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51-459: One of the survivors of the Porzûs massacre , Storno, travels to Slovenia to visit Geko, who did not see since the end of the war. The two recall all the dramatic events that have seen them protagonists between late 1944 and February 1945. This article related to an Italian film of the 1990s is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a drama film on World War II

102-472: A convocation organized by Pope Gregory XII with his cardinals intended to end the schism in the papacy. Lucca managed, at first as a democracy , and after 1628 as an oligarchy , to maintain its independence alongside of Venice and Genoa , and painted the word Libertas on its banner until the French Revolution in 1789. Lucca had been the second largest Italian city state (after Venice ) with

153-487: A puppet state of the Germans, political prisoners , foreigners, common law prisoners and Jews were interned there, and it functioned as a concentration camp . In June 1944, the prisoners were moved to Bagni di Lucca . Lucca is the birthplace of composers Giacomo Puccini ( La Bohème and Madama Butterfly ), Nicolao Dorati , Francesco Geminiani , Gioseffo Guami , Luigi Boccherini , and Alfredo Catalani . It

204-412: A large part of today's Tuscany and the province of Viterbo , during this time the city also minted its own coins. The Holy Face of Lucca (or Volto Santo), a major relic supposedly carved by Nicodemus , arrived in 742. Among the population that inhabited Lucca in the medieval era, there was also a significant presence of Jews . The first mention of their presence in the city is from a document from

255-631: A man blamed for theft in 1940, reached the command of the Group of the Eastern Brigade of the partisan division Osoppo , near the malghe of Porzûs, in the comune of Faedis , eastern Friuli , with the goal to arrest and execute their members. Toffanin accused the Osoppo Brigade of hindering the collaboration with the Yugoslavian partisans, led by Josip Broz Tito , of having failed to distribute to

306-652: A number of public squares, most notably the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro , (site of the ancient Roman amphitheater), the Piazzale Verdi, the Piazza Napoleone, and the Piazza San Michele. There are many medieval, a few as old as the eighth century, basilica -form churches with richly arcaded façades and campaniles Since 2005, Lucca hosts IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca , a selective graduate and doctoral school which

357-629: A report to the Foreign Office in London. In his report, the Liaison Officer stated that the unit which he was attached to had just taken as prisoners some other Italian Partisans belonging to the Osoppo Brigade. When he asked the reason for that, he was told by a Partisan Officer that he had been instructed by his seniors, and that any obstruction by the British mission would have caused their sending away from

408-528: A republican constitution ("comune") to remain independent over the centuries. Between 1799 and 1800, it was contested by the French and Austrian armies. Finally the French prevailed and granted a democratic constitution in the 1801. However, already in 1805 the Republic of Lucca was converted into a monarchy by Napoleon , who installed his sister Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi as "Princess of Lucca". From 1815 to 1847, it

459-477: A sentence that was confirmed by the Italian Supreme Court. Before the sentence was passed, the communist party sent him to Czechoslovakia and then to Romania . He was granted amnesty in 1959, and returned to his native Cormons where he died in 2007. Mario Lizzero detto Andrea (Mortegliano, 28 giugno 1913 – Udine, 11 dicembre 1994) The others Osoppo partisans killed at Porzus, whose names are enshrined on

510-469: A silk fabric that was woven with gold or silver threads. It was a popular type of textile in Lucca throughout the mediaeval period. Lucca became prosperous through the silk trade that began in the eleventh century, and came to rival the silks of Byzantium . During the tenth–eleventh centuries Lucca was the capital of the feudal margraviate of Tuscany , more or less independent but owing nominal allegiance to

561-400: A young woman who had been listed by BBC radio among German spies. Incidentally, this young woman had been handed over to Osoppo by Giacca in order to be examined and eventually put to death. However, she had been found not guilty. In fact, BBC radio was not always fully reliable in this kind of information because of disinformation carried out by German intelligence. On 8 August 2002, in

