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147-519: On 23 May 1872, the Ottawa Troop of Cavalry was formed as an independent cavalry troop, and on 15 November 1878, the unit was redesignated as a troop of dragoon guards. A year later on 3 January 1879, the troop was expanded to a full independent cavalry squadron and renamed as The Princess Louise Dragoon Guards in honour of its patron, the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne , who was the wife of

294-733: A Gladstonian liberal in the House of Commons . Louise's relationship with the two sisters closest to the queen, Beatrice and Helena, was strained at best. Beatrice had married the tall and handsome Prince Henry of Battenberg in a love match in 1885, and they had four children. Louise, who had a jealous nature, had grown accustomed to treating Beatrice with pity on account of the queen's constant need for her. Beatrice's biographer, Matthew Dennison, claims that in contrast to Beatrice, Louise remained strikingly good looking throughout her forties. Louise and her husband were no longer close, and rumours spread about Lorne's alleged homosexuality. Thus, Beatrice

441-612: A bad sleighing accident. On 15 November 1878, the couple left Liverpool and arrived in Canada for the inauguration at Halifax on 25 November. Louise became the first royal to take up residence in Rideau Hall , officially the queen's royal residence in Ottawa. However, the hall was far from the splendour of British royal residences, and, as each viceregal couple decorated the hall with their own furnishings, and thus took them when they departed,

588-421: A bed that would throw him out at a specified time, but she was told this was not feasible. Finally, she suggested that he might be ill, and when checked, he was found to have tuberculosis . The footman was therefore sent to New Zealand to recover. On another occasion, when she visited Bermuda, she was invited to a reception and chose to walk rather than be driven. She became thirsty along the way and stopped at

735-607: A brass cavalry helmet with a white horsehair plume. Their undress dark blue peaked cap had a scarlet band and piping, which was a unique distinction granted to this regiment. After its amalgamation with the 4th Hussars in 1936, the newly formed 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards continued to use this uniform in full dress until they were placed on the Supplementary Order of Battle in 1965. Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll (Louisa Caroline Alberta; 18 March 1848 – 3 December 1939)

882-535: A clever dear girl with a fine strong character, unselfish and affectionate." However, when Louise fell in love with her brother Leopold's tutor, the Reverend Robinson Duckworth (14 years her senior), between 1866 and 1870, the queen reacted by dismissing Duckworth in 1870. He later became Canon of Westminster Abbey . Louise was bored at court, and by fulfilling her duties, which were little more than minor secretarial tasks, such as writing letters on

1029-402: A counterpart to the putatively patriarchal strands in the dominant masculine culture. While differing during the progression of "waves", it is a movement that has sought to challenge the political structure, power holders, and cultural beliefs or practices. Although antecedents to feminism may be found far back before the 18th century, the seeds of the modern feminist movement were planted during

1176-442: A dance, that Louise "danced the sword dance with more verve and accuracy than any of her sisters". Her wit and intelligence made her a favourite with her father, with her inquisitive nature earning her the nickname "Little Miss Why" from other members of the royal family. Louise's father, Prince Albert, died at Windsor on 14 December 1861. The queen was devastated, and ordered her household to move from Windsor to Osborne House on

1323-450: A daughter of a monarch and a British subject had been given official recognition since 1515, when Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk , married King Henry VIII 's sister Mary . Louise's eldest brother, the Prince of Wales, was strongly opposed to a marriage with a non-mediatized noble. Furthermore, Lorne's father, George Campbell , was an ardent supporter of William Ewart Gladstone , and

1470-594: A durable interest in their hearts, or to become the friends of the fellow-creatures who find amusement in their society"(Wollstonecraft 2008, p. 10). During the mid-nineteenth century, the women's movement developed as a result of women striving to improve their status and usefulness in society. Nancy Cott , historian and professor, wrote about the objectives of the feminist movement: "to initiate measures of charitable benevolence, temperance , and social welfare and to initiate struggles for civil rights , social freedoms , higher education, remunerative occupations, and

1617-414: A feminist. They embraced individualism and diversity , and pushed to eliminate conformity. The twentieth century woman had the mindset of wanting to have it all. They wanted a professional career, as well as be a wife and mother. Harriet Kimble Wrye PhD, ABPP, FIPA wrote of her research on the psychoanalytic perspectives of being a feminist in the twentieth century, "So many of us look back, and recognizing

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1764-489: A full regiment, and later that year on 1 February, were redesignated as the 5th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards , taking over the regimental number and order of precedence from the former 5th Dragoons , which had been amalgamated with the 6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars in 1901. The 5th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards were not mobilized for service during the First World War but sent volunteers to help raise

1911-463: A good wife and mother. Real Womanhood came to be with the Civil war , when women were forced to work in place of men who were at war. Real Women learned how to support themselves and took that knowledge with them in their marriage and education. Public Womanhood came with women being allowed to work domestic type jobs such as nursing, teaching, and secretary, which were jobs previously performed by men, but

2058-482: A house, where she asked a Black woman named Mrs McCarthy for a glass of water. Owing to the scarcity of water, the woman had to go some distance to obtain it, but was reluctant because she had to finish her ironing. When Louise offered to continue the ironing, the woman refused, adding that she was in a great hurry to finish so that she could go and see Princess Louise. Realising that she had not been recognised, Louise enquired whether McCarthy would recognise her again. When

2205-532: A husband at all. De Beauvoir also argues that women lack ambition because of how they are raised, noting that girls are told to follow the duties of their mothers, whereas boys are told to exceed the accomplishments of their fathers. Along with other influences, such as Betty Friedan, Simone de Beauvoir's work helped the feminist movement to solidify the second wave. Contributors to The Women's Liberation Movement include Simone de Beauvoir, Christiane Rochefort , Christine Delphy and Anne Tristan. The defining moment in

2352-468: A major role in the development of the nascent tourism industry of the colony of Bermuda , 770 nautical miles (1,430 km) south-east of Nova Scotia. In 1883, because of her fragile health, she spent the winter in Bermuda (arriving on 29 January 1883 from Charleston, South Carolina, aboard HMS  Dido , popularising a trend for wealthy North Americans to escape to Bermuda's relatively mild climate during

2499-414: A member of the court. When travelling abroad, she often used the alias "Mrs Campbell". Louise was known for her charity towards servants. On one occasion, the butler approached her and requested permission to dismiss the second footman, who was late getting out of bed. When she advised that the footman be given an alarm clock, the butler informed her that he already had one. She then went so far as to suggest

2646-403: A new answer. "The sperm tries to pull its getaway act even on the egg itself, but is held down against its struggles by molecules on the surface of the egg that hook together with counterparts on the sperm's surface, fastening the sperm until the egg can absorb it." This is a goal in feminism to see these gendered metaphors and bring it to the public's attention. The outcome of looking at things in

