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109-553: Prekmurje Slovene is part of the Pannonian dialect group (Slovene: panonska narečna skupina ), also known as the eastern Slovene dialect group ( vzhodnoslovenska narečna skupina ). Prekmurje Slovene shares many common features with the dialects of Haloze , Slovenske Gorice , and Prlekija , with which it is completely mutually intelligible. It is also closely related to the Kajkavian dialect of Croatian , although mutual comprehension

218-487: A South Slavic ethnic group native to Slovenia , and adjacent regions in Italy , Austria and Hungary . Slovenes share a common ancestry, culture , history and speak Slovene as their native language. According to ethnic classification based on language , they are closely related to other South Slavic ethnic groups, as well as more distantly to West Slavs . Outside of Slovenia and Europe, Slovenes form diaspora groups in

327-501: A blend of locally produced Laski Rizling, Sauvignon, Beli Pinot, and Sipon that ages quite well. It is often mixed with sparkling water to make spritzer . Most of the wines grown in Haloze are produced, stored, and bottled in Ptuj in the neighbouring Central Slovene Hills area. Borl Castle , first mentioned in writing in 1199, is on a high rocky ledge overlooking an ancient crossing point on

436-566: A brief ten-day war . In December 1991, a new constitution was adopted, followed in 1992 by the laws on denationalisation and privatization . The members of the European Union recognised Slovenia as an independent state on 15 January 1992, and the United Nations accepted it as a member on 22 May 1992. The disillusionment with domestic socio-economic elites at municipal and the State's level

545-593: A minority and have enjoyed special rights following the Austrian State Treaty (Staatsvertrag) of 1955. Slovenes in the Austrian state of Styria (4,250) are not recognized as a minority and do not enjoy special rights, although the State Treaty of 27 July 1955 states otherwise. Many Carinthians remain uneasy about Slovene territorial claims, pointing to the fact that Yugoslav troops entered the state after each of

654-507: A policy of violent Germanisation . During the war, tens of thousands of Slovenes were resettled or chased away, imprisoned, or transported to labor , internment and extermination camps . Many were sent into exile to Nedić's Serbia and Croatia . The numbers of Slovenes drafted to the German military and paramilitary formations has been estimated at 150,000 men and women, almost a quarter of them died on various European battlefields, mostly on

763-516: A relatively narrow southwest–northeast belt as far as Zavrč , about 40 km (25 mi) in length as the crow flies. Its western part is wooded with thick beech and pine forests, while its eastern part has been a noted viticultural area since Roman times. While Haloze has a similar climate to the rest of the Drava Valley , it is rather different geologically. Its soils are generally mid- Tertiary sandstone based on dolomite rock. Lying in

872-711: A rise in cultural pluralism. Numerous grass-roots political, artistic and intellectual movements emerged, including the Neue Slowenische Kunst , the Ljubljana school of psychoanalysis , and the Nova revija intellectual circle. By the mid-1980s, a reformist fraction, led by Milan Kučan , took control of the Slovenian Communist Party, starting a gradual reform towards market socialism and controlled political pluralism . The first clear demand for Slovene independence

981-559: A unique situation. While Greece shared its experience of being trisected, Slovenia was the only country that experienced a further step—absorption and annexation into neighboring Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy , and Hungary. After Yugoslavia was invaded by Axis Powers on 6 April 1941, Germany and Hungary occupied northern Slovenia. Some villages in Lower Carniola were annexed by the Independent State of Croatia . The Nazis started

1090-866: A wave of political repressions took place in Slovenia and in Yugoslavia. Thousands of people were imprisoned for their political beliefs. Several tens of thousands of Slovenes left Slovenia immediately after the war in fear of Communist persecution. Many of them settled in Brazil and Argentina, which became the core of Slovenian anti-Communist emigration. More than 50,000 more followed in the next decade, frequently for economic reasons, as well as political ones. These later waves of Slovene immigrants mostly settled in Canada and in Australia, but also in other western countries. Additionally, due to

1199-621: Is a geographical sub-region of Slovenia . It is in the northeast of the country, in the Styria region. Haloze is a hilly area, running roughly east–west bounded by the border with Croatia to the south and the Dravinja and Drava rivers to the north. In total, it comprises approximately 300 km (120 sq mi), where around 21,000 people live in seven municipalities ( Cirkulane , Gorišnica , Majšperk , Podlehnik , Videm , Zavrč , and Žetale ). From its western end near Makole , it runs in

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1308-550: Is a language, not simply a dialect. Evald Flisar , a writer, poet, and playwright from Prekmurje (Goričko), states that people from Prekmurje "talk in our own language." It also had a written standard and literary tradition, both of which were largely neglected after World War II . There were attempts to publish in it more widely in the 1990s, primarily in Hungary, and there has been a revival of literature in Prekmurje Slovene since

1417-595: Is also referred to as the "Slovene language between the Mura and Raba" (Slovenščina med Muro in Rabo; Slovenski jezik med Mürov i Rábov) . Prekmurje Slovene is widely used in the regional media (Murski Val Radio, Porabje, Slovenski utrinki), films, literature. The younger generation also write SMS messages and web comments in their local tongue. In the Prekmurje and Hungary a few streets, shops, hotels, etc. have Prekmurje Slovene names. In

