Misplaced Pages

#415584

82-566: John Henry Newman wrote to his father on 29 May 1818: "I go up for my Little tomorrow", and records in his journal for the following day that he had 'passed Responsions'. P. G. Wodehouse in The Inimitable Jeeves wrote: "Well, they're down there, too, reading for some exam or other with the vicar. I used to read with him myself at one time. He's known far and wide as a pretty hot coach for those of fairly feeble intellect. Well, when I tell you he got me through Smalls, you'll gather that he's

164-599: A cardinal . He was an important and controversial figure in the religious history of England in the 19th century and was known nationally by the mid-1830s. He was canonised as a Catholic saint in 2019. He was a member of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri . Originally an evangelical academic at the University of Oxford and priest in the Church of England , Newman was drawn to the high church tradition of Anglicanism. He became one of

246-408: A Catholic periodical, saw them as "furnishing a key to the whole mystery of anti-Catholic hostility and as shewing the special point of attack upon which our controversial energies should be concentrated." However, some Catholic theologians, principally John Gillow , president of Ushaw College , perceived Newman's language as ascribing too much to the role of the laity. Gillow accused Newman of giving

328-529: A Victorian". Popular anti-Catholic feeling ran high at this time, partly in consequence of the papal bull Universalis Ecclesiae by which Pope Pius IX re-established the Catholic diocesan hierarchy in England on 29 September 1850. New episcopal sees were created and Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman was to be the first Archbishop of Westminster. Wiseman announced the restoration of the hierarchy in England on 7 October in

410-533: A bit of a hummer. I call this most extraordinary." Responsions derives from Anglo-French responsion from Latin responsio "a reply or an answer", from the Latin verb respondeo , to answer, or give a response. The equivalent at Cambridge to Responsions at Oxford was the Previous Examination, so called because it was taken a year previous to graduation; it was often called the 'Little Go'. Says one writer of

492-522: A division in their liturgical practices, for example, high church Presbyterianism and high church Methodism , and within Lutheranism there is a historic high church and low church distinction comparable with Anglicanism (see Neo-Lutheranism and Pietism ). High church is a back-formation from "high churchman", a label used in the 17th and early 18th centuries to describe opponents of religious toleration , with "high" meaning "extreme". As

574-642: A group of aggressive anti-Catholics. Isaac Williams became Littlemore's curate instead, succeeded by John Rouse Bloxam from 1837 to 1840, during which the school opened. William John Copeland acted as curate from 1840. Newman continued as a High Anglican controversialist until 1841, when he published Tract 90 , which proved the last of the series. This detailed examination of the Thirty-Nine Articles suggested that their framers directed their negations not against Catholicism's authorised creed, but only against popular errors and exaggerations. Though this

656-559: A major impact on Newman. In the middle part of the year he worked to read the Church Fathers thoroughly. While local secretary of the Church Missionary Society , Newman circulated an anonymous letter suggesting a method by which Anglican clergy might practically oust Nonconformists from all control of the society. This resulted in his being dismissed from the post on 8 March 1830; and three months later Newman withdrew from

738-422: A national outcry. This "No Popery" uproar led to violence with Catholic priests being pelted in the streets and Catholic churches being attacked. Newman was keen for lay people to be at the forefront of any public apologetics, writing that Catholics should "make the excuse of this persecution for getting up a great organization, going round the towns giving lectures, or making speeches". He supported John Capes in

820-506: A number of ritual practices associated in the popular mind with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy . The opposite tradition is low church . Contemporary media discussing Anglican churches often prefer the terms evangelical to low church and Anglo-Catholic to high church , even though their meanings do not exactly correspond. Other contemporary denominations that contain high church wings include some Lutheran , Presbyterian , and Methodist churches. Because of its history,