2793-618: A new perspective can produce new information. The increased entry of women into the workplace beginning in the 20th century has affected gender roles and the division of labor within households. Sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild in The Second Shift and The Time Bind presents evidence that in two-career couples, men and women, on average, spend about equal amounts of time working, but women still spend more time on housework. Feminist writer Cathy Young responds to Hochschild's assertions by arguing that, in some cases, women may prevent

2940-638: A result of the 1936 Canadian Militia reorganization, The Princess Louise Dragoon Guards were amalgamated with the 4th Hussars of Canada to become the 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards . Since the 1870s, the Princess Louise Dragoon Guards wore a full-dress uniform similar to that of the Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards) . This consisted of a dark blue dragoon tunic with white collar and cuffs, facings and piping, and dark blue trousers with white double stripes. The regimental headdress consisted of

3087-405: A rigid court at Rideau Hall and the "feeble undercurrent of criticism" turned out to be unfounded as the royal couple proved to be more relaxed than their predecessors. Louise's first few months in Canada were tinged with sadness as her favourite sister Alice , Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, died on 14 December 1878. Although homesick over that first Christmas, Louise soon grew accustomed to

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3234-601: A royal sculptor. Louise was also romantically linked to fellow artist Edwin Lutyens ; her equerry , Colonel William Probert; and an unnamed music master. However, Jehanne Wake , Louise's biographer, argues that there is no substantial evidence to suggest that Louise had sexual relationships with anyone other than her husband. During Victoria's last years, Louise carried out a range of public duties, such as opening public buildings, laying foundation stones, and officiating at special programmes. Louise, like her eldest sister Victoria,

3381-709: A sculptor is the statue of Queen Victoria, which now stands in front of the Royal Victoria College, Montreal, now the Strathcona Music Building of McGill University. Lorne's father, The Duke of Argyll, arrived with two of his daughters in June, and in the presence of the family, Louise caught a 28-pound (13 kg) salmon . The women's success at fishing prompted the Duke to remark that fishing in Canada required no skill. Louise, Lorne, and two attendants, were hurt in

3528-447: A sleigh accident on 14 February 1880. The winter was particularly severe, and the carriage in which they were traveling overturned, throwing the coachman and footman from the sleigh. The horses then panicked, and dragged the overturned carriage over more than 400 yards (370 m) of ground. Louise was knocked unconscious when she hit her head on the iron bar supporting the roof, and Lorne was trapped underneath her, expecting "the sides of

3675-445: A sociologist who studies masculinity , wrote of patriarchy: "Patriarchy encourages men to seek security, status, and other rewards through control; to fear other men's ability to control and harm them; and to identify being in control as both their best defense against loss and humiliation and the surest route to what they need and desire". During the pre-feminist era, women were expected to be proper, delicate, and emotional nurturers of

3822-593: A wave of their own strength in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–1864). However, there are too many women from the bottom identities in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. It is difficult to get rid of the fate of being used. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, women with more knowledges took the initiative in the fight for women's rights and that is where feminism basically started. The term 'feminism'

3969-445: A way that people describe the world. Martin explains that these metaphors structure how people think and in regards to science can shape what questions are being asked. If the right questions are not being asked then the answers are not going to be the right either. For example, the aggressive sperm and passive egg is a metaphor that felt 'natural' to people in history but as scientists have reexamined this phenomenon they have come up with

4116-470: A way to describe the depression women felt about their limited choices in life. While reading The Feminine Mystique, women found they related to what Friedan wrote. Women were forced to look at themselves in a way they had not before. They saw within themselves, all the things they had given up in the name of conformity. The women's movement became more popular in May 1968 when women began to read again, more widely,

4263-459: Is no way to determine when the exact date was when the feminist movement was first thought up, because women have been writing on the topic for thousands of years. For instance, the female poet from Ancient Greece, Sappho , born in roughly 615 BC, made waves as an acclaimed poet during a time when the written word was conducted primarily by men. She wrote poetry about, among other things, sexuality. There have been four main waves of feminism since

4410-407: Is sometimes described as non-sexist language by advocates and politically correct language by opponents. Not only has the movement come to change the language into gender neutral but the feminist movement has brought up how people use language. Emily Martin describes the concept of how metaphors are gendered and ingrained into everyday life. Metaphors are used in everyday language and have become

4557-647: The All-Russian Union for Women's Equality in 1905, allowing women to vote and allowing co-education. In 1931, the All-Asian Women's Conference was held in Lahore in what was then British India . This meeting is one example of the time period which "demonstrated the networking of women across various divides". The spirit of the conference can be understood as International or Global feminist . The feminist movement has been an ongoing force throughout history. There

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4704-541: The British prime minister , Stanley Baldwin , sympathising with him about the crisis . Following the accession of Edward's brother King George VI , she became too ill to move around, and was confined to Kensington Palace, affectionately called the "Auntie Palace" by Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret . She developed neuritis in her arm, inflammation of the nerves between the ribs, fainting fits, and sciatica . Louise occupied herself by drafting prayers, one of which

4851-520: The Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen (for whom her great-aunt Queen Adelaide stood proxy); and the Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (her first cousin once-removed, for whom the Duchess of Cambridge stood proxy). During the ceremony, the Duchess of Gloucester , one of the few children of King George III who were still alive, forgot where she was, and suddenly got up in the middle of

4998-776: The Governor General , the Marquess of Lorne . As the only cavalry unit in Ottawa, the PLDG had the honour to provide the mounted escort for the governor general within the capital. During the Second Boer War, volunteers from the PLDG served with the 2nd (Special Service) Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment ; the 1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles ; and the South African Constabulary from 1899 to 1902. On 1 January 1903, The Princess Louise Dragoon Guards were expanded to

5145-718: The International Council of Women , established in 1888 in Washington, DC, US. The term Feminist Movement was coined in the late nineteenth century to distinguish the Feminist Movement from the Women's Movement, allowing for inclusion of male feminists. The new movement thus prompted the likes of male feminists George Lansbury of the British Labour Party to run for political candidacy on the feminist ticket in 1906. As

5292-463: The Isle of Wight . The atmosphere of the royal court became gloomy and morbid in the wake of the prince's death, and entertainments became dry and dull. Louise quickly became dissatisfied with her mother's prolonged mourning. For her seventeenth birthday in 1865, Louise requested the ballroom to be opened for a debutante dance, the like of which had not been performed since Prince Albert's death. Her request