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612-696: A “narrow-minded-man” who had to carry on the operation, wanted this order to be endorsed by the Udine Federation of the Communist Party. The orders were approved by two communist leaders of the Udine Federation, Modesti and Tambosso. Father Bello stated during his speech, that the orders indeed came from the Yugoslav IX corpus, but also that Palmiro Togliatti, the leader of the Italian Communist Party, gave his approval. In addition, Padoan reported that

663-599: Is Machiavelli 's third famous book on political rule. Occupied by the troops of Louis of Bavaria, the city was sold to a rich Genoese, Gherardino Spinola, then seized by John, king of Bohemia. Pawned to the Rossi of Parma, by them it was ceded to Mastino II della Scala of Verona , sold to the Florentines, surrendered to the Pisans, and then nominally liberated by the emperor Charles IV and governed by his vicar. In 1408, Lucca hosted

714-555: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Porz%C3%BBs massacre The Porzûs massacre ( Italian : eccidio di Porzûs , Friulian : ecidi di Purçûs , Slovene : pokol v Porčinju ) was an intra-partisan massacre of the Italian resistance during late World War II , on 7 February 1945. It saw the killings of 17 partisans belonging to the Brigate Osoppo , a strongly Catholic formation, by communist partisans of

765-587: Is a city and comune in Tuscany , Central Italy , on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain near the Ligurian Sea . The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has a population of 383,957. Lucca is known as an Italian "Città d'arte" (City of Art) from its intact Renaissance -era city walls and its very well preserved historic center, where, among other buildings and monuments, are located

816-542: Is also the birthplace of artist Benedetto Brandimarte . Since 2004, Lucca is home to IMT Lucca , a public research institution and a selective graduate school and part of the Superior Graduate Schools in Italy ( Grandes écoles ). Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Summer Festival. The 2006 edition featured live performances by Eric Clapton , Placebo , Massive Attack , Roger Waters , Tracy Chapman , and Santana at

867-533: Is part of the Italian superior graduate school system . Its main educational facilities are located at the San Francesco Convent Complex and Campus , and the former Renaissance -style Roman Catholic church of San Ponziano now hosts the university library. Association football arrived in Lucca in 1905 and has its roots in Brazil , thanks to a number of fans that helped found the club who had learned

918-598: The Carnia and Friuli areas. The Osoppo partisans were accused by the communists of collusion with enemy, particularly with famous or infamous “ Decima Flottiglia MAS ” of Junio Valerio Borghese , and also to oppose the Yugoslav Resistance movement. During the last months of the war, the Xª MAS units were deployed to the eastern Italian border against Josip Broz Tito 's partisans who marched into Istria and Venezia Giulia . It

969-582: The Etruscans , and it also has traces of a probable earlier Ligurian presence (called Luk meaning "marsh", which was previously speculated as a possible origin of the city's name), dating from the 3rd century BC. However, it was only with the arrival of the Romans that the area took on the appearance of a real town. It obtained the status of a Roman colony in 180 BC and of a municipality ( municipium ) in 89 BC. The rectangular grid of its historical centre preserves

1020-535: The First Triumvirate . Frediano , an Irish monk , was bishop of Lucca in the early sixth century. At one point, Lucca was plundered by Odoacer , the first Germanic King of Italy. Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the sixth century, when Narses besieged it for several months in 553. From 576 to 797, under the Lombards , it was the capital of a duchy, known as Duchy of Tuscia , which included

1071-473: The Gruppi di Azione Patriottica . Four members of Brigate Osoppo were killed when a group of them was ambushed, while the survivors were taken prisoner and summarily executed in the following days. The event is still the object of study and controversy in Italy. On 7 February 1945 a group of Communist partisans belonging to the Gruppi di Azione Patriottica (GAP), led by Mario Toffanin (nom de guerre Giacca ),