902-609: A pastoral letter dated "from out of the Flaminian Gate". Led by The Times and Punch , the British press saw this as being an attempt by the papacy to reclaim jurisdiction over England. This was dubbed the "Papal Aggression". The prime minister, John Russell , wrote a public letter to the Bishop of Durham and denounced this "attempt to impose a foreign yoke upon our minds and consciences". Russell's stirring up of anti-Catholicism led to

SECTION 10

#1732856159416

984-438: A publication now in the public domain :  Wood, James , ed. (1907). " Responsions ". The Nuttall Encyclopædia . London and New York: Frederick Warne. John Henry Newman Defunct John Henry Newman CO (21 February 1801 – 11 August 1890) was an English Catholic theologian, academic, philosopher, historian, writer, and poet. He was previously an Anglican priest and after his conversion became

1066-483: A side chapel of St Mary's in defence of the via media ("middle way") of Anglicanism between Roman Catholicism and popular Protestantism. Newman's influence in Oxford was supreme about the year 1839. Just then, however, his study of monophysitism caused him to doubt whether Anglican theology was consistent with the principles of ecclesiastical authority which he had come to accept. He read Nicholas Wiseman 's article in

1148-446: A small band of followers, and lived in semi-monastic conditions. The first to join him there was John Dobree Dalgairns . Others were William Lockhart on the advice of Henry Manning , Ambrose St John in 1843, Frederick Oakeley and Albany James Christie in 1845. The group adapted buildings in what is now College Lane, Littlemore, opposite the inn, including stables and a granary for stage coaches. Newman called it "the house of

1230-491: A substantive body, independent of the State, and endowed with rights, prerogatives and powers of its own". Newman broke with Whately in 1827 on the occasion of the re-election of Robert Peel as Member of Parliament for the university: Newman opposed Peel on personal grounds. In 1827 Newman was a preacher at Whitehall . In 1828, Newman supported and secured the election of Edward Hawkins as Provost of Oriel over John Keble . In

1312-565: Is Sir Robert Inglis MP. Only with the success of the Oxford Movement and its increasing emphases on ritualistic revival from the mid-19th century onward, did the term High Church begin to mean something approaching the later term Anglo-Catholic . Even then, it was only employed coterminously in contrast to the Low churchmanship of the Evangelical position. This sought, once again, to lessen

1394-489: Is intrinsically traditional . High church nonetheless includes many bishops, other clergy and adherents sympathetic to mainstream modern consensus across reformed Christianity that, according to official Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian teachings, are anathema (see the ordination of women and to varying degrees abortion ). The term high church has also been applied to elements of Protestant churches within which individual congregations or ministers display

1476-624: Is the fifth saint of the City of London , after Thomas Becket (born in Cheapside), Thomas More (born on Milk Street), Edmund Campion (son of a London bookseller) and Polydore Plasden (of Fleet Street). Newman was born on 21 February 1801 in the City of London , the eldest of a family of three sons and three daughters. His father, John Newman, was a banker with Ramsbottom, Newman and Company in Lombard Street . His mother, Jemima (née Fourdrinier),

1558-605: The Dublin Review on "The Anglican Claim", which quoted Augustine of Hippo against the Donatists , " securus judicat orbis terrarum " ("the verdict of the world is conclusive"). Newman later wrote of his reaction: For a mere sentence, the words of St Augustine struck me with a power which I never had felt from any words before. ... They were like the 'Tolle, lege,—Tolle, lege,' of the child, which converted St Augustine himself. 'Securus judicat orbis terrarum!' By those great words of

1640-482: The Bible Society , completing his move away from the low church group. In 1831–1832, Newman became the "Select Preacher" before the university. In 1832 his difference with Hawkins as to the "substantially religious nature" of a college tutorship became acute and prompted his resignation. In December 1832, Newman accompanied Archdeacon Robert Froude and his son Hurrell on a tour in southern Europe on account of