5439-635: The Ladies Work Society was founded in South Audley Street, promoting the making and sale of needlework and embroidery for poverty relief: Louise became its president, and designed some of their products. The couple's official place of residence was Rosneath House in Dumbartonshire . In 1878, British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli nominated Lorne to be Canada's Governor General , and he

5586-476: The Liberal Unionists . Relations between Louise and Lorne were strained, and, despite the queen's attempts to keep them under one roof, they often went their separate ways. Even when he accompanied Louise, he was not always received with favour at court, and the Prince of Wales did not take to him. Out of all the royal family, Lorne was the only one to be identified closely with a political party, having been

5733-614: The National American Suffrage Association . The parade drew over five thousand participants who were led by Inez Milholland . The parade was strategically scheduled for the day before the inauguration of President Woodrow Wilson , which drew in a lot of people to Washington. The women gathered in front of the US Capitol and then traveled fourteen blocks to the Treasury Department. The parade proceeded through

5880-641: The North-West Rebellion of 1885 she sent a certain Dr. Boyd medical supplies and a large fund of money for distribution. Her express instructions were that assistance was to be rendered to friend and foe indiscriminately. To fulfill her wishes, Boyd accompanied the Militia Medical Staff under Dr. Thomas Roddick to the sites of the Battle of Fish Creek and the Battle of Batoche to help give medical treatment to

6027-540: The OECD countries surveyed, on average women performed 5% more work than men, or 105% of men's total work—an additional 20 minutes per day. However, men did up to 19 minutes more work per day than women in five out of the eighteen OECD countries surveyed: Canada, Denmark, Hungary, Israel, and The Netherlands. During the course of the women's movement in Western society, affective changes have taken place, including women's suffrage ,

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6174-495: The Prince of Wales , married Princess Alexandra of Denmark . The queen made it a tradition that the eldest unmarried daughter become her unofficial secretary, a position which Louise filled in 1866 following the marriage of her elder sister Helena , despite the queen's concern that she was indiscreet. Louise, however, proved to be good at the job: Victoria wrote shortly afterwards: "She is (and who would some years ago have thought it?)

6321-488: The temperance movement , expanded from Europe and moved into the United States. Women began speaking out on the effects of the consumption of alcohol had on the morals of their husbands and blamed it on the problems within their household. They called for a moral reform by limiting or prohibiting the sale and consumption of alcohol, beginning the fight toward Prohibition which did not begin until 1920. The women fighting for

6468-527: The " Declaration of Sentiments ", which called for equal rights for women and men on the basis of education, right to property, organizational leadership, right to vote, and marital freedoms. For the Suffragette's first major display, they held a parade on 3 March 1913, in Washington DC. The first suffragette parade, which was also the first civil rights march on Washington, was coordinated by Alice Paul and

6615-399: The 1800s, and vary among nations and communities. Priorities range from opposition to female genital mutilation in one country, to opposition to the glass ceiling in another. Feminism in parts of the Western world has been an ongoing movement since the turn of the century . During its inception, feminism has gone through a series of four high moments termed Waves . First-wave feminism

6762-685: The 1950s to attribute the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 (at which the Women's Suffrage Movement began in the United States) as the earliest North American Feminist Movement. The convention met annually for fifteen years thereafter. Attendees drafted the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments , outlining the new movement's ideology and political strategies. The earliest North American and European international women's organizations were

6909-575: The 1960s was a demonstration held to protest against the Miss America pageant in Atlantic City on 7 September 1968, termed the "cattle parade". The purpose of the protest was to call attention to beauty standards and the objectification of women. Through this era, women gained equal rights such as a right to an education, a right to work, and a right to contraception and abortion. One of the most important issues that The Women's Liberation movement faced

7056-692: The 1970s, the Marxist philosophy about female and feminism was transmitted to China and became the guiding principle of feminism movement in China by introducing class struggle theories to address gender quality. In the 1990s, more female scholars were adapted to feminism in Western countries, and they promoted feminism and equal rights for women by publishing, translating and carrying out research on global feminism and made feminism in China as one part of their study to raise more concern and awareness for gender equality issues.An important means of improving women's status in China

7203-548: The 20th century with the Chinese Revolution in 1911. In China, Feminism has a strong association with socialism and class issues. Some commentators believe that this close association is damaging to Chinese feminism and argue that the interests of party are placed before those of women. In the patriarchal society, the struggle for women's emancipation means to enact laws that guarantee women's full equality of race, sex, property and freedom of marriage. To further eliminate

7350-606: The 8th Canadian Mounted Rifles for service with the Canadian Expeditionary Force. On 15 March 1915, the 8th Regiment, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF was authorized for service, and on 8 October 1915, the regiment embarked for the United Kingdom. After its arrival in the UK, on 29 January 1916, its personnel were absorbed by the 39th Reserve Battalion, and a draft was sent to the 4th Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF on

7497-545: The Canadian ladies responded negatively to the British party. One of her ladies-in-waiting reported that some had an " 'I'm as good as you' sort of manner when one begins a conversation." Court entertainments were open; anyone who could afford the clothing to attend functions was simply asked to sign the visitor's book. Louise's first state ball was given on 19 February 1879, and she made a good impression on her guests when she ordered

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7644-524: The Canadian people. As it was, one Member of Parliament wrote: "Except the cut in the lower part of the ear I think there was no injury done worth mentioning." Therefore, when Louise cancelled her immediate engagements, people thought she was malingering . News of the accident was also played down in Britain and in letters home to the anxious Queen Victoria. Princess Louise left Canada for England in 1881 while her husband remained in Canada until 1883. She played

7791-522: The Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois ) nations long before America was colonized. Some have come to recognize the beginning of the feminist movement in 1832, as American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS), and The Connecticut Female Anti-Slavery Society formed as early as 1833. By the year 1837, 139 AASS societies were formed across the nation. The first national AASS convention was held in New York City in 1837. During

7938-552: The Isle of Wight. He developed bronchial problems followed by double pneumonia . Louise was summoned on 28 April 1914, and he died on 2 May. Following his death, Louise had a nervous breakdown and suffered from intense loneliness, writing to a friend shortly afterwards: "My loneliness without the Duke is quite terrible. I wonder what he does now!" Louise spent her last years at Kensington Palace, occupying rooms next to her sister Princess Beatrice. She made occasional public appearances with

8085-632: The King to Inveraray , Argyll's ancestral home, because the couple were economising. When Queen Victoria had visited the house before Lorne became Duke of Argyll, there were seventy servants and seventy-four dogs. By the time of Edward VII's accession, there were four servants and two dogs. The Duke of Argyll's health continued to deteriorate. He became increasingly senile , and Louise nursed him devotedly from 1911. In these years Louise and her husband were closer than they had been before. In spring 1914 Louise stayed at Kensington Palace while her husband remained on

