diglossia is still frequently encountered in Italy and triglossia is not uncommon in emigrant communities among older speakers. Both situations normally involve some degree of code-switching and code-mixing . Notes: Italian has
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4536-485: The Italian language into a lingua franca used not only among clerks, nobility, and functionaries in the Italian courts but also by the bourgeoisie . Italian literature's first modern novel, I promessi sposi ( The Betrothed ) by Alessandro Manzoni , further defined the standard by "rinsing" his Milanese "in the waters of the Arno " ( Florence 's river), as he states in the preface to his 1840 edition. After unification,
4644-550: The Mediterranean. The increasing political and cultural relevance of Florence during the periods of the rise of the Medici Bank , humanism , and the Renaissance made its dialect, or rather a refined version of it, a standard in the arts. The Renaissance era, known as il Rinascimento in Italian, was seen as a time of rebirth, which is the literal meaning of both renaissance (from French) and rinascimento (Italian). During this time, long-existing beliefs stemming from
4752-515: The Provincial Executive. President (Commissioner) and members of Council are elected together by mayors and city councilors of each municipality of the province. The Executive is chaired by the President (Commissioner) who appoint others members, called assessori . Since 2015, the President (Commissioner) and other members of the council will not receive a salary. In each province, there
4860-444: The case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are careful not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages. The economic might and relatively advanced development of Tuscany at the time ( Late Middle Ages ) gave its language weight, although Venetian remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life, and Ligurian (or Genoese) remained in use in maritime trade alongside
4968-630: The colonial period. In the early 19th century, Eritrea was the country with the highest number of Italians abroad, and the Italian Eritreans grew from 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II. In Asmara there are two Italian schools, the Italian School of Asmara (Italian primary school with a Montessori department) and the Liceo Sperimentale "G. Marconi" (Italian international senior high school). Italian
5076-563: The country (some 0.42% of the total population). Their numbers dropped dramatically after World War II following the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus , which caused the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians. Italian was the official language of the Republic of Ragusa from 1492 to 1807. It formerly had official status in Albania due to the annexation of
5184-508: The country to the Kingdom of Italy (1939–1943). Albania has a large population of non-native speakers, with over half of the population having some knowledge of the Italian language. The Albanian government has pushed to make Italian a compulsory second language in schools. The Italian language is well-known and studied in Albania, due to its historical ties and geographical proximity to Italy and to
5292-446: The country. A few hundred Italian settlers returned to Libya in the 2000s. Italian was the official language of Eritrea during Italian colonisation . Italian is today used in commerce, and it is still spoken especially among elders; besides that, Italian words are incorporated as loan words in the main language spoken in the country (Tigrinya). The capital city of Eritrea, Asmara , still has several Italian schools, established during
5400-515: The country. The official census, carried out in 2002, reported 2,258 ethnic Italians ( Istrian Italians ) in Slovenia (0.11% of the total population). Italian language in Croatia is an official minority language in the country, with many schools and public announcements published in both languages. The 2001 census in Croatia reported 19,636 ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians ) in
5508-656: The data is updated as of 1 January 2021. In 1861, at the birth of the Kingdom of Italy , there were 59 provinces. However, at that time the national territory was smaller than the current one: regions of Veneto , Friuli-Venezia Giulia , Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , and Lazio were not included in the kingdom. In 1866, following the Third Independence War , territories of Veneto, Friuli and Mantua were annexed. There were therefore nine more provinces: Belluno , Mantua , Padua , Rovigo , Treviso , Venice , Verona , Vicenza , and Udine , all previously part of
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#17328555162345616-464: The design and fashion industries, in some sports such as football and especially in culinary terms. In Italy, almost all the other languages spoken as the vernacular —other than standard Italian and some languages spoken among immigrant communities—are often called " Italian dialects ", a label that can be very misleading if it is understood to mean "dialects of Italian". The Romance dialects of Italy are local evolutions of spoken Latin that pre-date
5724-572: The diffusion of Italian television in the country. Due to heavy Italian influence during the Italian colonial period , Italian is still understood by some in former colonies such as Libya. Although it was the primary language in Libya since colonial rule , Italian greatly declined under the rule of Muammar Gaddafi , who expelled the Italian Libyan population and made Arabic the sole official language of
5832-420: The educated gentlemen was to make the Grand Tour , visiting Italy to see its great historical monuments and works of art. It was expected that the visitor would learn at least some Italian, understood as language based on Florentine. In England, while the classical languages Latin and Greek were the first to be learned, Italian became the second most common modern language after French, a position it held until