1526-508: Is difficult. Prekmurje Slovene, especially its more traditional version spoken by the Hungarian Slovenes, is not readily understood by speakers from central and western Slovenia, whereas speakers from eastern Slovenia ( Lower Styria ) have much less difficulty understanding it. The early 20th-century philologist Ágoston Pável stated that Prekmurje Slovene in fact it is a major, independent dialect of Slovene, from which it differs mostly in

1635-764: Is estimated at 83,000 to 100,000, the Slovene minority in southern Austria at 24,855, in Croatia at 13,200, and in Hungary at 3,180. Significant Slovene expatriate communities live in the United States and Canada , in other European countries, in South America (mostly in Argentina and Brazil ), and in Australia and New Zealand . The largest population of Slovenes outside of Slovenia

1744-835: Is in Cleveland . In a 2013 Y-DNA study, 29-32% of 399–458 sampled Slovenian males belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a , more frequent than in South Slavic peoples. The second largest Haplogroup was the Haplogroup R1b , which was at 26-28%, following was the Haplogroup I , with 30-31%. Due to the geographic position of Slovenia, the population is substantially diverse, sharing genes with Italic peoples , Germanic , Slavs and Hungarians . The Slovenian population displays close genetic affiliations with West Slavic , South Slavic , Austrians and Italic populations. The homogenous genetic strata of

1853-615: Is in Jelovice , at 623 metres (2,044 ft). The Haloze dialect is one of the Pannonian dialects of spoken Slovene . See Slovene dialects . Haloze is one of the seven districts of the Podravje wine region, with the others being Ljutomer – Ormož , Radgona – Kapela , Maribor , Prekmurje , the Central Slovene Hills , and Šmarje–Virštanj . Viticulture in Haloze was started by

1962-616: Is rejected by linguists on the basis that their dialect is by all standards a variant of Slovene. The first to define Slovenes as a separate branch of the Slavic people was Anton Tomaž Linhart in his work An Essay on the History of Carniola and Other Lands of the Austrian South Slavs , published in 1791. In it, Linhart also established the linguistic unity of the Slovene ethnic territory and set

2071-541: Is the author of the first printed book in Slovene. He was a Slovenian Protestant Reformer of the Lutheran tradition. Most ethnic Slovenes are Roman Catholic by faith, with some historical Protestant minorities, especially Lutherans in Prekmurje . A sizable minority of Slovenes are non-religious or atheists, according to the published data from the 2002 Slovenian census, out of a total of 47,488 Muslims (who represent 2.4% of

2180-495: Is the use of the wovels ö or ü and diphthongs in writing. Manuscripts were also written in the East Styrian Slovene language. Printed books in this language were also published. However, there were no homogeneous grammatical or phonologycal forms in this language variant. Styrian Slovene authors had completely different ideas about the standard language. The Styrian Slovene literary language eventually ceased to exist and

2289-627: Is used by the Slovene-speaking minority in Vas County in and around the town of Szentgotthárd . Other speakers of the dialect live in other Hungarian towns, particularly Budapest , Szombathely , Bakony , and Mosonmagyaróvár . The dialect was also spoken in Somogy (especially in the village of Tarany ), but it has nearly disappeared in the last two centuries. There are some speakers in Austria , Germany ,

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2398-590: The 2012 protests in Slovenia in Murska Sobota the protesters used Prekmurje Slovene banners. It is the liturgical language in the Lutheran and Pentecostal churches, and in the Catholic Church of Hungarian Slovenes. Marko Jesenšek , a professor at the University of Maribor , states that the functionality of Prekmurje Slovene is limited, but "it lives on in poetry and journalism." The Prekmurje Slovene developed from

2507-555: The Celts as early as the 4th century BC, and spread with the arrival of the Romans . Christianity also continued the tradition as wine played an important role in their ceremonies. The Slavic tribes who later settled in Haloze took on the cultivation of vines from their predecessors. Vineyards here mostly line the upper hillsides, as the lower slopes are often kept in excessive shade. The traditional tilling of horizontal lines of vines included

2616-522: The Cleveland metropolitan area in the United States; the high concentration of Slovenes in Cleveland specifically is attributed to the industrial opportunities at the time, as well as the existing workforce in the area being largely of Germanic and Slavic descent. Many Slovene expats during this period were sponsored to work in the United States by wealthy Slovenes or Slovene community organizations within

2725-784: The Eastern Front . Compared to the German policies in the northern Nazi-occupied area of Slovenia and the forced Fascist italianization in the former Austrian Littoral that was annexed after the First World War, the initial Italian policy in the central Slovenia was not as violent. Tens of thousands of Slovenes from German-occupied Lower Styria and Upper Carniola escaped to the Province of Ljubljana until June 1941. However, after resistance started in Province of Ljubljana , Italian violence against

2834-540: The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . In 2016 the General Maister Society ( Društvo General Maister ) proposed that primary schools offer education in the Prekmurje Slovene. Some regional politicians and intellectuals advocate Prekmurje Slovene. Together with Resian , Prekmurje Slovene is the only Slovene dialect with a literary standard that has had a different historical development from