1722-505: The County of Swansea 's assize sermon on 18 April 1710 ( The right way to honour and happiness ), during which he complained of the "rapid growth of deist, freethinking and anti-trinitarian views." The targets of Hancorne's wrath were "irreligion, profaneness and immorality", as well as the "curious, inquisitive sceptics" and the "sin-sick tottering nation". Later, he engaged in a campaign to reassert tithe rights. Eventually, under Queen Anne ,

SECTION 20

#1732856159416

1804-604: The Jacobites , the adherents of the excluded dynasts, to regain the English and Scottish thrones, led to a sharpening of anti-Catholic rhetoric in Britain and a distancing of the High Church party from the more ritualistic aspects of Caroline High churchmanship, which were often associated with the schismatic Non-Jurors . Thomas Hancorne , a Welsh clergyman prominent in jacobite circles, gave

1886-550: The Labour Party and greater decision-making liberty for the church's convocations. From the mid-19th century onward, the term High Church generally became associated with a more Anglo-Catholic , while the Latitudinarians were referred to as being Broad Church and the re-emergent evangelical party was dubbed Low Church . However, high church can still refer to Anglicans of the pre-Oxford movement High Church , who hold

1968-500: The Lectures as follows: We have the very curious spectacle of a grave religious apologist giving rein for the first time at the age of fifty to a sense of rollicking fun and gifts of humorous writing, which if expended on other subjects would naturally have adorned the pages of Thackeray's Punch . Ian Ker has raised the profile of Newman's satire. Ker notes that Newman's imagery has a "savage, Swiftian flavour" and can be "grotesque in

2050-533: The Oxford Conservative Journal , an anonymous but otherwise formal retractation of all the hard things he had said against Roman Catholicism. Lockhart became the first in the group to convert formally to Catholicism. Newman preached his last Anglican sermon at Littlemore, the valedictory "The parting of friends" on 25 September, and resigned the living of St Mary's, although he did not leave Littlemore for two more years, until his own formal reception into

2132-521: The Puritans began demanding that the English Church abandon some of its traditional liturgical emphases, episcopal structures, parish ornaments and the like, the high church position also came to be distinguished increasingly from that of the Latitudinarians , also known as those promoting a broad church, who sought to minimise the differences between Anglicanism and Reformed Christianity, and to make

2214-635: The Anglican Church." In 1845, Newman resigned his teaching post at Oxford University, and, joined by some but not all of his followers, officially left the Church of England and was received into the Catholic Church . He was quickly ordained as a priest and continued as an influential religious leader, based in Birmingham. In 1879, he was created a cardinal by Pope Leo XIII in recognition of his services to

2296-586: The Anglican gentry felt the need to re-entrench the re-Anglicanised Church of England as one of the most important elements of the Restoration Settlement through a renewed and strengthened alliance between Throne and Altar, or Church and State. Reverence for martyrdom of the Stuart king Charles I as an upholder of his Coronation Oath to protect the Church of England became a hallmark of High Church orthodoxy. At

2378-603: The Bible , by Anglicans and other Protestants alike in the English-speaking world, is a reflection of the success of this endeavour at cooperation. During the reign of King Charles I , however, as divisions between Puritan and Anglican elements within the Church of England became more bitter, and Protestant Nonconformity outside the Church grew stronger in numbers and more vociferous, the High Church position became associated with

2460-492: The Blessed Virgin Mary at Littlemore" (now Newman College). This "Anglican monastery" attracted publicity, and much curiosity in Oxford, which Newman tried to downplay, but some nicknamed it Newmanooth (from Maynooth College ). Some Newman disciples wrote about English saints, while Newman himself worked to complete an Essay on the development of doctrine . In February 1843, Newman published, as an advertisement in

2542-607: The British throne. The subsequent split over office-holders' oaths of allegiance to the Crown and the Royal Succession, which led to the exclusion of the Non-Juror bishops who refused to recognise the 1688 de facto abdication of the King, and the accession of King William III and Queen Mary II , and did much to damage the unity of High Church party. Later events surrounding the attempts of