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1122-562: The Holy Roman Emperor . In 1057, Anselm of Baggio (later Pope Alexander II) was appointed bishop of Lucca, a position he held also during the papacy. As bishop of Lucca he managed to rebuild the patrimony of the Church of Lucca, recovering alienated assets, obtaining numerous donations thanks to his prestige, and had the Cathedral of the city rebuilt. From 1073 to 1086, the bishop of Lucca

1173-628: The Piazza dell'Anfiteatro , which has its origins in the second half of the 1st century A.D., the Guinigi Tower , a 45-metre-tall (150 ft) tower that dates from the 14th century and the Cathedral of San Martino. The city is the birthplace of numerous world-class composers, including Giacomo Puccini , Alfredo Catalani , and Luigi Boccherini . To the Ancient Romans , Lucca was known as Luca . From more recent and concrete toponymic studies,

1224-563: The Communist partisans did not completely obey; some sources estimate that at least forty percent of the weapons were kept in secret stashes by the Communists who did not trust the new government, and for an envisioned Communist revolution. Seven years later, in 1952, Mario Toffanin, along with 36 former GAP members, were sentenced to serve 777 years in jail for the Porzûs massacre. At that time, Toffanin

1275-676: The Julian Pre-Alps and Carnic Pre-Alps theater, was the 1st "Friuli" Garibaldi Brigade. On 20 September 1944 the Slovenian Popular Army headquarters unilaterally abolished the agreements with the CLN of April 1944, which included a Slovenian-Italian "Joint Command" on these units. By this act, the Italian units were now under, not only operational, the Slovenian Popular Army. In some cases serious problems of collaboration between Italian partisans and

1326-408: The Piazza Napoleone. Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Comics and Games festival, Europe's largest festival for comics , movies , games and related subjects. Other events include: Moreover, Lucca hosts Lucca Biennale Cartasia , an international biennial contemporary art exhibition focusing solely on Paper Art . Mauro Bolognini 's 1958 film Giovani mariti , with Sylva Koscina , is set and

1377-682: The Roman street plan, and the Piazza San Michele occupies the site of the ancient forum . The outline of the Roman amphitheatre is still seen in the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro , and the outline of a Roman theater is visible in Piazza Sant'Augostino . Fragments of the Roman-era walls are incorporated into the church of Santa Maria della Rosa. At the Luca Conference , in 56 BC, Julius Caesar , Pompey , and Crassus reaffirmed their political alliance known as

1428-515: The West Wing was hand-laid and is constructed entirely of Italian, Lucca marble. The walls encircling the old town remain intact, even though the city has expanded and been modernised, which is unusual for cities in this region. These walls were built initially as a defensive rampart which, after losing their military importance, became a pedestrian promenade (the Passeggiata delle Mure Urbane) atop

1479-552: The apologies should have been offered during the first trial in Lucca , where he was acquainted, but at the time the international situation and the Cold War , did not allowed such a move. On 10 February 2003, during another official remembrance ceremony, he reiterated the apologies and excuses. Giovanni Padoan received a thirty-year sentence by the Appeal Court during the second trial of 1959,

1530-480: The city to another condottiero , Castruccio Castracani , under whose rule it became a leading state in central Italy. Lucca rivalled Florence until Castracani's death in 1328. On 22 and 23 September 1325, in the battle of Altopascio , Castracani defeated Florence 's Guelphs. For this he was nominated by Louis IV the Bavarian to become duke of Lucca. Castracani's tomb is in the church of San Francesco. His biography

1581-460: The death of Matilda of Tuscany , the city began to constitute itself an independent commune with a charter in 1160. For almost 500 years, Lucca remained an independent republic. There were many minor provinces in the region between southern Liguria and northern Tuscany dominated by the Malaspina ; Tuscany in this time was a part of feudal Europe. Dante 's Divine Comedy includes many references to

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1632-532: The formations of the Slovenian People's Liberation Army arose on the eastern border, where the strong Slavic chauvinist ideas, the difficulties of the Italian communist leaders and the contradictory aspects of their politics favoured anti-Slavic divisions and resentments in the non-communist Resistance forces. A few days before the massacre, a British Liaison Officer attached to the Slovenian Partisans sent