8232-538: The Lornes found the palace sparse in décor upon their arrival. Louise put her artistic talents to work and hung many of her watercolour and oil paintings around the hall, also installing her sculpted works. Though the news that a daughter of the queen would be viceregal consort of Canada first saw a "thrill of joy burst upon the Dominion", it being felt that the princess would be a strong link between Canadians and their sovereign,

8379-494: The Prince of Wales was worried that he would drag the royal family into political disputes. Nevertheless, the opposition was crushed by the queen, who wrote to the Prince of Wales in 1869: That which you object to [that Louise should marry a subject] I feel certain will be for Louise's happiness and for the peace and quiet of the family ... Times have changed; great foreign alliances are looked on as causes of trouble and anxiety, and are of no good. What could be more painful than

8526-470: The Qing Dynasty, the discussion on feminism had two dimensions including the sex differences between men and women such as maternal role and duties of women and social difference between genders; the other dimension was the aim of liberation of women. The view of the feminists were diverse: some believed feminism was benefiting the nation and some believed feminism was associated with the individual development of female in improving their rights and welfare. In

8673-463: The Queen from 1866 to 1871. The question of Louise's marriage was discussed in the late 1860s. Suitors from the royal houses of Prussia and Denmark were suggested, but Victoria did not want her to marry a foreign prince, and therefore suggested a high-ranking member of the British aristocracy . Despite opposition from members of the royal family, Louise fell in love with John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne ,

8820-733: The Royal Vault at St. George's Chapel on 12 December 1939, with many members of the British royal family and Argyll family present. Her ashes were moved to the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore near Windsor, on 13 March 1940. Louise's will stated that if she died in Scotland she should be buried at the Campbell mausoleum in Kilmun next to her husband; if in England, at Frogmore near her parents. Her coffin

8967-516: The Western Front. This draft served with the rest of the 4th CMR at the Battle of Mont Sorrel in June 1916, which later qualified the PLDG post-war for the battle honour Mount Sorrel . On 8 December 1917, the 8th CMR was disbanded. As a result of the Otter Commission , on 15 March 1920, the regiment was redesignated once again as The Princess Louise Dragoon Guards . On 15 December 1936, as

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9114-418: The age of 91. Louise was born on 18 March 1848 at Buckingham Palace , London. She was the fourth daughter and sixth child of the reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria , and her husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . Her birth coincided with revolutions which swept across Europe, prompting the queen to remark that Louise would turn out to be "something peculiar". . Albert and Victoria chose

9261-404: The arrival of the new governor general and his wife was not initially welcomed by the Canadian press, which complained about the imposition of royalty on the country's hitherto un-regal society. Relations with the press further deteriorated when Lorne's private secretary, Francis de Winton , threw four journalists off the royal train. Although the Lornes had no knowledge of de Winton's action, it

9408-573: The awareness of feminist movements evolved, transnational feminism and nationalist feminist movements established themselves worldwide. Priorities and ideas vary based on the political or cultural positions of the women in the area where each movement originates. General topics of feminist coalition politics include lack of legal rights, poverty, medical vulnerability, and labor. These political issues are often organized around division by class, caste , ethnicity, religion, sexuality, nationality, and age. Early Russian nationalist feminist activists founded

9555-446: The ballot." The setting of these goals resulted from women's rising awareness of the precariousness of their situation in the patriarchal society of the 1800s. The developing movement promoted a series of new images for women: True Womanhood, Real Womanhood, Public Womanhood, and New Womanhood." True Womanhood was the ideal that women were meant to be pure and moral. A true woman was raised learning manners and submission to males to be

9702-482: The beginning of the feminist movement in Western society, each with their own fight for women's rights.  The first in the wave was in the 1840s. It was based on Education, right to property, organizational leadership, right to vote, and marital freedoms. The second wave was in the 1960s. It was based on gender issues, women's sexual liberation, reproductive rights, job opportunities for women, violence against women, and changes in custody and divorce laws. The third wave

9849-493: The book The Second Sex , written in 1949 by a defender of women's rights, Simone de Beauvoir . De Beauvoir's writing explained why it was difficult for talented women to become successful. The obstacles de Beauvoir enumerates include women's inability to make as much money as men do in the same profession, women's domestic responsibilities, society's lack of support towards talented women, and women's fear that success will lead to an annoyed husband or prevent them from even finding

9996-449: The carriage to give way at any moment". Eventually, as they overtook the sleigh ahead, the horses calmed, and the occupant of that sleigh, Princess Louise's aide-de-camp , ordered an empty carriage to convey the injured party back to Rideau Hall. The doctors who attended Louise reported she was severely concussed and in shock, and that "it was a wonder her skull was not fractured". Louise's ear had been injured when her earring caught on

10143-759: The case was dismissed and Clarence Thomas was confirmed into the Supreme Court. Though the case was dismissed, it encouraged other women to speak out on their own experiences which led to Congress passing the Civil Rights Act of 1991 , which gave legal action against workplace sexual harassment. The United Nations Human Development Report 2004 estimated that when both paid employment and unpaid household tasks are accounted for, on average women work more than men. In rural areas of selected developing countries women performed an average of 20% more work than men, or 120% of men's total work, an additional 102 minutes per day. In

10290-413: The corporation could pay women much less than men. New Womanhood was based on eliminating the traditional conformity of women's roles, inferiority from men, and living a more fulfilled life. "The four overlapping phases of the Women's Movement advanced women from domestic prisoners to significant members of their communities within less than a century." In the 1820s the women's movement, then called

10437-500: The crowd of angry spectators who became verbally and physically abusive toward the women. By the end of the demonstration, there was reported at least one hundred people taken to the hospital due to injuries. In 1918 Crystal Eastman wrote an article published in the Birth Control Review , she contended that birth control is a fundamental right for women and must be available as an alternative if they are to participate fully in

10584-411: The equal participation of men in housework and parenting. Economists Mark Aguiar and Erik Hurst calculate that the amount of time spent on housework by women since the 1960s has dropped considerably. Leisure for both men and women has risen significantly and by about the same amount for both sexes. Jeremy Greenwood, Ananth Seshadri and Mehmet Yorukoglu argue that the introduction of modern appliances into

10731-453: The family as a relation when we are together ... The queen averred that Louise's marriage to a subject would bring " new blood " into the family, while all European princes were related to each other. She was convinced that this would strengthen the royal family morally and physically. Louise became engaged to the Marquess of Lorne on 3 October 1870 while they were visiting Balmoral . Lorne

10878-570: The fear of another famine occurring across France. On that day, women along with revolutionaries , had planned to gather in the market. Once gathered, the crowd stormed the Hotel de Ville (the City Hall of Paris) where weapons were being stored. The armed crowd then marched to the Palace of Versailles to draw King Louis XVI 's attention to the high prices and food shortages. For King Louis XVI's remaining time on