Responsions - Misplaced Pages Continue

2624-733: The Cambridge 'Little Go': Brewer (1894) defines Little Go as: "The examination held in the Cambridge University in the second year of residence. Called also "the previous examination", because it precedes by a year the examination for a degree. In Oxford the corresponding examination is called The Smalls." However the 1996 edition of Brewer gives: "A nickname for the former Previous (Entrance) Examination for undergraduates at Cambridge, unless excused on account of successes at other examinations. It ceased to operate after 1961, owing to new regulations." Other sources also suggest that at some point

2706-530: The Catholic Church. An interval of two years then elapsed before Newman was received into the Catholic Church on 9 October 1845 by Dominic Barberi , an Italian Passionist , at the college in Littlemore . The personal consequences for Newman of his conversion were great: he suffered broken relationships with family and friends, and attitudes toward him within his Oxford circle became polarised. The effect on

2788-443: The Church in England, and dry faith, which was accompanied by an austere but decorous mode of worship, as reflective of their idea of an orderly and dignified churchmanship against the rantings of the low churchmen that their Cavalier ancestors had defeated. Over time, their High Church position had become ossified among a remnant of bookish churchmen and country squires. An example of an early 19th-century churchman of this tradition

2870-515: The Church of Christ . Mayers is described as a moderate, Clapham Sect Calvinist, and Newman read William Law as well as William Beveridge in devotional literature. He also read The Force of Truth by Thomas Scott . Although to the end of his life, Newman looked back on his conversion to Evangelical Christianity in 1816 as the saving of his soul, he began to shift away from his early Calvinism. As Eamon Duffy puts it, "He came to see Evangelicalism, with its emphasis on religious feeling and on

2952-503: The Dickens manner". High church The high church are the beliefs and practices of Christian ecclesiology , liturgy , and theology that emphasize "ritual, priestly authority, [and] sacraments". Although used in connection with various Christian traditions , the term originated in and has been principally associated with the Anglican tradition, where it describes churches using

3034-523: The English Calvinist tradition. "It was in the autumn of 1816 that Newman fell under the influence of a definite creed and received into his intellect impressions of dogma never afterwards effaced." He became an evangelical Calvinist and held the typical belief that the Pope was the antichrist under the influence of the writings of Thomas Newton , as well as his reading of Joseph Milner 's History of

3116-581: The High Church party saw its fortunes revive with those of the Tory party, with which it was then strongly associated. However, under the early Hanoverians , both the High Church and Tory parties were once again out of favour. This led to an increasing marginalisation of High Church and Tory viewpoints, as much of the 18th century was given over to the rule of the Whig party and the aristocratic families who were in large measure pragmatic latitudinarians in churchmanship. This

3198-536: The Little Go examination) was abolished in 1979. In an RTE interview filmed in 1966, the Anglo-Irish author, film director, composer, celebrity and former Spitfire pilot Desmond Leslie , explains that he left Trinity College, Dublin in 1941 without graduating because "I though it much easier to join fighter command than to take Little-Go; required less brain". . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

3280-523: The Little-Go came to refer to the entrance examination. Karl Pearson 's obituary of Raphael Weldon (p. 8) refers to Weldon "preparing (c. 1877) for Little-Go and the London Preliminary Scientific . For the classical part of the former he seems to have worked by himself." Pearson also refers to 'Little-Go' in Cambridge in 1842 in his biography of Francis Galton . Taking the examination

3362-683: The Midland district, resided; and in October he went to Rome, where he was ordained priest by Cardinal Giacomo Filippo Fransoni and awarded the degree of Doctor of Divinity by Pope Pius IX . At the close of 1847, Newman returned to England as an Oratorian and resided first at Maryvale (near Old Oscott , now the site of Maryvale Institute , a college of Theology, Philosophy and Religious Education); then at St Wilfrid's College , Cheadle ; and then at St Anne's, Alcester Street , Birmingham. Finally, he settled at Edgbaston , where spacious premises were built for