2943-475: The Foibe massacres ; some 27,000 Istrian Italians fled Slovenian Istria from Communist persecution in the so-called Istrian–Dalmatian exodus . Members of the ethnic German minority either fled or were expelled from Slovenia. The overall number of World War II casualties in Slovenia is estimated at 97,000. The number includes about 14,000 people, who were killed or died for other war-related reasons immediately after

3052-520: The Lombards to Italy in 568. From 623 to 658 Slavic peoples between the upper Elbe River and the Karawanks mountain range united under the leadership of King Samo ( Slovene : Kralj Sámo ) in what became known as "Samo's Tribal Union" . The tribal union collapsed after Samo's death in 658, but a smaller Slavic tribal principality, Carantania ( Slovene : Karantanija ), remained, with its centre in

3161-658: The Slovene Littoral . The dispute over the port of Trieste however remained opened until 1954, until the short-lived Free Territory of Trieste was divided between Italy and Yugoslavia, thus giving Slovenia access to the sea. This division was ratified only in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo , which gave a final legal sanction to Slovenia's long disputed western border. From the 1950s, the Socialist Republic of Slovenia exercised relatively wide autonomy. Between 1945 and 1948,

3270-722: The Slovene March , and the Black Panther , a reconstruction of the supposed coat of arms of the Carolingian duchy of Carantania . After being used in the Flag of Slovenia , the graphical representation of Triglav has become recognised as a national symbol. Per the Constitution of Slovenia and the Slovenian act on national symbols, the flag of the Slovene nation is a white-blue-red flag without

3379-748: The Slovene National Benefit Society ; other Slovene immigrants went to southwestern Pennsylvania, southeastern Ohio and the state of West Virginia to work in the coal mines and lumber industry. Some Slovenes also went to the Pittsburgh or Youngstown, Ohio , areas, to work in the steel mills, as well as Minnesota 's Iron Range , to work in the iron mines and also to Copper Country on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan for copper mining. Many also went west to Rock Springs in Wyoming to work in

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3488-596: The Slovenian Covenant served as the political arm of the anti-Communist militia. The civil war was mostly restricted to the Province of Ljubljana , where more than 80% of the Slovene anti-partisan units were active. Between 1943 and 1945, smaller anti-Communist militia existed in parts of the Slovenian Littoral and in Upper Carniola , while they were virtually non-existent in the rest of the country. By 1945,

3597-449: The United States , Canada , Argentina and Brazil . Most Slovenes today live within the borders of the independent Slovenia (2,100,000 inhabitants, 83% Slovenes est. July 2020). In the Slovenian national census of 2002, 1,631,363 people ethnically declared themselves as Slovenes, while 1,723,434 people claimed Slovene as their native language. The autochthonous Slovene minority in Italy

3706-450: The United States , and Argentina . Prekmurje Slovene has a defined territory and body of literature , and it is one of the few Slovene dialects in Slovenia that are still spoken by all strata of the local population. Some speakers have claimed that it is a separate language. Prominent writers in Prekmurje Slovene, such as Miklós Küzmics , István Küzmics , Ágoston Pável , József Klekl Senior , and József Szakovics , have claimed that it

3815-542: The 1920s and 1930s. Items in the newspapers the catholic Novine, Marijin list, Marijin ograček, calendar Kalendar Srca Jezušovoga, the Lutheran Düševni list and Evangeličanski kalendari were written in the Prekmurje Slovene. Prekmurian Slovene Emigrants also had their own weekly in the USA between 1921 and 1954: Amerikanszki Szlovencov Glász (American Windisch Voice). József Szakovics took an active part in cultivating

3924-614: The 2018 autosomal analysis of Slovenian population, the Slovenes clustered with Hungarians and were close to Czechs . In the 6th century AD, Slavic people settled the region between the Alps and the Adriatic Sea in two consecutive migration waves: the first wave came from the Moravian lands around 550, while the second wave, coming from the southeast, moved into the area after the migration of

4033-658: The Drava River. During the Second World War the castle was used by the occupying Germans as an internment camp, and after the war it was converted into a hotel, but then lay empty and abandoned. Recently the state has taken over the care of it and has undertaken its architectural restoration. 46°22′10.83″N 15°56′8.41″E  /  46.3696750°N 15.9356694°E  / 46.3696750; 15.9356694 Slovenes The Slovenes , also known as Slovenians ( Slovene : Slovenci [slɔˈʋéːntsi] ), are

4142-541: The Eucharist) orthography was written in the Gaj. In 1919, most of Prekmurje was assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , and Slovene and Serbo-Croatian replaced Hungarian as the language of education and administration. The language of literature, journalism and the church remained Prekmurian Slovene. Although in Yugoslavia, education in Prekmurian Slovene was not restored in schools (instead, they learned Serbo-Croatian and Standard Slovene at schools), nevertheless journalism in Prekmurian language flourished in

4251-433: The First World War (1914–1918), the majority of Slovenes joined other South Slavs in the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs , followed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , and finally the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . In the new system of banovinas (since 1929), Slovenes formed a majority in the Drava Banovina . In the ex- Austrian Empire area given to Italy in exchange for joining Great Britain in World War I ,

4360-417: The Greater Cleveland area, which greatly contributed to the large Slovene population in the city. In 1948, the Tito–Stalin split took place. In the first years following the split, the political repression worsened, as it extended to Communists accused of Stalinism . Hundreds of Slovenes were imprisoned in the concentration camp of Goli Otok , together with thousands of people of other nationalities. Among

