46-525: Portland Church is an ancient church located in County Tipperary , Ireland. Portland Church is located near Portumna , about 1 km (0.62 mi) from the River Shannon . Portland Church is an early stone church with Romanesque features. The east window is very small and the sacristy at the rear is corbelled . County Tipperary County Tipperary ( Irish : Contae Thiobraid Árann )
92-465: A common summer pasturage by the people of a whole parish or barony". Until the 19th century most townlands were owned by single landlords and occupied by multiple tenants. The cess , used to fund roadworks and other local expenses, was charged at the same rate on each townland in a barony , regardless of its size and productive capacity. Thus, occupiers in a small or poor townland suffered in comparison to those of larger or more fertile townlands. This
138-561: A description attributed to Thomas Davis , Editor of The Nation newspaper in the 1840s as a tribute to the nationalistic feeling in Tipperary and said that "where Tipperary leads, Ireland follows". Tipperary was the subject of the famous song " It's a Long Way to Tipperary " written by Jack Judge , whose grandparents came from the county. It was popular with regiments of the British Army during World War I . The song "Slievenamon", which
184-567: A quarter), "gort" and "quarter" ( Irish : ceathrú ). In County Fermanagh the divisions were "ballybetagh", "quarter" and "tate". Further subdivisions in Fermanagh appear to be related to liquid or grain measures such as "gallons", "pottles" and "pints". In Ulster, the ballybetagh was the territorial unit controlled by an Irish sept, typically containing around 16 townlands. Fragmentation of ballybetaghs resulted in units consisting of four, eight, and twelve townlands. One of these fragmented units,
230-516: A sense of belonging. The Royal Mail's changes were seen as a severing of this link. At the time the county councils were the government bodies responsible for validating the change. However, as local government itself was undergoing changes, the Royal Mail's decision was "allowed ... to become law almost by default". County Fermanagh is the only county in Northern Ireland that managed to resist
276-493: A settlement. Throughout most of Ulster, townlands were known as "ballyboes" ( Irish : baile bó , meaning "cow land"), and represented an area of pastoral economic value. In County Cavan similar units were called "polls", and in Counties Fermanagh and Monaghan , they were known as tates or taths . These names appear to be of English origin, but had become naturalised long before 1600. Modern townlands with
322-644: A strong association with the Gaelic Athletic Association , which was founded in Thurles in 1884. Tipperary GAA – a county board of the GAA – organizes local competitions for hurling , Gaelic football , camogie and handball . The board also enters county representative teams into the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship and All-Ireland Senior Football Championship . Tipperary is
368-528: A team of horses yoked to a plough). Thomas Larcom , the first Director of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland , made a study of the ancient land divisions of Ireland and summarised the traditional hierarchy of land divisions thus: 10 acres – 1 Gneeve; 2 Gneeves – 1 Sessiagh; 3 Sessiaghs – 1 Tate or Ballyboe; 2 Ballyboes – 1 Ploughland, Seisreagh or Carrow; 4 Ploughlands – 1 Ballybetagh, or Townland; 30 Ballybetaghs – Triocha Céad or Barony . This hierarchy
414-443: A townland is about 325 acres (1.32 km ; 132 ha), but they vary widely in size. William Reeves 's 1861 survey states that the smallest was Old Church Yard, near Carrickmore , in the parish of Termonmagurk , County Tyrone , at 0.625 acres (0.253 ha) and the largest, at 7,555 acres (30.57 km ; 11.805 sq mi), was and is Fionnán (also called Finnaun) in the parish of Killanin , County Galway . In fact,
460-638: Is a county in Ireland . It is in the province of Munster and the Southern Region . The county is named after the town of Tipperary , and was established in the early 13th century, shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland . It is Ireland's largest inland county and shares a border with eight counties, more than any other. The population of the county was 167,895 at the 2022 census. The largest towns are Clonmel , Nenagh and Thurles . Tipperary County Council
506-525: Is a small geographical division of land, historically and currently used in Ireland and in the Western Isles in Scotland, typically covering 100–500 acres (40–202 ha). The townland system is of Gaelic origin, antedating the Norman invasion , and most have names of Irish origin. However, some townland names and boundaries come from Norman manors , plantation divisions, or later creations of