Responsions - Misplaced Pages Continue

3444-476: The Reformation doctrine of justification by faith alone , as a Trojan horse for an undogmatic religious individualism that ignored the Church's role in the transmission of revealed truth , and that must lead inexorably to subjectivism and skepticism ." Newman's name was entered at Lincoln's Inn . He was, however, sent shortly to Trinity College , Oxford , where he studied widely. His anxiety to do well in

3526-569: The acutest, cleverest and deepest men" he ever met, was elected fellow there. The two formed a high ideal of the tutorial office as clerical and pastoral rather than secular, which led to tensions in the college. Newman assisted Whately in his popular work Elements of Logic (1826, initially for the Encyclopædia Metropolitana ), and from him gained a definite idea of the Christian Church as institution: "a Divine appointment, and as

3608-435: The age of 15, during his last year at school, Newman converted to Evangelical Christianity , an incident of which he wrote in his Apologia that it was "more certain than that I have hands or feet". Almost at the same time (March 1816) the bank Ramsbottom, Newman and Co. crashed, though it paid its creditors, and his father left to manage a brewery. Mayers, who had himself undergone a conversion in 1814, lent Newman books from

3690-628: The ancient Father, interpreting and summing up the long and varied course of ecclesiastical history, the theology of the Via Media was absolutely pulverised. ( Apologia , part 5) After a furore in which the eccentric John Brande Morris preached for him in St Mary's in September 1839, Newman began to think of moving away from Oxford. One plan that surfaced was to set up a religious community in Littlemore, outside

3772-480: The appointment of Renn Dickson Hampden as Regius Professor of Divinity . Hampden's 1832 Bampton Lectures , in the preparation of which Joseph Blanco White assisted, were suspected of heresy ; and this suspicion was accentuated by a pamphlet put forth by Newman, Elucidations of Dr Hampden's Theological Statements . At this date, Newman became editor of the British Critic . He also gave courses of lectures in

3854-629: The cause of the Catholic Church in England. He was instrumental in the founding of the Catholic University of Ireland in 1854, which later became University College Dublin . Newman was also a literary figure: his major writings include the Tracts for the Times (1833–1841), his autobiography Apologia Pro Vita Sua (1864), the Grammar of Assent (1870), and the poem The Dream of Gerontius (1865), which

3936-538: The church as inclusive as possible by opening its doors as widely as possible to admit other Christian viewpoints. Over time several of the leading lights of the Oxford Movement became Roman Catholics, following the path of John Henry Newman , one of the fathers of the Oxford Movement and, for a time, a high churchman himself. A lifelong High Churchman, the Reverend Edward Bouverie Pusey remained

4018-463: The city of Oxford. Since accepting his post at St Mary's, Newman had a chapel ( dedicated to Sts Nicholas and Mary ) and a school built in the parish's neglected area. Newman's mother had laid the foundation stone in 1835, based on a half-acre plot and £100 given by Oriel College. Newman planned to appoint Charles Pourtales Golightly , an Oriel man, as curate at Littlemore in 1836. However, Golightly had taken offence at one of Newman's sermons and joined

4100-721: The committee he was organising for public lectures in February 1851. Due to ill health, Capes had to stop them halfway through. Newman took the initiative and booked the Birmingham Corn Exchange for a series of public lectures. He decided to make their tone popular and provide cheap off-prints to those who attended. These lectures were his Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England and they were delivered weekly, beginning on 30 June and published on 1 September 1851. In total, there were nine lectures: which form

4182-545: The community, and where (except for four years in Ireland) he lived a secluded life for nearly forty years. Before the house at Edgbaston was occupied, Newman established the London Oratory , with Father Frederick William Faber as its superior. Anti-Catholicism had been central to British culture since the 16th-century English Reformation. According to D. G. Paz, anti-Catholicism was "an integral part of what it meant to be