4469-453: The Hungarian part of the Austria-Hungary . This significantly affected the nation and led to further radicalisation of the Slovene national movement. In the 1890s, the first Slovene political parties were established. All of them were loyal to Austria, but they were also espousing a common South Slavic cause. Between 1880 and World War I , the largest numbers of Slovenes emigrated to America. Most of these went between 1905 and 1913, although

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4578-405: The Italian and in the German occupation zones. The resistance, pluralistic at the beginning, was gradually taken over by the Communist Party , as in the rest of occupied Yugoslavia. Contrary to elsewhere in Yugoslavia, where on the freed territories the political life was organized by the military itself, the Slovene Partisans were subordinated to the civil political authority of the Front. In

4687-451: The Prekmurian Slovene slowly declined with modernization in the middle of the 19th century is not believable. This is contradicted by the first science books (by Kossics and Augustich) and the first journalistic products. In 1908 Hungarian minister of Education and Religion Albert Apponyi introduced a new law, according to which subjects of instruction must be taught in Hungarian language in all schools of Kingdom of Hungary. The purpose of

4796-439: The Prekmurian language has become more most visible in Slovenia's cultural life. The Premurian can be more often heard in different interviews on TV channels and radios (Murski val, Slovenski utrinki). Today, Prekmurian is also found in written form on public signs, such as some shop signs, evidence of growing use in the linguistic landscape. In 2018 a Prekmurje Slovene translation of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry 's The Little Prince

4905-439: The Prekmurian. The vowel ö occurs only in a few words as a variant of closed e or ö. It has plain a in long stressed syllables and rounded a in short stressed and unstressed syllables in the Hill country (Goričko) and Lowland (Ravensko) dialect. The relationship is reversed in the Lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialect, where the long stressed a is rounded. Long vowels and most diphthongs occur only stressed in syllables. If

5014-434: The Prekmurje Slovene with his books and articles in newspapers and calendars or with the reprints of oldest book of Miklós Küzmics. The prominent Prekmurje writer Miško Kranjec also wrote in Slovene. In these years, works of world literature were also translated into Prekmurian, for. ex. Molière 's Le Médecin malgré lui . János Berke started to collect the vocabulary for the first Prekmurian dictionary. János Fliszár

5123-407: The Romantic poet France Prešeren was influential in affirming the idea of Slovene linguistic and cultural individuality, refusing the idea of merging Slovenes into a wider Slavic nation. In the 1840s, the Slovene national movement developed far beyond literary expression. In 1848, the first Slovene national political programme, called United Slovenia ( Zedinjena Slovenija ), was written in

5232-436: The Slovene and Croatian teachers, poets, writers, artists and clergy were exiled to Sardinia and elsewhere to southern Italy . In 1926, claiming that it was restoring surnames to their original Italian form, the Italian government announced the Italianization of names and surnames not only of citizens of the Slovene minority, but also of Croatian and German . Some Slovenes willingly accepted Italianization in order to lose

5341-427: The Slovene civil population easily matched that of the Germans. The province saw the deportation of 25,000 people—which equated to 7.5% of the total population of the province—in one of the most drastic operations in Europe that filled up many Italian concentration camps , such as Rab concentration camp , in Gonars concentration camp , Monigo (Treviso), Renicci d'Anghiari, Chiesanuova (Padua) and elsewhere. To suppress

5450-417: The Slovene people. It hastened economic development and facilitated the appearance of a middle class. Under the reign of Maria Theresa and Emperor Joseph II (1765–1790) many reforms were undertaken in the administration and society, including land reforms, the modernization of the Church and compulsory primary education in Slovene (1774). The start of cultural-linguistic activities by Slovene intellectuals of

5559-423: The West Slavic populations and the Slovenian population suggest the existence of a common ancestral population in the central European region. The R-Z92 branch of R-Z280 which is significant among East Slavs is recorded as completely absent among Slovenes. In 2016 study, including 100 sampled Slovenians, 27.1% belong to R1b, of which 11.03% of R1b belongs to the R-P312 branch, 6% to the eastern and 4% to R-U106. In

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5668-417: The advice and supervision of the main champion of the Yugoslav Communist Party, Slovene Edvard Kardelj . In 1973, the reformist trend was stopped by the conservative faction of the Slovenian Communist Party as part of a general reining in of liberal tendencies by the Yugoslav communist authorities. A period known as the "Years of Lead" (Slovene: svinčena leta ) followed. In the 1980s, Slovenia experienced

5777-409: The aforementioned translations there are differences. Miklós Küzmics though was born in Goričko, but he followed István's conception in language. He adopted additional elements from the Highland and Lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialects. Miklós wrote several books, which were reprinted in the 20th century. His prayer book was really popular (Kniga molitvena 1783). His text and coursebook (ABC Kni'sicza 1790)

5886-410: The backbreaking task of carrying soil from the lowest row to the top. As the rows were tilled from the top down, the soil tended to slide downslope, and to upkeep the vineyards properly, the soil collected at the bottom had to be returned to the top. With vertically planted vineyards on less steep slopes, this work is no longer as necessary as it once was, but on most sites grass is allowed to grow between