5940-409: The establishment of Italian, and as such are sister languages to the Tuscan that was the historical source of Italian. They can be quite different from Italian and from each other, with some belonging to different linguistic branches of Romance. The only exceptions to this are twelve groups considered " historical language minorities ", which are officially recognized as distinct minority languages by
6048-433: The fact that it was linguistically an intermediate between the northern and the southern Italian dialects. Thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the official language of Italy. Italian was progressively made an official language of most of the Italian states predating unification, slowly replacing Latin, even when ruled by foreign powers (such as Spain in the Kingdom of Naples , or Austria in
6156-419: The free municipal consortia in Sicily and the Sardinian provinces are governed by extraordinary commissioners appointed by the respective regional administrations, the autonomous provinces of Trentino-Alto Adige each elect its own president, and finally, in Aosta Valley , the functions of the province are carried out by the regional administration (whose president is elected by the regional council). Note:
6264-410: The free website and application Duolingo has 4.94 million English speakers learning the Italian language. According to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , every year there are more than 200,000 foreign students who study the Italian language; they are distributed among the 90 Institutes of Italian Culture that are located around the world, in the 179 Italian schools located abroad, or in
6372-439: The highway code referred to in legislative decree 30 April 1992, n. 285. According to the data of the Ministry of the Interior as at 31 December 2011, the staff in service amounted in total to 2,769, with the following classification: Provinces of Italy The provinces of Italy ( Italian : province d'Italia ) are the second-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic , on an intermediate level between
6480-406: The highway code. Furthermore, the surveillance of the roads and, through the survey, of accidents. The responsibilities of the traffic police service are extended to all types of roads. More simply, they carry out the following police functions (in addition to the local police and the national police forces): Pursuant to art. 5 of the law of 7 March 1986, n. 65 and art. 57 co. 2 ° b) and 3 ° cpp,
6588-431: The island of Corsica (but not in the neighbouring Sardinia , which on the contrary underwent Italianization well into the late 18th century, under Savoyard sway: the island's linguistic composition, roofed by the prestige of Spanish among the Sardinians , would therein make for a rather slow process of assimilation to the Italian cultural sphere ). The rediscovery of Dante's De vulgari eloquentia , as well as
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#17328555162346696-451: The language has a 7-vowel sound system ('e' and 'o' have mid-low and mid-high sounds). Italian has contrast between short and long consonants and gemination (doubling) of consonants. During the Middle Ages , the established written language in Europe was Latin, although the great majority of people were illiterate, and only few were well versed in the language. In the Italian Peninsula , as in most of Europe, most would instead speak
6804-531: The language to that continent. According to some sources, Italian is the second most spoken language in Argentina after the official language of Spanish, although its number of speakers, mainly of the older generation, is decreasing. Italian bilingual speakers can be found scattered across the Southeast of Brazil as well as in the South. In Venezuela , Italian is the most spoken language after Spanish and Portuguese, with around 200,000 speakers. In Uruguay , people who speak Italian as their home language are 1.1% of
6912-434: The late 18th century when it tended to be replaced by German. John Milton , for instance, wrote some of his early poetry in Italian. Within the Catholic Church , Italian is known by a large part of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and is used in substitution for Latin in some official documents. Italian loanwords continue to be used in most languages in matters of art and music (especially classical music including opera), in
7020-424: The late 19th to the mid-20th century, millions of Italians settled in Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil and Venezuela, as well as in Canada and the United States, where they formed a physical and cultural presence. In some cases, colonies were established where variants of regional languages of Italy were used, and some continue to use this regional language. Examples are Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil, where Talian
7128-411: The law 7 March 1986, n. 65, in which the first paragraph provides that local authorities - in addition to municipalities - can perform the functions of local police: "Local authorities other than municipalities carry out the functions of local police they own, also by means of special services; the provisions of the articles of this [...] law apply to these, replacing the municipality and its bodies with
7236-461: The law of 7 March 1986, n. 65 and art. 57 co. 2 ° b) and co. 3 ° cpp Pursuant to art. 29 of Law 157/1992, the agents of the provincial police (agents employed by the local authority in charge of the matter), can draw up the documents, provided by the framework legislation on hunting, even outside the working hours. Public security agent: agents who have a permanent qualification, (agents, coordination and control officers, top management) are conferred