SECTION 50

#1732856159416

4264-477: The early 1800s. At the age of seven Newman was sent to Great Ealing School conducted by George Nicholas. There George Huxley, father of Thomas Henry Huxley , taught mathematics, and Walter Mayers taught classics. Newman took no part in the casual school games. He was a great reader of the novels of Walter Scott , then in course of publication, and of Robert Southey . Aged 14, he read sceptical works by Thomas Paine , David Hume and perhaps Voltaire . At

4346-601: The editorship of the British Critic and was thenceforth, as he later described it, "on his deathbed as regards membership with the Anglican Church". He now considered the position of Anglicans to be similar to that of the semi-Arians in the Arian controversy. The joint Anglican-Lutheran bishopric set up in Jerusalem was to him further evidence that the Church of England was not apostolic. In 1842 Newman withdrew to Littlemore with

4428-549: The final schools produced the opposite result; he broke down in the examination, under Thomas Vowler Short , and so graduated as a BA "under the line" (with lower second class honours in Classics, and having failed classification in the Mathematical Papers). Desiring to remain in Oxford, Newman then took private pupils and read for a fellowship at Oriel College , then "the acknowledged centre of Oxford intellectualism". He

4510-575: The first of their kind in English literature." John Wolffe assesses the Lectures as: an interesting treatment of the problem of anti-Catholicism from an observer whose partisan commitment did not cause him to slide into mere polemic and who had the advantage of viewing the religious battlefield from both sides of the tortured no man's land of Littlemore. The response to the Lectures was split between Catholics and Protestants. Generally, Catholics greeted them with enthusiasm. A review in The Rambler ,

4592-458: The group of Oriel Noetics , a group of independently thinking dons with a strong belief in free debate. In 1825, at Whately's request, Newman became vice-principal of St Alban Hall , but he held this post for only one year. He attributed much of his "mental improvement" and partial conquest of his shyness at this time to Whately. In 1826 Newman returned as a tutor to Oriel, and the same year Richard Hurrell Froude , described by Newman as "one of

4674-512: The impetus, and Newman who took up the work"; but the first organisation of it was due to Hugh James Rose , editor of the British Magazine , who has been styled "the Cambridge originator of the Oxford Movement ". Rose met Oxford Movement figures on a visit to Oxford looking for magazine contributors, and it was in his rectory house at Hadleigh, Suffolk , that a meeting of High Church clergy

4756-480: The impression that the church's infallibility resides in a partnership between the hierarchy and the faithful, rather than falling exclusively in the teaching office of the church, a concept described by Pope Pius IX as the "ordinary magisterium" of the church. The Protestant response was less positive. Archdeacon Julius Hare said that Newman "is determined to say whatever he chooses, in spite of facts and reason". Wilfrid Ward , Newman's first biographer, describes

4838-548: The latter's health. On board the mail steamship Hermes they visited Gibraltar , Malta, the Ionian Islands and, subsequently, Sicily , Naples and Rome, where Newman made the acquaintance of Nicholas Wiseman . In a letter home he described Rome as "the most wonderful place on Earth", but the Roman Catholic Church as " polytheistic , degrading and idolatrous ". During the course of this tour, Newman wrote most of

4920-486: The leadership of the High Church Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud , (see Laudianism ), and government policy to curtail the growth of Protestant Dissent in England and the other possessions of the Crown. See, for example, the attempt to reimpose episcopacy on the Church of Scotland , a policy that was 'successful' until the reign of William and Mary, when the office of bishop was discontinued except among

5002-466: The more notable leaders of the Oxford Movement , an influential and controversial grouping of Anglicans who wished to restore to the Church of England many Catholic beliefs and liturgical rituals from before the English Reformation . In this, the movement had some success. After publishing his controversial Tract 90 in 1841, Newman later wrote: "I was on my death-bed, as regards my membership with