5995-610: The coal mines that supported the Union Pacific Railway. There were more than 30,000 casualties among ethnic Slovenes during World War I because they were and still are inhabiting the territory where the Isonzo Front was fought. While the majority of them were drafted in the Austro-Hungarian Army , also Slovene civil inhabitants from the Gorizia and Gradisca region suffered in hundreds of thousands because they were resettled in refugee camps where, however, Slovene refugees were treated as state enemies by Italians and several thousands died of malnutrition in Italian refugee camps. After

6104-432: The coat-of-arms. The ratio of the width to height of the flag is one to two. Freising manuscripts are the first written words in Slovene. Four parchment leaves and a further quarter of a page have been preserved. They consist of three texts in the oldest Slovenian dialect. Linguistic, stylistic and contextual analyses reveal that these are church texts of careful composition and literary form. Primož Trubar (1508–1586)

6213-597: The context of the Spring of Nations movement within the Austrian Empire. It demanded a unification of all Slovene-speaking territories in an autonomous kingdom, named Slovenija , within the empire and an official status for Slovene. Although the project failed, it served as an important platform of Slovene political activity in the following decades, particularly in the 1860s and 1870s, when mass Slovene rallies, named tabori , were organised. The conflict between Slovene and German nationalists deepened. In 1866, some Slovenes were left to Italy, and in 1867 some remained in

6322-489: The cultural development of the remainder of ethnic Slovene territory, the Slovenes in Hungary gradually forged their own specific culture and also their own literary language. From Carniola and Styria in the 16th and 17th centuries, a few Slovene Protestant pastors fled to Hungary. The pastors brought along the Bible of Jurij Dalmatin , were used in Felsőszölnök and Postil of Primož Trubar , were used in Gornji Petrovci . Hungarian Slovenes found it difficult to understand

6431-405: The end of the war, and the tiny Jewish community, which was nearly annihilated in the Holocaust . In addition, tens of thousands of Slovenes left their homeland soon after the end of the war. Most of them settled in Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Australia, and the United States. Most of Carinthia remained part of Austria and around 42,000 Slovenes (per 1951 population census ) were recognized as

6540-432: The entire New Testament into Prekmurian ( Nouvi Zákon 1771). István was born in Ravensko, the standard language was based on the Lowland dialect of Prekmurian Slovene, just like the as is the language of the old manuscripts. István as well expanded the language with elements from Highland (Goričko) dialect. Who whill disallow those Slovenians who live between the Mura and the Raba the right to translate these holy books into

6649-411: The exact number is impossible to determine because Slovenes were often classified as Austrians , Italians , Croats , or under other, broader labels, such as Slavonic or Slavic . Those who settled in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania came to be called Windish , from the Austrian German term Windisch ' Wend '. The largest group of Slovenes in the United States eventually settled in Cleveland , Ohio, and

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6758-414: The first Prekmurje Slovene newspaper Prijátel (The Friend). Later, he wrote a new Hungarian–Prekmurje Slovene grammar (Návuk vogrszkoga jezika, 1876) and translated works from Hungarian poets and writers. Augustich made approaches toward standard Slovene, but at first retained the Hungarian alphabet. Later Augustich introduced the Gaj alphabet in the Prijátel and in a new coursebook Prirodopis s kepami,

6867-453: The first grammar of the Prekmurian language, but it remained in manuscript. The first non-religious book in Prekmurian language was a ceremony book for weddings (Sztarisinsztvo i zvacsinsztvo 1804; the author is probably István Szijjártó). Catholic priest József Kossics brought the Prekmurian language to a new functional position. Kossics no longer wrote religious books, but books on history, grammar and etiquette. His orientation merged with

6976-447: The first natural science book in Prekmurian language. In 1871 József Bagáry wrote first course-book, which apply the Gaj alphabet (Perve knige – čtenyá za katholičánske vesničke šolê). The Magyarization policy tried to push the coursebook out of the school, however, the coursebook was so popular in schools that in 1886 it was reprinted. In the last decades of the 19th and 20th century, the denomination " Wends " and "Wendish language"

7085-467: The forced Fascist Italianization of Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947) was under no international restraint especially after Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922. Already during the period of Italian occupation, between the years 1918 and 1920, all Slovene cultural associations ( Sokol , "reading rooms" etc.) had been forbidden. Fascist Italy brought Italian teachers from southern Italy to Italianize ethnic Slovene and Croatian children, while

7194-403: The foundations of the Slovene ethnography . After the disintegration of Yugoslavia during the late 1980s and the formation of independent Slovenia in the early 1990s motivated interest in a particularly Slovenian national identity. One reflection of this was an attempt at the rejection of a Slavic identity in favour of a " Venetic " one. The autochthonist " Venetic theory " was advanced in

7303-407: The language of the Carantanian Slavs who settled around Balaton in the 9th century. Due to the political and geographical separation from other Slovene dialects (unlike most of contemporary Slovenia, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire , Prekmurje was under the authority of the Kingdom of Hungary for almost a thousand years), the Prekmurje Slovene acquired many specific features. Separated from

7412-400: The language of this book. By the 16th century, a theory linking the Hungarian Slovenes to the ancient Vandals had become popular. Accordingly, Prekmurje Slovene was frequently designated in Hungarian Latin documents as the Vandalian language (Latin: lingua vandalica , Hungarian: Vandál nyelv ). The fact of double development of the Slovene language in Slovenian linguistics and science