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#1732851002465552-515: Is based on the Gaelic system of land division, and the first official evidence of the existence of this Gaelic land division system can be found in church records from before the 12th century, it was in the 1600s that they began to be mapped and defined by the English administration for the purpose of confiscating land and apportioning it to investors or planters from Britain. The term "townland" in English
598-568: Is derived from the Old English word tūn , denoting an enclosure. The term describes the smallest unit of land division in Ireland, based on various forms of Gaelic land division, many of which had their own names. The term baile , anglicised as "bally", is the most dominant element used in Irish townland names. Today, the term "bally" denotes an urban settlement, but its precise meaning in ancient Ireland
644-491: Is the local authority for the county. In 1838, County Tipperary was divided into two ridings , North and South . From 1899 until 2014, they had their own county councils . They were unified under the Local Government Reform Act 2014 , which came into effect following the 2014 local elections on 3 June 2014. Tipperary is the sixth-largest of the 32 counties by area and the 12th largest by population. It
690-478: Is the economic hub of the county, due to manufacturing facilities owned by Bulmers (brewers) and Merck & Co. (pharmaceuticals) east of the town. There is much fertile land, especially in the region known as the Golden Vale , one of the richest agricultural areas in Ireland. Tipperary is famous for its horse breeding industry and is the home of Coolmore Stud , the largest thoroughbred breeding operation in
736-420: Is the third-largest of Munster's six counties by both size and population. It is also the largest landlocked county in Ireland. Tipperary is bounded (clockwise) by counties Offaly, Laois, Kilkenny, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, Clare and Galway. Its eight neighbours are the most of any county on the island. The region is part of the central plain of Ireland, but the diverse terrain contains several mountain ranges:
782-470: Is traditionally associated with the county, was written by Charles Kickham from Mullinahone , and is commonly sung at sporting fixtures involving the county. There is no Gaeltacht in County Tipperary and consequently few Irish speakers. Nevertheless, there are five Gaelscoileanna (Irish language primary schools) and two Gaelcholáistí (Irish language secondary schools). The area around Clonmel
828-457: Is unclear, as towns had no place in Gaelic social organisation. The modern Irish term for a townland is baile fearainn (plural: bailte fearainn ). The term fearann means "land, territory, quarter". The Normans left no major traces in townland names, but they adapted some of them for their own use, possibly seeing a similarity between the Gaelic baile and the Norman bailey , both of which meant
874-457: The Down Survey as an intermediate subdivision, with multiple townlands per parish and multiple parishes per barony. The civil parishes had some use in local taxation and were included on the nineteenth century maps of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland . For poor law purposes, district electoral divisions replaced the civil parishes in the mid-nineteenth century. There are 199 civil parishes in
920-514: The Dublin–Cork line such as Templemore , Thurles and Limerick Junction . The Dublin-to-Limerick line connect at Ballybrophy for services through north Tipperary. The Limerick–Waterford line connect to the Dublin–Cork line at Limerick Junction . The railway lines connect places in Tipperary with Cork , Dublin Heuston , Waterford , Limerick , Mallow , and Galway . County Tipperary has
966-789: The Knockmealdown , the Galtee , the Arra Hills and the Silvermine Mountains . Most of the county is drained by the River Suir ; the north-western part by tributaries of the River Shannon ; the eastern part by the River Nore ; the south-western corner by the Munster Blackwater . No part of the county touches the coast. The centre is known as 'the Golden Vale ', a rich pastoral stretch of land in
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#17328510024651012-507: The M8 motorway bisects the county from north of Two-Mile Borris to the County Limerick border. Both routes are among some of the busiest roads on the island. The Limerick to Waterford N24 crosses the southern half of Tipperary, travelling through Tipperary Town , Bansha , north of Cahir and around Clonmel and Carrick-on-Suir . Tipperary also has a number of railway stations situated on
1058-721: The North Riding met in Nenagh . When the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 established county councils to replace the grand jury for civil functions, the ridings became separate " administrative counties " with separate county councils. Their names were changed from "Tipperary North/South Riding" to "North/South Tipperary" by the Local Government Act 2001 , which redesignated all "administrative counties" as simply "counties". The Local Government Reform Act 2014 has amalgamated