7344-514: The law. On the other hand, Corsican (a language spoken on the French island of Corsica ) is closely related to medieval Tuscan , from which Standard Italian derives and evolved. The differences in the evolution of Latin in the different regions of Italy can be attributed to the natural changes that all languages in regular use are subject to, and to some extent to the presence of three other types of languages: substrata, superstrata, and adstrata . The most prevalent were substrata (the language of
7452-411: The local authority and the corresponding bodies." Alongside this general provision, various state and regional laws have specific functions to be carried out by the polizia provinciale . Generally, it has general jurisdiction over the entire territory of the province to which it belongs and, in particular, over those matters which, pursuant to Legislative Decree no. 112, were delegated by the state to
7560-399: The main agency with regards to the control of activities of wildlife populations. Provincial police officers are also often employed in operations of capture or killing, by order or request of the authorities, of problematic or dangerous animals, in most cases escaped from captivity, and for the recovery of animals in difficulty in difficult conditions. The provincial police are also active in
7668-412: The nation was unified in 1861. Italian is a Romance language , a descendant of Vulgar Latin (colloquial spoken Latin). Standard Italian is based on Tuscan , especially its Florentine dialect , and is, therefore, an Italo-Dalmatian language , a classification that includes most other central and southern Italian languages and the extinct Dalmatian . According to Ethnologue , lexical similarity
7776-467: The number of printing presses in Italy grew rapidly and by the year 1500 reached a total of 56, the biggest number of printing presses in all of Europe. This enabled the production of more pieces of literature at a lower cost and Italian, as the dominant language, spread. Italian became the language used in the courts of every state in the Italian Peninsula , as well as the prestige variety used on
7884-638: The official gazette of the Italian Republic. The members of the body hold the status of public official, pursuant to art. 357 of the Italian Criminal Code and art. 2700 of the Italian Civil Code. They also hold the following qualifications and powers: Agent or officer of the judicial police: they are agents or officers of the judicial police within the territory of the body to which they belong and during working hours, pursuant to art. 5 of
7992-630: The openness of vowels, the length of the consonants, and influence of the local language (for example, in informal situations andà , annà and nare replace the standard Italian andare in the area of Tuscany, Rome and Venice respectively for the infinitive "to go"). There is no definitive date when the various Italian variants of Latin—including varieties that contributed to modern Standard Italian—began to be distinct enough from Latin to be considered separate languages. One criterion for determining that two language variants are to be considered separate languages rather than variants of
8100-584: The original inhabitants), as the Italian dialects were most probably simply Latin as spoken by native cultural groups. Superstrata and adstrata were both less important. Foreign conquerors of Italy that dominated different regions at different times left behind little to no influence on the dialects. Foreign cultures with which Italy engaged in peaceful relations with, such as trade, had no significant influence either. Throughout Italy, regional varieties of Standard Italian, called Regional Italian , are spoken. Regional differences can be recognized by various factors:
8208-502: The other hand, almost everyone still speaks the Corsican idiom , which, due to its linguistic proximity to the Italian standard language, appears both linguistically as an Italian dialect and therefore as a carrier of Italian culture, despite the French government's decades-long efforts to cut Corsica off from the Italian motherland. Italian was the official language in Monaco until 1860, when it
8316-419: The personnel employed, while receiving reports. The body is equipped with various vehicles, from off-road vehicles and 4x4 cars to faster cars, mainly used in traffic police services. In many districts, different types of boats, quad-bikes, bicycles, mopeds, road motorcycles are operational. The selection of personnel takes place through a public competition launched by the body to which they belong, published in
8424-406: The population of Italy could speak Standard Italian. He reports that in 1951 that percentage had risen to 87%. The ability to speak Italian did not necessarily mean it was in everyday use, and most people (63.5%) still usually spoke their native dialects. In addition, other factors such as mass emigration, industrialization, and urbanization, and internal migrations after World War II , contributed to
8532-512: The powers of a province). Italian provinces (with the exception of the current Sardinian provinces) correspond to the NUTS 3 regions . A province of the Italian Republic is composed of many municipalities ( comune ). Usually several provinces together form a region; the region of Aosta Valley is the sole exception—it is not subdivided into provinces, and provincial functions are exercised by
8640-402: The preparation and execution of services aimed at regulating traffic; d) the escort for traffic safety; e) the protection and control of the use of the road. The polizia provinciale , as a traffic police body, also contribute to car and road rescue operations in general. The polizia provinciale carry out police activities for the protection of the environment in general (in compliance with