11025-407: The financial, social, and cultural inequalities of women in business and in their home lives, and included renewed campaigning for greater influence of women in politics and media. In reaction to political activism, feminists have also had to maintain focus on women's reproductive rights, such as the right to abortion. Fourth-wave feminism examines the interlocking systems of power that contribute to

11172-480: The first convention, it was debated whether black women could participate. By the second and third conventions, demands were heard which saw to it that conventions were open to African American leadership and membership participation. On the evening of the second convention held in Philadelphia Hall, after the meeting adjourned and the attendees left, a violent mob burned down the hall. The issues discussed included

11319-414: The first efforts towards women's suffrage came from more stable and privileged backgrounds, and were able to dedicate time and energy into making change. Initial developments for women, therefore, mainly benefited white women in the middle and upper classes. During the second wave, the feminist movement became more inclusive of women of color and women of different cultures. The 1960s second wave of feminism

11466-586: The flaunting leaves, after having pleased a fastidious eye, fade, disregarded on the stalk, long before the season when they ought to have arrived at maturity." Early ideas and activism of pro-feminism beliefs before the existence of the Feminist movement are described as protofeminist . Protofeminists in the United States organized before the Seneca Falls convention as part of the suffrage, abolition, and other movements. Gender equality movements were practiced within

11613-460: The gender is unknown. Gender-neutral language is language usage which is aimed at minimizing assumptions regarding the gender of human referents. The advocacy of gender-neutral language reflects, at least, two different agendas: one aims to clarify the inclusion of both sexes or genders (gender-inclusive language); the other proposes that gender, as a category, is rarely worth marking in language (gender-neutral language). Gender-neutral language

11760-530: The heir of the Duke of Argyll . Victoria consented to the marriage, which took place on 21 March 1871. After a happy beginning, the two drifted apart, possibly because of their childlessness and the Queen's constraints on their activities. In 1878, Lorne was appointed Governor General of Canada , a post he held from 1878–1884. Louise was viceregal consort, starting a lasting interest in Canada. Her names were used to name many features in Canada, including Lake Louise and

11907-450: The home has allowed women to enter the work force. Feminist criticisms of men's contributions to child care and domestic labor in the Western middle class are typically centered around the idea that it is unfair for women to be expected to perform more than half of a household's domestic work and child care when both members of the relationship perform an equal share of work outside the home. Several studies provide statistical evidence that

12054-456: The honeymoon, but the presence of attendants on the journey, and at meal times, made it impossible for them to talk privately. The short four-day visit did not pass without an interruption from the queen, who was curious about her daughter's thoughts on married life. Among their wedding gifts was a maplewood desk from Queen Victoria, now at Inveraray Castle . Following her marriage, Louise continued her charitable and artistic interests. In 1871,

12201-466: The household. They were raised in a manner in which gaining a husband to take care of them and raising a family was their ultimate priority. Author Mary Wollstonecraft wrote of the lesser sex in her 1792 novels A Vindication of the Rights of Woman & A Vindication of the Rights of Men , "..for, like the flowers which are planted in too rich a soil, strength and usefulness are sacrificed to beauty; and

12348-669: The husband of Helena, Louise's sister. Various suitors were proposed by the leading royal houses of Europe: Princess Alexandra proposed her brother, the Crown Prince of Denmark , but the queen was strongly opposed to another Danish marriage that could antagonise Prussia at a time of diplomatic tension over the Schleswig-Holstein question . Victoria , Louise's eldest sister, proposed the tall and rich Prince Albert of Prussia , but Queen Victoria disapproved of another Prussian marriage that would have been unpopular in England. Prince Albert

12495-551: The late part of that century. Christine de Pizan , a late medieval writer, was possibly the earliest feminist in the western tradition. She is believed to be the first woman to make a living out of writing. Feminist thought began to take a more substantial shape during the Enlightenment with such thinkers as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and the Marquis de Condorcet championing women's education. The first scientific society for women

12642-427: The legacy of the class society of patriarchal women (drowning of infants, corset , foot binding , etc.), discrimination, play, mutilate women's traditional prejudice and habitual forces on the basis of the development of productive forces, it is gradually needful on achieving gender in politics, economy, social and family aspects of equality. Before the westernization movement and the reform movement, women had set off

12789-448: The modern world. "In short, if feminism, conscious and bold and intelligent, leads the demand, it will be supported by the secret eagerness of all women to control the size of their families, and a suffrage state should make short work of repealing these old laws that stand in the way of birth control." She stated "I don't believe there is one woman within the confines of this state who does not believe in birth control!" The women who made

12936-515: The names Louisa Caroline Alberta . She was baptized on 13 May 1848 in Buckingham Palace's private chapel by John Bird Sumner , the Archbishop of Canterbury . Though she was christened Louisa at the service, she was invariably known as Louise throughout her life. Her godparents were Duke Gustav Wilhelm of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (her paternal great-great-uncle, for whom Prince Albert stood proxy);

13083-574: The news to be broken to the queen gradually. When this was not done, Louise voiced sharp criticism of Helena and Beatrice. One month later, on 22 January 1901, Queen Victoria died at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. In her will, the queen bequeathed Kent House, on the Osborne Estate, to Louise as a country residence, and gave Osborne Cottage to Louise's youngest sister, Beatrice. Louise and Beatrice were now neighbours both at Kensington Palace and Osborne. Upon Queen Victoria's death, Louise entered

13230-491: The number of female dependents in family and encouraged women to receive the rights of education and enter the workforce to be economic independent from men and finally help the nation to reach higher wealth and prosperity. For feminist Ma Junwu and Jin Tianhe, they both supported the equality between husbands and wives, women enjoy legitimate and equal rights and also rights to enter the political sphere. A key assertion from Jin Tianhe

13377-540: The occasion. The Queen found it difficult to let go of her daughter, confiding in her journal that she "felt painfully the thought of losing her". The new breach in royal tradition caused surprise, especially in Germany, and Queen Victoria wrote to the Queen of Prussia that princes of small impoverished German houses were "very unpopular" in Britain and that Lord Lorne, a "person of distinction at home" with "an independent fortune"

13524-619: The office of Governor-General of Australia that year, but the offer was declined. Louise continued her sculpture, and in 1902, designed a memorial to the colonial soldiers who died in the Boer War . In the same year, she began a nude study of a married woman suggested by the English painter Sir William Blake Richmond . Louise spent much of her time at Kent House, and she frequently visited Scotland with her husband. Financial pressures did not disappear when Lorne became Duke, and Louise avoided inviting