1683-565: The game in Brazil. The Lucchese 1905 , or simply Lucchese, plays in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football , having last been in top tier Serie A in 1952. The club plays its home games at Stadio Porta Elisa , just outside the northeast wall of the city. Consorzio Lucchese Autotrasporti Pubblici , also known as CLAP , was established in 1969, as the main company in the Province of Lucca to manage

1734-429: The great feudal families who had huge jurisdictions with administrative and judicial rights. Dante spent some of his exile in Lucca. In 1273 and again in 1277, Lucca was ruled by a Guelph capitano del popolo (captain of the people) named Luchetto Gattilusio . In 1314, internal discord allowed Uguccione della Faggiuola of Pisa to make himself lord of Lucca. The Lucchesi expelled him two years later, and handed over

1785-469: The local public transport. In 2005, following the decision of the Region to assign the local public transport to a single operator for each of the 14 lots constituted, CLAP merged with the companies Lazzi and C.LU.B. Scpa to form the consortium VaiBus which was absorbed by the newly formed company CTT Nord in 2012. VaiBus was part of ONE Scarl the consortium holder of the two-year (2018-2019) contract for

1836-553: The memorial that commemorates the massacre where: Ado, Guidone, Aragona, Make, Ateone, Massimo, Barletta, Porthos, Cagliari Rapido, Cariddi, Rinato, Ermes, Roberto, Flavio, Toni, Gruaro and Vandalo. The Osoppo-Friuli Brigades were autonomous partisan groups founded at the headquarters of the Archiepiscopal Seminary of Udine on 24 December 1943, on the initiative of laypersons liberal, socialist and Catholic inspired volunteers, some groups already active after 8 September 1943 in

1887-421: The name Lucca has references that lead to "sacred grove" ( Latin : lucus ), "to cut" (Latin: lucare ) and "luminous space" ( leuk , a term used by the first European populations). The origin apparently refers to a wooded area deforested to make room for light or to a clearing located on a river island of Serchio debris, in the middle of wooded areas. The territory of present-day Lucca was certainly settled by

1938-468: The other partisans weapons sent by the Allies and, above all, of having had contacts with the army of the fascist government, in particular Decima Flottiglia MAS and the regiment of volunteers "Tagliamento", in the attempt to avoid occupation and annexation of Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Istria by Yugoslavia after the collapse of Germany . Furthermore, the brigade Osoppo had given shelter to Elda Turchetti,

1989-418: The others. The walled city is encircled by Piazzale Boccherini, Viale Lazzaro Papi, Viale Carlo Del Prete, Piazzale Martiri della Libertà, Via Batoni, Viale Agostino Marti, Viale G. Marconi ( vide Guglielmo Marconi ), Piazza Don A. Mei, Viale Pacini , Viale Giusti, Piazza Curtatone, Piazzale Ricasoli, Viale Ricasoli, Piazza Risorgimento ( vide Risorgimento ), and Viale Giosuè Carducci . The town includes

2040-563: The place of the massacre, two former partisan commanders, Giovanni Padoan, battle name "Vanni" (Cormons, 25 June 1909 – 31 December 2007), a former Political commissar of the Garibaldi Natisone Brigade, and Father Bello, a catholic priest and a former commander into the Osovan Partisans, met and eventually reconciled the two factions. At the meeting, Padoan denied his personal involvement in the matter, stating that on that day he

2091-780: The unit. Following this event the Liaison Officer concluded that the Communist Partisans were about to attack the Osoppo Partisans. The Report was then sent to the Foreign Office who immediately asked to Fitzroy Maclean , head of the MACMIS, to raise the matter directly with Tito. At the end of the war, the allies and the Italian National Liberation Committee ordered all the Italian Partisan Brigades to disband and to hand over all their armaments. However