7521-426: The language, in which they understand God talking to them through prophets and apostles' letters? God tells them too read these books in order to get prepared for salvation in the fait of Jesus Christ. But they cannot receive this from Trubar's, Dalmatin's, Francel's, or other translations (versio). The language of our Hungarian Slovenians is different from other languages and unique in its own characteristics. Already in

7630-409: The late 1990s. Others consider Prekmurje Slovene a regional language , without denying that it is part of Slovene. The linguist Janko Dular has characterized Prekmurje Slovene as a "local standard language" for historical reasons, as has the Prekmurje writer Feri Lainšček . However, Prekmurje Slovene is not recognized as a language by Slovenia or Hungary, nor does it enjoy any legal protection under

7739-403: The law was to Magyarization of national minorities. Education in the Prekmurian Slovenian language in schools has been displaced. In 1914–1918, the political leader and later parliamentarian congressman in Belgrade József Klekl reformed the Prekmurje Slovene literary language, making use of the Croatian and Slovene languages. In 1923, the new prayerbook's Hodi k oltarskomi svesti (Come on to

7848-558: The mid 1980s, but it never gained wide currency. The identification with Slavic roots remains strong in Slovenia and in 2004 even led to the establishment of the Forum of Slavic Cultures in Ljubljana. In the late 1980s, several symbols from the Middle Ages were revived as Slovenian national symbols. Among them, the most popular are the so-called Slovene Hat which featured in the coat of arms of

7957-514: The most important critical public intellectuals in this period were the sociologist Jože Pučnik , the poet Edvard Kocbek , and the literary historian Dušan Pirjevec . By the late 1960s, the reformist faction gained control of the Slovenian Communist Party , launching a series of reforms, aiming at the modernization of Slovenian society and economy. A new economic policy, known as workers self-management started to be implemented under

8066-651: The mounting resistance by the Slovene Partisans , Mario Roatta adopted draconian measures of summary executions , hostage-taking, reprisals, internments, and the burning of houses and whole villages. The "3C" pamphlet, tantamount to a declaration of war on civilians, involved him in Italian war crimes . In the summer of 1941, a resistance movement led by the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation , emerged in both

8175-591: The need for changes in the system that would limit political arbitrariness . Based on a German name for the Slovenes, Wenden or Winden , the first researchers of the origin of the Slovenes mistakenly believed that they were descendants of the Germanic tribe of the Vandals . Even today, some German speakers refer to the Slovenian minority in Carinthian Austria as Windische , as if a separate ethnicity. This claim

8284-469: The orientation towards national encouragement. Lutheran pastor Sándor Terplán translated the Psalmas (Knige 'zoltárszke 1848) and also wrote new school-books. János Kardos translated numerous verses from Sándor Petőfi , János Arany and few Hungarian poet. He worked on new coursebooks, for ex. Nôve knige cstenyá za vesznícski sôl drügi zlôcs. Kardos followed a conservative conception in language: Kardos

8393-497: The present-day region of Carinthia . Faced with the pressing danger of Avar tribes from the east, the Carantanians accepted a union with Bavaria in 745, and later in the 8th century recognized Frankish rule and accepted Christianity. The last Slavic state formation in the region, the principality of Prince Kocel , lost its independence in 874. Slovene ethnic territory subsequently shrank due to pressure from Germans from

8502-405: The quest for a political unification of all Slovenes became widespread. In the 1820s and 1840s, the interest in Slovene language and folklore grew enormously, with numerous philologists advancing the first steps towards standardization of the language. Illyrian movement , Pan-Slavic and Austro-Slavic ideas gained importance. However, the intellectual circle around the philologist Matija Čop and

8611-630: The re-establishment of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II, Slovenia became part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , declared on 29 November 1943. A socialist state was established, but because of the Tito–Stalin split , economic and personal freedoms were broader than in the Eastern Bloc . In 1947, Italy ceded most of the Julian March to Yugoslavia, and Slovenia thus regained

8720-608: The regions of Ormož , Ljutomer and Lenart of Slovene Hills ). The literary traditions of the Prekmurian language developed during the Protestant Reformation : mostly manuscript hymnals with religious hymns, psalms from the 16th and 17th century and an agreement from 1643. The standard language emerged at the beginning of the 18th century and slowly developed. The Prekmurian literary language followed homogeneous grammatical rules and phonetic characteristics. An example of this

8829-508: The relationships of stress, in intonation, in the softening of consonants and—as a result of the lack of linguistic reform—in the striking dearth of modern vocabulary and that it preserves many older features from the Proto-Slavic language . Prekmurje Slovene is spoken by approximately 110,000 speakers worldwide. 80,000 in Prekmurje , 20,000 dispersed in Slovenia (especially Maribor and Ljubljana ) and 10,000 in other countries. In Hungary it

8938-599: The removal of German Yugoslavs (which included in many cases ethnic Slovenes of partial German or Austrian heritage) from Yugoslavia under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito , many citizens were interned in concentration and work camps or forcibly expelled from the country in the years that followed WWII. As a result, a large number of German and Austrian Slovenes emigrated to Italy , Austria, Croatia, Hungary, and other European countries. Most who settled in Hungary during this period fled or were expelled to Germany and Austria in turn. Many expatriates ultimately settled in