13671-458: The planet. The feminist movement continued during the periods between waves, just not to the extent of the four large motions. The first documented gathering of women to form a movement with a common goal was on 5 October 1789, during the French Revolution . The event was later referred to as the Women's March on Versailles . The gathering was based on a lack of food, high market prices, and

13818-505: The population are being subjugated by the other half'(Wollstonecraft 2009 p.59). She went on to write about the Law of Nature and the desire for women to present more as themselves, and demand respect and equality from their male counterparts, "...men endeavor to sink us still lower, merely to render us alluring objects for a moment; and women, intoxicated by the adoration which men, under the influence of their senses, pay them, do not see, to obtain

13965-482: The position in which our family were placed during the wars with Denmark, and between Prussia and Austria? ... You may not be aware, as I am, with what dislike the marriages of Princesses of the Royal Family with small German Princes (German beggars as they most insultingly were called) ... As to position, I see no difficulty whatever; Louise remains what she is, and her husband keeps his rank ... only being treated in

14112-440: The pressures under which we struggled, wonder how we did what we did and at what price." On 11 October 1991, the first televised workplace sexual harassment case was aired. Anita Hill , who was a law professor at the time accused Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas of persistent sexual harassment. Anita Hill recounted the details of her experience in court to an all male panel. Despite there being four corroborating witnesses,

14259-509: The province of Alberta. Following her mother's death in 1901, she entered the social circle established by her elder brother, the new king, Edward VII . Louise's marriage with Lorne survived thanks to long periods of separation; they reconciled in 1911, and Louise was devastated by Lorne's death in 1914. After the First World War she began to retire from public life, undertaking few public duties outside Kensington Palace , where she died at

14406-410: The queen's behalf; dealing with political correspondence; and providing the queen with company, she had more responsibilities. She also undertook her share of public and philanthropic duties, for example inaugurating the new North Eastern Hospital for Children in 1867 and launching the ship HMS Druid in 1869. As a daughter of the queen, Louise was a desirable bride; more so as she is regarded as

14553-429: The queen's most beautiful daughter by both contemporary and modern biographers. However, she was accused by the press, without substantiation, of romantic affairs. This, coupled with her liberalism and feminism , prompted the queen to find her a husband. The choice had to suit Victoria as well as Louise, and the queen insisted that her daughter's husband should live near her, a promise which had also been extracted from

14700-553: The right to abort with the passing of the Veil Law in 1975. The 1980s and 1990s drew a different perspective in the feminist movement and was termed Grrl Feminism or Riot Grrl Feminism. The ideas of this era took root with the popularization of the Riot grrrl feminist punk subculture in Olympia, Washington , in the early 1990s. The feminists of this era strived to redefine what it meant to be

14847-449: The right to initiate divorce proceedings and "no fault" divorce, the right of women to make individual decisions regarding pregnancy (including access to contraceptives and abortion), and the right to own property. It has also led to broad employment for women at more equitable wages, and access to university education. Prior to the 20th century, women in China were considered essentially different from men. Feminism in China started in

14994-691: The royal family, such as at the Cenotaph at Whitehall on 11 November 1925. However, her health deteriorated. In 1935, she greeted her nephew, King George V , and his wife, Queen Mary , at Kensington Town Hall during their Silver Jubilee celebrations, and was made an Honorary Freeman of the Borough of Kensington. Her last public appearance occurred in 1937, at the Home Arts and Industries Exhibition. Between these occasions, her great nephew, King Edward VIII , abdicated on 11 December 1936. In December 1936, Louise wrote to

15141-514: The sculptor Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm died in Louise's presence at his studio in London, leading to rumours that the two were having an affair. According to historian Lucinda Hawksley , the two had a long-lasting love affair. Boehm's assistant, Alfred Gilbert , who played a central role in comforting Louise after Boehm's death, and supervised the destruction of Boehm's private papers, was rapidly promoted as

15288-525: The service and knelt at the queen's feet, much to the queen's horror. Like her siblings, Louise was brought up with the strict programme of education devised by her father, Prince Albert, and his friend and confidant, Baron Stockmar . The young children were taught practical tasks, such as cooking, farming, household tasks and carpentry. From her early years, Louise was a talented and intelligent child, and her artistic talents were quickly recognised. On his visit to Osborne House in 1863, Hallam Tennyson ,

15435-431: The side of the sleigh, tearing her ear lobe in two. The press played down the story on instructions from Lorne's private secretary, an act that was described by contemporaries as "stupid and ill advised". For example, one New Zealand newspaper reported, "Excepting immediately after the blow, the princess was perfectly sensible during the whole time..." Knowledge of Louise's true condition might have elicited sympathy from

15582-430: The silk cordon, separating the viceregal party from the guests, be removed. However, the ball was marred by various mishaps, including a drunken bandsman nearly starting a fire by pulling a curtain over a gas lamp. The open house practice was criticized by guests who complained about the low social status of other guests. One attendee was horrified to find the attendee's grocer dancing in the same set. One of her works as

15729-450: The similarity between the duties as a citizen of both men and women and the cohesion to ensue if both genders were considered equal. British philosopher and writer Mary Wollstonecraft published in 1792 what has been seen as the first feminist treaty on the human rights of women, " Vindication of the Rights of Woman ." She pressed the issue of equality between men and women, stating: "No society can be either virtuous or moral while half of

15876-440: The sisters sporadically improved, and it was Louise, rather than the queen, who was the first to arrive at Cimiez to be with the widowed Beatrice. Nevertheless, Louise's jealousy did not evaporate completely. James Reid, the queen's physician, wrote to his wife a few years later: "Louise is as usual much down on her sisters. Hope she won't stay long or she will do mischief!" Rumours of affairs did not concern only Bigge. In 1890,

16023-454: The social stratification of traditionally marginalized groups , as well as the world around them. The base of the Women's Movement, since its inception, has been grounded in the injustice of inequality between men and women. Throughout history, the relationship between men and women has been that of a patriarchal society , citing the law of nature as the justification, which was interpreted to mean women are inferior to men. Allan Johnson,

16170-416: The social circle of her brother, the new King Edward VII , with whom she had much in common, including smoking. She had an obsession with physical fitness, and if she was sneered at for this, she would retort by saying: "Never mind, I'll outlive you all." Meanwhile, Louise's husband, 9th Duke of Argyll since 1900, took his seat in the House of Lords . The Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain , offered him

16317-511: The son of the poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson , remarked that Louise could "draw beautifully". Because of her royal rank, an artistic career was not considered. However, the queen first allowed her to attend art school under the tutelage of the sculptor Mary Thornycroft , and later (1863) allowed her to study at the National Art Training School, now The Royal College of Art . Louise also became an able dancer, and Victoria wrote, after