8748-418: The presidents of the provinces of the regions with ordinary statute are elected by restricted suffrage by the mayors and councilors of the province's municipalities, while in the metropolitan cities , the equivalent of the president of the province is the (elective) mayor of the capital, called "metropolitan mayor". There are other types of entities similar to the provinces in the regions with special statutes:
8856-469: The proliferation of Standard Italian. The Italians who emigrated during the Italian diaspora beginning in 1861 were often of the uneducated lower class, and thus the emigration had the effect of increasing the percentage of literates, who often knew and understood the importance of Standard Italian, back home in Italy. A large percentage of those who had emigrated also eventually returned to Italy, often more educated than when they had left. Although use of
8964-528: The pronunciation of stressed "e", and of "s" between vowels in many words: e.g. va bene "all right" is pronounced [vabˈbɛːne] by a Roman (and by any standard Italian speaker), [vaˈbeːne] by a Milanese (and by any speaker whose native dialect lies to the north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line ); a casa "at home" is [akˈkaːsa] for Roman, [akˈkaːsa] or [akˈkaːza] for standard, [aˈkaːza] for Milanese and generally northern. In contrast to
9072-409: The protection, protection and control of the hydrogeological constraint and the forest heritage (in some territorial areas also by regional delegation); c) state police , for the protection of public property, in particular the river, lake and lagoon area; d) hydraulic police for the supervision of the hydraulic system and the protection of public waters in general; e) mining police , regarding
9180-516: The province of Friuli was renamed the province of Udine . Following the annexation of a part of Yugoslavia in 1941, during the World War II , the province of Zara was enlarged and joined the Governorate of Dalmatia (comprising the province of Zara , and the new provinces of Spalato , and Cattaro ), while in the occupied central part of the present-day Slovenia the new province of Ljubljana
9288-401: The provinces of Trieste and Gorizia . Moreover, the province of Trieste was occupied by United States and British forces. The Italian Republic therefore had 91 provinces at its birth. The province of Ionio was renamed as Taranto in 1951, and in 1954 the province of Trieste was returned to Italy. The province of Pordenone was created in 1968, the province of Isernia in 1970, and
9396-491: The provinces of Italy in a reduced number of broader administrative entities. In 2014 the Friuli-Venezia Giulia of Debora Serracchiani was the first Italian region to pass a law for abolishing its provinces, while implementing the national reform in the local administrative level. The Friuli region has multiplied four provinces in 18 unions of the Italian administrative unit called comune . After rejection of
9504-442: The provincial body. It can contribute, with an auxiliary function, to public order and security services. According to the law n. 65/1986, the body is constituted with a specific resolution, and must be made up of more than seven units (when the service is made up of less than seven units). An operations centre is active at the provincial level in almost all the commands, which coordinates the management of operational activities and
9612-472: The provincial property and surveillance of the coasts. In addition, they provide rescue to boats and swimmers in difficulty, prevent and repress violations in nautical matters, collaboration with other police forces that perform the same service. This service is carried out in the lakes, rivers and lagoons of many internal areas of the country, and in some cases, even the sea coasts. The bodies (or services) were established and regulated pursuant to art. 12 of
9720-415: The publication of Agnolo Monosini 's Latin tome Floris italicae linguae libri novem in 1604 followed by the first Italian dictionary in 1612. An important event that helped the diffusion of Italian was the conquest and occupation of Italy by Napoleon in the early 19th century (who was himself of Italian-Corsican descent). This conquest propelled the unification of Italy some decades after and pushed
9828-423: The quality of public security agent (pursuant to article 5, first paragraph, letter c) of law no. 65) when they possess the requisites required by law, at the individual request of the president of the administration to the prefect. Personnel in possession of the status of public security officer can therefore permanently carry their service weapon, assigned to the territory of the body to which they belong - without
9936-553: The recovery of injured or distressed wildlife. The polizia provinciale carry out activities aimed at the prevention, detection and repression of crimes against animals and livestock. As well as the monitoring of the welfare of animals during road transport, as well as against animal abuse. Due to the geographic configuration of some territories, various polizia provinciale forces have special units and marine vehicles. They are entrusted with important activities of environmental/fish/hunting protection and safeguarding, surveillance of
10044-479: The referendum that allowed France to annex Savoy and Nice, and a group of his followers (among the Italian Savoyards ) took refuge in Italy in the following years. Corsica passed from the Republic of Genoa to France in 1769 after the Treaty of Versailles . Italian was the official language of Corsica until 1859. Giuseppe Garibaldi called for the inclusion of the " Corsican Italians " within Italy when Rome
10152-489: The region. The three main functions devolved to provinces are: The number of provinces in Italy has been steadily growing in recent years, as many new ones are carved out of older ones. Usually, the province's name is the same as that of its capital city. According to the 2014 reform, each province is headed by a President (or Commissioner) assisted by a legislative body, the Provincial Council, and an executive body,