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2142-476: The walls which not only links the Bastions of Santa Croce, San Frediano, San Martino, San Pietro/Battisti, San Salvatore, La Libertà/Cairoli, San Regolo, San Colombano, Santa Maria, San Paolino/Catalani and San Donato but also passes over the gates (Porte) of San Donato, Santa Maria, San Jacopo, Elisa, San Pietro, and Sant'Anna. Each of the four principal sides of the structure is lined with a tree species different from

2193-559: The year 859. The Jewish community was led by the Kalonymos family (which later became a major component of proto- Ashkenazic Jewry ). Thanks above all to the Holy Face and to the relics of important saints, such as San Regolo and Saint Fridianus , the city was one of the main destinations of the Via Francigena , the major pilgrimage route to Rome from the north. The Lucca cloth was

2244-571: Was a Bourbon-Parma duchy . The only reigning dukes of Lucca were Maria Luisa of Spain , who was succeeded by her son Charles II, Duke of Parma in 1824. Meanwhile, the Duchy of Parma had been assigned for life to Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma , the second wife of Napoleon . In accordance with the Treaty of Vienna (1815) , upon the death of Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma in 1847, Parma reverted to Charles II, Duke of Parma , while Lucca lost independence and

2295-584: Was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . As part of Tuscany, it became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860 and finally part of the Italian State in 1861. In 1942, during World War II , a prisoner-of-war camp was established at the village of Colle di Compito , in the municipality of Capannori , about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from Lucca. Its official number was P.G. ( prigionieri di guerra ) 60, and it

2346-621: Was at the Yugoslav Partisan headquarters of Cerkno/Circhina , but took responsibility for the massacre, offered his apology and asked forgiveness to the survivors and victims’ relatives. He also stated that, although the order came directly from the IX Yugoslav Army Corps, the executors were Italian GAP members under the command of the Udine Federation of the Italian Communist Party. He added that Mario Toffanin , whom he defined

2397-462: Was filmed in Lucca. Sergio Martino 's 1993 miniseries Private Crimes , starring Edwige Fenech , is set and was filmed in Lucca. Top Gear filmed the third episode of the 17th season here. Lucca is also known for its marble deposits. After a fire in the early 1900s, the West Wing of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario was rebuilt with marble sourced in Lucca. The floor mosaic in

2448-724: Was his nephew Anselm II , a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy. During the High Middle Ages, one of the most illustrious dynasties of Lucca was the noble Allucingoli family, who managed to forge strong ties with the Church. Among the family members were Ubaldo Allucingoli, who was elected to the Papacy as Pope Lucius III in 1181, and the Cardinals Gerardo Allucingoli and Uberto Allucingoli . After

2499-553: Was living in Prague working as a welder; the other GAP sentenced members served little or no time at all in jail, due to amnesties. The Osoppo Commander, Francesco De Gregori, was posthumously awarded with the Silver Medal. Elda Turchetti was cleared by the allegations of being a spy during the trial in Lucca. 46°11′22.97″N 13°22′59.79″E  /  46.1897139°N 13.3832750°E  / 46.1897139; 13.3832750 Lucca Lucca ( / ˈ l uː k ə / LOO -kə ; Italian: [ˈlukka] )

2550-404: Was rumored that Borghese was attempting to arrange a deal with non-Communist partisan units in order to prevent and stop the Yugoslav territorial ambitions that by 1944–1945 were becoming more evident. The Garibaldi Brigades were partisan brigades organized by the Italian Communist Party operating in the Italian resistance during the Second World War. The brigade operating since October 1943, in

2601-408: Was usually referred to as PG 60 Lucca. Although it never had permanent structures and accommodation consisted of tents in an area prone to flooding, it housed more than 3,000 British and Commonwealth prisoners of war during the period of its existence. It was handed over to the Germans on 10 September 1943, not long after the signing of the Italian armistice . During the Italian Social Republic , as

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