SECTION 60

#1732856159416

5084-481: The nine chapters of the published book. Following the first edition, a number of paragraphs were removed following the Achilli trial as "they were decided by a jury to constitute a libel, June 24, 1852." Andrew Nash describes the Lectures as "an analysis of this [anti-Catholic] ideology, satirising it, demonstrating the false traditions on which it was based and advising Catholics how they should respond to it. They were

5166-418: The reign of King James I , there were attempts to diminish the growth of party feeling within the Church of England, and indeed to reconcile to the Church moderate Puritans who did not already conform to the Established Church or who had left the Church in recent years. The project to create the Authorized Version of the Bible was one such attempt at reconciliation. The continued use of the King James version of

5248-419: The same time, the Stuart dynasty was expected to maintain its adherence to Anglicanism. This became an important issue for the High Church party and it was to disturb the Restoration Settlement under Charles II's brother, King James II, a convert to Roman Catholicism, and lead to setbacks for the High Church party. These events culminated in the Glorious Revolution and the exclusion of the Catholic Stuarts from

5330-438: The same year Newman was appointed vicar of St Mary's University Church , to which the benefice of Littlemore (to the south of the city of Oxford) was attached, and Pusey was made Regius Professor of Hebrew . At this date, though Newman was still nominally associated with the Evangelicals, his views were gradually assuming a higher ecclesiastical tone. George Herring considers that the death of his sister Mary in January had

5412-433: The separation of Anglicans (the Established Church) from the majority of Protestant Nonconformists , who by this time included the Methodists as well as adherents of older Protestant denominations like Baptists , Congregationalists , and Presbyterians known by the group term Old Dissent . In contrast to the Old High Church's alliance with the Tories , Anglo-Catholicism became increasingly associated with socialism ,

5494-443: The short poems which a year later were printed in the Lyra Apostolica . From Rome, instead of accompanying the Froudes home in April, Newman returned to Sicily alone. He fell dangerously ill with gastric or typhoid fever at Leonforte , but recovered, with the conviction that God still had work for him to do in England. Newman saw this as his third providential illness. In June 1833 he left Palermo for Marseille in an orange boat, which

5576-401: The small minority of Scots who belonged to the Scottish Episcopal Church. In the wake of the disestablishment of Anglicanism and the persecution of Anglican beliefs and practices under the Commonwealth , the return of the Anglican party to power in the Cavalier Parliament saw a strong revival of the High Church position in the English body politic. Victorious after a generation of struggle,

5658-418: The spiritual father of the Oxford Movement who remained a priest in the Church of England. To a lesser extent, looking back from the 19th century, the term high church also came to be associated with the beliefs of the Caroline divines and with the pietistic emphases of the period, practised by the Little Gidding community , such as fasting and lengthy preparations before receiving the Eucharist . During

5740-589: The term high church also refers to aspects of Anglicanism quite distinct from the Oxford Movement or Anglo-Catholicism. There remain parishes that are high church and yet adhere closely to the quintessentially Anglican usages and liturgical practices of the Book of Common Prayer . These are now referred to as Centre Church . High church Anglicanism tends to be closer than low church to Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox teachings and spirituality; its hallmarks are relatively elaborate music, altarpieces , and clergy vestments and an emphasis on sacraments . It

5822-526: The wider Tractarian movement is still debated since Newman's leading role is regarded by some scholars as overstated, as is Oxford's domination of the movement as a whole. Tractarian writings had a wide and continuing circulation after 1845, well beyond the range of personal contacts with the main Oxford figures, and Tractarian clergy continued to be recruited into the Church of England in numbers. In February 1846, Newman left Oxford for St. Mary's College, Oscott , where Nicholas Wiseman , then vicar-apostolic of

5904-617: Was set to music in 1900 by Edward Elgar . He wrote the popular hymns " Lead, Kindly Light ", "Firmly I believe, and truly", and "Praise to the Holiest in the Height" (the latter two taken from Gerontius ). Newman's beatification was proclaimed by Pope Benedict XVI on 19 September 2010 during his visit to the United Kingdom . His canonisation was officially approved by Pope Francis on 12 February 2019, and took place on 13 October 2019. He