16464-608: The suite that was to remain Louise's home for the rest of her life. Louise resumed public duties in Britain, for example, opening St George's Gardens, Bloomsbury on 1 July 1884, and Lorne his political career, campaigning unsuccessfully for the Hampstead seat in 1885. In 1896, he won the South Manchester seat, entering parliament as a Liberal . Louise, unlike Lorne and his father, was in favour of Irish Home Rule , and disappointed when he defected from Gladstonian Liberalism to

16611-549: The temperance movement came to the realization, without the ability to vote on the issues they were fighting for, nothing would ever change. Feminism in the United States, Canada, and a number of countries in Western Europe has been divided by scholars into three waves: first , second and third-wave feminism . Recent (early 2010s) research suggests there may be a fourth wave characterized, in part, by new media platforms. The feminist movement's agenda includes acting as

16758-646: The throne, he stopped fighting the Revolutionaries. The march signaled a sort of change of power, showing that there is power in the people, and diminished the perception that the monarch was invincible. The French Revolution began with the inequality felt by French citizens and came as a reaction from the " Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen " which was signed in August 1789. The declaration gave rights to men who were termed active citizens . Active citizenship

16905-519: The various royal residences in the company of her family. When her father died in December 1861, the court went into a long period of mourning, to which with time Louise became unsympathetic. She was an able sculptor and artist, and several of her sculptures remain today. She was also a supporter of the feminist movement , corresponding with Josephine Butler , and visiting Elizabeth Garrett . Before her marriage, Louise served as an unofficial secretary to

17052-507: The vote, oppression, and slavery, and laid the basis for future movements. On November 15, 1895, Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote an address describing how, in her perspective, the Seneca Falls Convention   "... was the first woman's rights convention ever held in the world ... a declaration was read and signed by most of those present, and a series of radical resolutions adopted." Stanton's recollection prompted historians since

17199-655: The winter climate. Sleighing and skating were two of her favourite pastimes. In Canada, as the monarch's direct representative, Lorne always took precedence over his wife, so that at the Opening of the Parliament of Canada on 13 February 1879, Louise was ranked no differently from others in attendance. She had to remain standing with the MPs, until Lorne asked them to be seated. In order for Lorne to meet every Canadian member of Parliament, he held bi-weekly dinners for 50 people. However, some of

17346-640: The winter months. Her visit brought such attention to Bermuda that a palatial hotel, which opened in 1885, intended to cater to these new visitors, was named after her; the Princess Hotel was built on the shore of Hamilton Harbour , in the parish of Pembroke (the Princess herself having occupied Inglewood , the home of JH Timingham, in Paget Parish , during her visit). After returning to Britain in 1883, Louise continued to take an interest in Canada. During

17493-449: The woman said that she would have thought so, but was admittedly unsure, Louise replied: "Well take a good look at me now, so you can be sure to know me tomorrow at St. Georges." The princess clung to her privacy, and enjoyed not being recognised. Louise and her sisters had another disagreement after the death of the queen's close friend, Jane Spencer, Baroness Churchill . Determined not to put her mother through more misery, Louise wanted

17640-424: The workforce, political environment and education. The foot-binding costume had long been established in China which was an act to display the beauty and social status of women by binding their feet into an extremely small shoe with good decorations and ornaments. Liang Qichao proposed the abolishment of this act due to concern the health of female being a supportive wives and caring mothers. He also proposed to reduce

17787-450: The wounded, including the Métis opposition. In 1905, the province of Alberta was named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta. Within the province, Lake Louise and Mount Alberta were also named in her honour. Louise returned to Britain with her husband on 27 October 1883. Queen Victoria had allocated them apartments at Kensington Palace , and the couple took up official residence in

17934-408: Was "really no lower in rank than minor German Royalty". Victoria settled an annuity on Louise shortly before her marriage. The ceremony was conducted at St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle on 21 March 1871, and the crowd outside was so large that, for the first time, policemen had to form chain barriers to keep control. Louise wore a wedding veil of Honiton lace that she designed herself, and

18081-411: Was French playwright Olympes de Gouges , who wrote the " Declaration of the Rights of Woman " in 1791, in contrast to the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen." She famously stated, "Women are born free and are man's equal in law. Social distinctions can be founded solely on common utility." Olympes used her words to urge women to speak up and take control of their rights. She demonstrated

18228-516: Was also reluctant to settle in England as required. William, Prince of Orange , was also considered a suitor, but because of his extravagant lifestyle in Paris, where he lived openly with a lover, the queen quickly vetoed the idea. Louise viewed marriage to any prince as undesirable, and announced that she wished to marry John Campbell , Marquess of Lorne , heir to the Dukedom of Argyll . No marriage between

18375-402: Was assumed by the press that they did, and they earned an early reputation for haughtiness. Louise was horrified by the negative press, and when she heard about reports of "a nation of flunkies" at the viceregal court, taking lessons in "the backward walk," Louise declared that she "wouldn't care if they came in blanket coats!" (A reference to the ubiquitous capote .) Eventually the worries of

18522-427: Was born in 1866 and shortly after the Queen's lawyers were summoned to her residence. The Queen's obstetrician Frederick Locock and his wife adopted a son named Henry, immediately after the meeting. The boy supposedly grew up with other royal children and claimed to have been Louise's child. DNA testing has been sanctioned by Henry's descendants, but courts ruled the claims unfounded. Further rumours spread that Louise

18669-752: Was borne by eight NCOs of her own regiment, The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders . Her estate was probated as £239,260, 18 shillings and sixpence, with her debts including 15 shillings for cigarettes. Feminist movement This is an accepted version of this page The feminist movement , also known as the women's movement , refers to a series of social movements and political campaigns for radical and liberal reforms on women's issues created by inequality between men and women. Such issues are women's liberation , reproductive rights , domestic violence , maternity leave , equal pay , women's suffrage , sexual harassment , and sexual violence . The movement's priorities have expanded since its beginning in

18816-403: Was duly appointed by Queen Victoria. Louise thus became his viceregal consort . As viceregal consort, she used her position to support the arts and higher education and the cause of female equality, although she said "the subject of Domestic Economy lies at the root of the – highest life of every true woman." But her stay in Canada was unhappy as a result of homesickness, dislike of Ottawa and

18963-423: Was enjoying a satisfying sexual relationship with her popular husband, which Louise was not. Louise may have considered Prince Henry a more appropriate husband for herself. Certainly, following Prince Henry's death in 1896, Louise wrote that: "he [Henry] was almost the greatest friend I had—I, too, miss him more than I can say". In addition, Louise attempted to champion her late brother-in-law by announcing that she