9047-658: The rest of Slovene ethnic territory. For centuries, it was used as a language of education, as well as in the press and mass. The historical Hungarian name for the Slovenes living within the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary (as well as for the Slovenians in general) was Vendek , or the Wends. In the 18th and 19th centuries Prekmurje authors used to designate this language variety as sztári szlovenszki jezik 'old Slovene'. Both then and now, it

9156-401: The rows to minimize erosion. White wines dominate the area. Laski Rizling is the most frequently planted grape, which is mainly used to produce medium dry, slightly syrupy, wine. However, dry Laski Rizling is also produced. Other popular white wines include Traminec , Beli Pinot , Sauvignon , and Renski Rizling . The only red produced in significant quantities is Modri Pinot . Haložan is

9265-599: The second half of the 16th century, numerous books were printed in Slovene, including an integral translation of the Bible by Jurij Dalmatin . At the beginning of the 17th century, Protestantism was suppressed by the Habsburg-sponsored Counter Reformation , which introduced the new aesthetics of Baroque culture. The Enlightenment in the Habsburg monarchy brought significant social and cultural progress to

9374-625: The show trials that took place in Slovenia between 1945 and 1950, the most important were the Nagode trial against democratic intellectuals and left liberal activists (1946) and the Dachau trials (1947–1949), where former inmates of Nazi concentration camps were accused of collaboration with the Nazis. Many members of the Roman Catholic clergy suffered persecution. The case of bishop of Ljubljana Anton Vovk , who

9483-629: The southern part of the Drava Valley, the Haloze Hills rose before the drying-out of the Pannonian Sea entered its final phase in the middle of Pleistocene epoch, about 600,000 years ago. The water ruptured its way through the modern Đerdap Gorge on the Danube River and flowed rapidly away, causing the strong erosion of poorly consolidated sandstone and thus steep hillsides. Haloze's highest point

9592-632: The status of being second-class citizens with no upward social mobility. By the mid-1930s, around 70,000 Slovenes had fled the region, mostly to Yugoslavia and South America . In the bilingual regions people of Carinthia decided in a 1920 referendum that most of Carinthia should remain in Austria . Slovene volunteers also participated in the Spanish Civil War and the Second Italo-Abyssinian War . During World War II, Slovenes were in

9701-561: The stress shifts, the vowel loses its length and the diphthong usually loses its glide, e.g.: Nom. Boug ; Gen. Bogá. The diphthong ej (ei) is a short, closed e followed by a shorter, less fully articulated i, e.g.: dejte (child), bejžati (run), pejnezi (money), mlejko (milk), bejli (white). The diphthong ou consists of a short o and a short, less fully articulated u, e.g.: rouka (hand), nouga (foot), goloub (dove), rour (chimney), gospoud (lord). Haloze Haloze ( pronounced [ˈxaːlɔzɛ] )

9810-663: The summer of 1942, a civil war between Slovenes broke out. The two fighting factions were the Slovenian Partisans and the Italian-sponsored anti-communist militia , later re-organized under Nazi command as the Slovene Home Guard . Small units of Slovenian Chetniks also existed in Lower Carniola and Styria . The Partisans were under the command of the Liberation Front (OF) and Tito 's Yugoslav resistance, while

9919-691: The surrounding area. The second-largest group settled in Chicago, principally on the Lower West Side . The American Slovenian Catholic Union (Ameriško slovenska katoliška enota) was founded as an organization to protect Slovene-American rights in Joliet, Illinois , 64 km (40 mi) southwest of Chicago , and in Cleveland. Today there are KSKJ branches all over the country offering life insurance and other services to Slovene-Americans. Freethinkers were centered around 18th and Racine Ave. in Chicago, where they founded

10028-531: The time brought about a national revival and the birth of the Slovene nation in the modern sense of the word. Before the Napoleonic Wars , some secular literature in Slovene emerged. During the same period, the first history of the Slovene Lands as an ethnic unity was written by Anton Tomaž Linhart , while Jernej Kopitar compiled the first comprehensive grammar of Slovene. Between 1809 and 1813, Slovenia

10137-574: The total number of Slovene anti-Communist militiamen reached 17,500. Immediately after the war, some 12,000 members of the Slovene Home Guard were killed in the Kočevski Rog massacres , while thousands of anti-communist civilians were killed in the first year after the war. In addition, hundreds of ethnic Italians from the Julian March were killed by the Yugoslav Army and partisan forces in

10246-461: The two World Wars. The former governor , Jörg Haider , regularly played the Slovene card when his popularity started to dwindle, and indeed relied on the strong anti-Slovene attitudes in many parts of the province for his power base. Yugoslavia acquired some territory from Italy after WWII but some 100,000 Slovenes remained behind the Italian border, notably around Trieste and Gorizia . Following

10355-484: The west and the arrival of Hungarians in the Pannonian plain ; it stabilized in its present form in the 15th century. The first mentions of a common Slovene ethnic identity, transcending regional boundaries, date from the 16th century. During this period, the first books in Slovene were written by the Protestant preacher Primož Trubar and his followers, establishing the base for the development of standard Slovene. In