5986-555: Was also the Age of Reason , which marked a period of great spiritual somnolence and stultification in the Church of England. Thus, by the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, those liturgical practices prevalent even in High Church circles were not of the same tenor as those later found under the Catholic revival of the 19th century. High Church clergy and laity were often termed high and dry , in reference to their traditional high attitude with regard to political position of

6068-486: Was becalmed in the Strait of Bonifacio . Here, Newman wrote the verses " Lead, Kindly Light " which later became popular as a hymn. Newman was at home again in Oxford on 9 July 1833 and, on 14 July, Keble preached at St Mary's an assize sermon on " National Apostasy ", which Newman afterwards regarded as the inauguration of the Oxford Movement. In the words of Richard William Church , it was "Keble who inspired, Froude who gave

6150-450: Was called 'having a little go' and the counterpart of taking Part II examinations (final year) was 'having a great go'. Both are not now used. The Final Freshman examination at Trinity College Dublin was also termed 'Little-go', which all students whether Honours or Pass had to pass till 1959 if they were to rise to Sophister standing. The ordinary undergraduate course in Arts itself (along with

6232-585: Was descended from a notable family of Huguenot refugees in England, founded by the engraver, printer and stationer Paul Fourdrinier . Francis William Newman was a younger brother. His younger sister, Harriet Elizabeth, married Thomas Mozley , also prominent in the Oxford Movement. The family lived in Southampton Street (now Southampton Place) in Bloomsbury and bought a country retreat in Ham , near Richmond , in

6314-551: Was elected a fellow at Oriel on 12 April 1822. Edward Bouverie Pusey was elected a fellow of the same college in 1823. On 13 June 1824, Newman was made an Anglican deacon at Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford . Ten days later he preached his first sermon at Holy Trinity Church in Over Worton (near Banbury , Oxfordshire), where his former teacher, the Reverend Walter Mayers, was curate. On Trinity Sunday, 29 May 1825, he

6396-474: Was held over 25–26 July (Newman was not present, but Hurrell Froude, Arthur Philip Perceval , and William Palmer had gone to visit Rose), at which it was resolved to fight for "the apostolical succession and the integrity of the Prayer Book ". A few weeks later Newman started, apparently on his own initiative, the Tracts for the Times , from which the movement was subsequently named "Tractarian". Its aim

6478-674: Was increasingly marked during a period of eight years. Through Francis Rivington, the tracts were published by the Rivington house in London. In 1835 Professor Edward Pusey joined the Oxford Movement and contributed tracts on Baptism and the Eucharist, and the wider movement became known as the so-called "Puseyites", a term soon generally applied to Anglican ritualists . In 1836 the Tractarians appeared as an activist group, in united opposition to

6560-495: Was not altogether new, Archibald Campbell Tait , with three other senior tutors, denounced it as "suggesting and opening a way by which men might violate their solemn engagements to the university". Other heads of houses and others in authority joined in the alarm. At the request of Richard Bagot , the Bishop of Oxford , the publication of the Tracts came to an end. Newman also resigned

6642-482: Was ordained a priest at Christ Church Cathedral by the Bishop of Oxford, Edward Legge . He became, at Pusey's suggestion, curate of St Clement's Church, Oxford . Here, for two years, he was engaged in parochial work and wrote articles on " Apollonius of Tyana ", " Cicero " and " Miracles " for the Encyclopædia Metropolitana . Richard Whately and Edward Copleston , Provost of Oriel, were leaders in

6724-407: Was to secure for the Church of England a definite basis of doctrine and discipline. At the time the state's financial stance towards the Church of Ireland had raised the spectres of disestablishment, or an exit of high churchmen. The teaching of the tracts was supplemented by Newman's Sunday afternoon sermons at St Mary's, the influence of which, especially over the junior members of the university,

#415584