19110-557: Was escorted into the chapel by her mother, and her two eldest brothers, the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh . On this occasion, the usually severe black of the queen's mourning dress was relieved by the crimson rubies and blues of the Garter star . Following the ceremony, the queen kissed Louise, and Lorne – now a member of the royal family, but still a subject – kissed the queen's hand. The couple then journeyed to Claremont in Surrey for

19257-428: Was first transmitted to China in 1791 which was proposed by Olympe de Gouges and promoted the 'women's liberation'. The feminist movement in China was mainly kickstarted and driven by male feminists prior to female feminists. Key male feminists in China in the 19th to 20th century included Liang Qichao , Ma Junwu and Jin Tianhe . In 1897, Liang Qichao proposed banning of foot-binding and encouraged women to engage in

19404-791: Was founded in Middelburg , a city in the south of the Dutch republic , in 1785. Though the feminist movement had already begun in America with the Temperance Movement, the First Wave of Feminism , known as the Suffragette Movement, began on 19–20 July 1848 during the first Women's Right Convention in Seneca Falls, New York. The convention drew over 300 people, who were predominately white, middle-class women. Sixty-eight women and thirty-two men signed

19551-421: Was given to French men who were twenty-five years, or older, worked, and paid taxes, and who could not be titled a servant . The declaration dismissed the population who were women, foreigners, children, and servants, as passive citizens . Passive citizens, French women in particular, focused their fight on gaining citizenship and equal rights. One of the first women to speak out on women's rights and inequality

19698-433: Was having an affair with Arthur Bigge , later Lord Stamfordham , the queen's assistant private secretary . Beatrice mentioned the rumours to the queen's physician, calling it a "scandal", and Prince Henry claimed to have seen Bigge drinking Louise's health at dinner. Louise denied the rumour, claiming that it was started by Beatrice and Helena to undermine her position at court. However, on Henry's death, relations between

19845-428: Was his confidante and that Beatrice, a mere cipher, meant nothing to him. From late 1865 to mid 1866, the royal family was guarded by 150 Scots Fusiliers . Officially, this was to protect the family from Fenian threats, but it was whispered by members of high society that Louise had fallen pregnant by Walter Stirling, the tutor of her brother Leopold. According to Louise's biographer, Lucinda Hawksley , her son Henry

19992-401: Was in the 1990s. It was based on individualism , diversity, redefined what it meant to be a feminist, intersectionality , sex positivity , transfeminism , and postmodern feminism . Lastly, the fourth wave began in the 2000s, and is currently still in progress. It has been based around female empowerment , body shaming , sexual harassment , spiritual concerns, human rights, and concerns for

20139-458: Was invited to Balmoral Castle in Scotland, and accompanied Louise, the Lord Chancellor , Lord Hatherley and Queen Victoria's lady-in-waiting Lady Ely on a drive. Later that day, Louise returned and announced to the queen that Lorne had "spoken of his devotion" to Louise, and she accepted his proposal in the knowledge of the queen's approval. The Queen later gave Lady Ely a bracelet to mark

20286-442: Was more liberally minded, and supported the suffragist movement, completely contrary to the queen's views. Louise privately visited Elizabeth Garrett , the first British woman openly to qualify as a physician. Queen Victoria deplored the idea of women joining professions, especially medicine, and described the training of female physicians as a "repulsive subject". Louise was determined to be seen as an ordinary person and not as

20433-494: Was not correlated to the interest of the nation and she analysed three reasons behind the male feminists included: following the Western trend, to alleviate their financial burdens and high quality of reproduction. Besides, Li Zongsu proposed that women should strive for their legitimate rights which includes broader aspects than the male feminists: call for their own right over men, the Qing Court and in an international extent. In

20580-552: Was oriented around the station of middle- or upper-class white women and involved suffrage and political equality, education, right to property, organizational leadership, and marital freedoms. Second-wave feminism attempted to further combat social and cultural inequalities. Although the first wave of feminism involved mainly middle class white women, the second wave brought in women of different social classes, women of color, and women from other developing nations that were seeking solidarity. Third-wave feminism continued to address

20727-433: Was refused, and her boredom with the mundane routine of travelling between the different royal residences at set times irritated her mother, who considered Louise to be indiscreet and argumentative. The queen comforted herself by rigidly continuing with Prince Albert's plans for their children. Princess Alice was married to Prince Louis , the future Grand Duke of Hesse , at Osborne House on 1 July 1862. In 1863, Edward ,

20874-436: Was sent to Neville Chamberlain , reading "Guide our Ministers of State and all who are in authority over us ... " Princess Louise died at Kensington Palace on the morning of 3 December 1939 at the age of 91, wearing the wedding veil she had worn almost 70 years earlier. Following a simple funeral, owing to the war, her remains were cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on 8 December 1939. Her ashes were quietly placed in

21021-612: Was termed the Women's liberation movement . It was the largest and broadest social movement in US history. The second wave was based around a sociopolitical - cultural movement. Activists fought for gender issues , women's sexual liberation , reproductive rights , job opportunities for women, violence against women , and changes in custody and divorce laws. It is believed the feminist movement gained attention in 1963, when Betty Friedan published her novel, The Feminine Mystique . Friedan wrote of "the problem that has no name"(Friedan 1963), as

21168-423: Was the banning of abortion and contraception, which the group saw as a violation of women's rights. Thus, they made a declaration known as Le Manifeste de 343 which held signatures from 343 women admitting to having had an illegal abortion. The declaration was published in two French newspapers, Le Nouvel observateur and Le Monde , on 5 April 1971. The group gained support upon the publication. Women received

21315-473: Was the sixth child and fourth daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert . In her public life, she was a strong proponent of the arts and higher education and of the feminist cause. She was an influential supporter of the Edinburgh College of Domestic Science, the forerunner to Queen Margaret University , becoming the institution's first Patron in 1891 until 1939. Her early life was spent moving among

21462-623: Was through legislation. After the PRC's founding in 1949, women were granted the same rights that men were entitled to by law, largely because women's liberation was presented as part of the Chinese nation's liberation. Feminists are sometimes, though not exclusively, proponents of using non-sexist language , such as using "Ms" to refer to both married and unmarried women. Feminists are also often proponents of using gender-inclusive language, such as "humanity" instead of "mankind", or "they" in place of "he" where

21609-556: Was women as the mother of the nation. These views from male feminists in early feminism in China represented the image of ideal women in the imagination of men. Key female feminists in China in the 19th to 20th century included Lin Zongsu, He Zhen, Chen Xiefen and Qiu Jin. The female feminists in early China focused more on the methods or ways that women should behave and liberate themselves to achieve equal and deserved rights and independence. He Zhen expressed her opinion that women's liberation

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