10464-508: Was accompanied also by a fervent cultural and literary production with many tensions between the government and the dissident intellectuals. From the late 1950s onward, dissident circles started to be formed, mostly around short-lived independent journals, such as Revija 57 (1957–1958), which was the first independent intellectual journal in Yugoslavia and one of the first of this kind in the Communist bloc, and Perspektive (1960–1964). Among

10573-529: Was doused with gasoline and set on fire by Communist activists during a pastoral visit to Novo Mesto in January 1952, echoed in the western press. Between 1949 and 1953, a forced collectivization was attempted. After its failure, a policy of gradual liberalization followed. In the late 1950s, Slovenia was the first of the Yugoslav republics to begin a process of relative pluralization. A decade of industrialisation

10682-554: Was expressed at the 2012–2013 Slovenian protests on a wider scale than in the smaller 15 October 2011 protests – Slovenian disillusionment with the elites and financial institutions at the European and global level. In relation to the leading politicians' response to allegations made by official Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia , law experts expressed

10791-683: Was ignored for a long time. The current form of the standard Slovene language only developed in the 19th century. Prior to this, there was two types of language norms: the Central Slovene language (mostly in Carniola ) and the East Slovene language (in Styria and Hungary). For a short time, there were also two variants of the East Slovene language: the Prekmurian Slovene and the East Styrian Slovene (in

10900-555: Was made in 1987 by a group of intellectuals in the 57th edition of the magazine Nova revija . Demands for democratisation and increase of Slovenian independence were sparked off. A mass democratic movement, coordinated by the Committee for the Defense of Human Rights , pushed the Communists in the direction of democratic reforms. In 1991, Slovenia became an independent nation state after

11009-505: Was mandatory for decades in Slovene schools. István Szijjártó and Mihály Bakos also performed important standardization work in Prekmurian Lutheran literature. In 1774 was written Versus Vandalici, the first literary poem in Prekmurian language. In 1823 Mihály Barla created a new orthography for the Prekmurian Slovene. Two new characters were introduced to denote diphthongs: ô (ou), ê (ej) and â (aj). The new orthography

11118-562: Was not open to Slovene or Croatian, stuck to the archaic elements. Kárdos' purism was very similar to purism of Fran Levstik in Carniola. Opposite Kardos was Catholic priest József Borovnyák , who adapted the Prekmurian literary language to the Slovene literary language. Borovnyák also contributed to the functional development of the Prekmurian language, for ex. with his political brochure Máli politicsni vodnik (1869). In 1875, poet, writer, translator and journalist Imre Augustich established

11227-670: Was part of the Illyrian Provinces , an autonomous province of the Napoleonic French Empire , with Ljubljana as the capital. Although the French rule was short-lived, it significantly contributed to the rise of national consciousness and political awareness of Slovenes. After the fall of Napoleon, all Slovene Lands were once again included in the Austrian Empire . Gradually, a distinct Slovene national consciousness developed, and

11336-403: Was presented in new hymn books Diktomszke, versuske i molitvene kni'zicze (1820) and Krscsanszke nôve peszmene knige (1823). In 1820, a Lutheran teacher named István Lülik wrote a new coursebook Nôvi abeczedár, into which was made three issue (1853, 1856, 1863). His book also spread Barla's orthography. Although this orthogragphy was used only in Prekmurian Lutheran literature. Lülik wrote

11445-412: Was promoted, mostly by pro-Hungarians, in order to emphasize the difference between the Hungarian Slovenes and other Slovenes, including attempts to create a separate ethnic identity. The Prekmurian Slovene language was able to follow the changes of the modern era and was able to renew itself. Either unaided or by taking over innovations from the (Central) Slovene and Croatian languages. The assertion that

11554-520: Was published a part of this dictionary (Vogrszki-vendiski rêcsnik 1922). The dictionary, which contains fifty thousand terms, has been preserved in manuscript. In 1941, the Hungarian Army seized back the Prekmurje area and by 1945 aimed to make an end of the Prekmurje Slovene and Slovene by the help of Mikola. After 1945, Communist Yugoslavia banned the printing of books and newspapers in the Prekmurje Slovene, and only standard Slovene or Serbo-Croatian

11663-423: Was published. Singer and songwriter Nika Zorjan in 2018 created the Prekmurje Slovene version of Mariah Carey 's All I Want for Christmas Is You aka Fse ka bi za Božič . On one occasion she said: »Prekmurians are often local patriots and sometimes we say with pride: This is prekmurščina, not slovenščina.« Popular throughout Slovenia, Vlado Kreslin also sings in Prekmurian. It also has its own website in

11772-457: Was replaced by the Central Slovene language. The first book in the Prekmurje Slovene appeared in 1715, and was written by the Lutheran pastor Ferenc Temlin . The most important authors from this period were the Lutheran pastor István Küzmics and the Roman Catholic priest Miklós Küzmics who settled the standard for the Prekmurje regional standard language in the 18th century. István translated

11881-474: Was used in administration and education. In Hungary, the dictator Mátyás Rákosi banned every minority language and deported the Slovenes in the Hungarian Plain. Since the independence of Slovenia, there has been a noticeable increase in interest in the Prekmurian language and cultural heritage. Few assotioations, publisher and self-publisher prints both old and new books in Prekmurian. In the 21st century,

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