10260-444: The supervision of the cultivation of quarries and mines. f) building police activities are also carried out, aimed at the prevention and repression of abuses in this area. According to the law 11 February 1992, n. 157 and the various regional laws, the polizia provinciale play a leading role in the supervision of hunting, the prevention and repression of poaching, and on the protection of wildlife. Provincial police personnel are
10368-464: The teachings of the Roman Catholic Church began to be understood from new perspectives as humanists —individuals who placed emphasis on the human body and its full potential—began to shift focus from the church to human beings themselves. The continual advancements in technology play a crucial role in the diffusion of languages. After the invention of the printing press in the 15th century,
10476-463: The title Divina , were read throughout the peninsula and his written dialect became the "canonical standard" that all educated Italians could understand. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language. In addition to the widespread exposure gained through literature, the Florentine dialect also gained prestige due to the political and cultural significance of Florence at the time and
10584-412: The total number of provinces in Italy to 76. In 1927, after a royal charter , a general province rearrangement took place. 17 new provinces were created: Aosta , Vercelli , Varese , Savona , Bolzano , Gorizia , Pistoia , Pescara , Rieti , Terni , Viterbo , Frosinone , Brindisi , Matera , Ragusa , Castrogiovanni , Nuoro . In the same year, the province of Caserta was dissolved, Girgenti
10692-529: The total population of the country. In Australia, Italian is the second most spoken foreign language after Chinese, with 1.4% of the population speaking it as their home language. The main Italian-language newspapers published outside Italy are the L'Osservatore Romano ( Vatican City ), the L'Informazione di San Marino ( San Marino ), the Corriere del Ticino and the laRegione Ticino ( Switzerland ),
10800-474: The various environmental regulations and above all with the provisions of the legislative decree 3 April 2006, n. 152 and subsequent amendments and additions), with particular regard to the prevention, assessment and repression of soil, water and air pollution. In particular: a) mycological police for the supervision of the legislation governing the collection, cultivation, sale and marketing of mushrooms (epigean and underground); b) forestry police aimed at
10908-409: The various police forces (e.g. Carabinieri , Polizia di Stato , Guardia di Finanza ) and consist of patrols, control points and assistance to the people of the province. Pursuant to art. 11 and 12 of the highway code, the polizia provinciale carry out traffic police services through: a) the prevention and verification of violations relating to road traffic; b) the detection of road accidents; c)
11016-637: The working languages of the Council of Europe . It is the third-most-widely spoken native language in the European Union (13% of the EU population) and it is spoken as a second language by 13.4 million EU citizens (3%). Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries (such as Switzerland, Albania and the United Kingdom ) and on other continents, the total number of speakers is approximately 85 million. Italian
11124-548: Was also introduced to Somalia through colonialism and was the sole official language of administration and education during the colonial period but fell out of use after government, educational and economic infrastructure were destroyed in the Somali Civil War . Italian is also spoken by large immigrant and expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. Although over 17 million Americans are of Italian descent , only
11232-516: Was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy , but King Victor Emmanuel II did not agree to it. Italian is generally understood in Corsica by the population resident therein who speak Corsican , which is an Italo-Romance idiom similar to Tuscan. Francization occurred in Nice case, and caused a near-disappearance of the Italian language as many of the Italian speakers in these areas migrated to Italy. In Corsica, on
11340-545: Was created. This lasted only until 1945, when Yugoslavia regained the lost territories after the end of the World War II. In 1945, after the end of the World War II, the province of Aosta changed its name to Aosta Valley and Littoria to Latina ; the new province of Caserta was recreated. With the Paris Peace Treaties , signed on 10 February 1947, Italy lost the provinces of Fiume , Pola , and Zara , and part of
11448-443: Was mirrored by a decline in the use of the dialects. An increase in literacy was one of the main driving factors (one can assume that only literates were capable of learning Standard Italian, whereas those who were illiterate had access only to their native dialect). The percentage of literates rose from 25% in 1861 to 60% in 1911, and then on to 78.1% in 1951. Tullio De Mauro , an Italian linguist, has asserted that in 1861 only 2.5% of
11556-399: Was renamed Agrigento , and the institution of circondari , sub-provincial wards created before the unification , was abolished. In 1930 Spezia became La Spezia , while in 1931 Bari delle Puglie became Bari . Province of Littoria (Latina) was created in 1934, and the province of Asti in 1935. n 1939 the province of Aquila degli Abruzzi became the province of L'Aquila , and in 1940
11664-630: Was replaced by the French. This was due to the annexation of the surrounding County of Nice to France following the Treaty of Turin (1860) . It formerly had official status in Montenegro (because of the Venetian Albania ), parts of Slovenia and Croatia (because of the Venetian Istria and Venetian Dalmatia ), parts of Greece (because of the Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands and by
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