1104-473: The Ordnance Survey . The total number of inhabited townlands in Ireland was 60,679 in 1911. The total number recognised by the Irish Place Names database as of 2014 was 61,098, including uninhabited townlands, mainly small islands. In Ireland, a townland is generally the smallest administrative division of land, though a few large townlands are further divided into hundreds . The concept of townlands
1150-606: The archiepiscopal see of Cashel , which formed the separate county of Cross Tipperary . Though the Earls gained jurisdiction over the church lands in 1662, "Tipperary and Cross Tipperary" were not definitively united until the County Palatine of Tipperary Act 1715 , when the 2nd Duke of Ormond was attainted for supporting the Jacobite rising of 1715 . The county was divided once again in 1838. The county town of Clonmel , where
1196-566: The grand jury held its twice-yearly assizes , is at the southern limit of the county, and roads leading north were poor, making the journey inconvenient for jurors resident there. A petition to move the county town to a more central location was opposed by the MP for Clonmel , so instead the county was split into two " ridings "; the grand jury of the South Riding continued to meet in Clonmel, while that of
1242-559: The "quarter", representing a quarter of a ballybetagh, was the universal land denomination recorded in the survey of County Donegal conducted in 1608. In the early 17th century 20 per cent of the total area of western Ulster was under the control of the church. These " termonn " lands consisted likewise of ballybetaghs and ballyboes, but were held by erenaghs instead of sept leaders. Other units of land division used throughout Ireland include: "Cartrons" were also sometimes called "ploughlands" or "seisreagh" ( Irish : seisreach , meaning
1288-471: The Irish acre, the English acre, the Cunningham acre, the plantation acre and the statute acre. The Ordnance Survey maps used the statute acre measurement. The quality and situation of the land affected the size of these acres. The Cunningham acre is given as intermediate between the Irish and English acres. Many of these land division terms have been preserved in the names of modern townlands. For example,
1334-870: The Suir basin which extends into counties Limerick and Cork . At 917 m, Galtymore is the highest point. The Devil's Bit is a part of the Slieve Bloom range. The River Shannon flows along the northwest border with counties Limerick , Galway and Clare . The River Suir rises at the Devil's Bit and flows into the sea east of Waterford . There are 12 historic baronies in County Tipperary: Clanwilliam , Eliogarty , Iffa and Offa East , Iffa and Offa West , Ikerrin , Kilnamanagh Lower , Kilnamanagh Upper , Middle Third , Ormond Lower , Ormond Upper , Owney and Arra and Slievardagh . Parishes were delineated after
1380-618: The change completely. Nevertheless, many newer road signs in parts of Northern Ireland now show townland names (see picture). In 2001 the Northern Ireland Assembly passed a motion requesting government departments to make use of townland addresses in correspondence and publications. In the Republic of Ireland townlands continue to be used on addresses. In 2005 the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources announced that
1426-455: The changes. It was described as a "ground-level community effort". Taking place in the midst of The Troubles , the campaign was a rare example of unity between Catholics and Protestants , nationalists and unionists . Townlands and their names "seem to have been considered as a shared resource and heritage". Those involved in the campaign argued that, in many areas, people still strongly identified with their townlands and that this gave them
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1472-558: The collection of motor taxation, local roads and social housing . Most of the county is in the Dáil constituency of Tipperary , which returns five deputies ( TDs ) to the Dáil. A small part of the county in the former rural district of Nenagh is in the constituency of Limerick City . The county is part of the South constituency for European elections. Tipperary is referred to as the "Premier County",
1518-552: The county. Townlands are the smallest officially defined geographical divisions in Ireland; there are 3,159 townlands in the county. Following the Norman invasion of Ireland , the Kingdom of Munster was claimed as a lordship. By 1210, the sheriffdom of Munster shired into the shires of Tipperary and Limerick . In 1328, Tipperary was granted to the Earls of Ormond as a county palatine or liberty . The grant excluded church lands such as
1564-512: The island, but in that year the Royal Mail decided that the townland element of the address was obsolete in Northern Ireland. Townland names were not banned, but they were deemed "superfluous information" and people were asked not to include them on addresses. They were to be replaced by house numbers, road names and postcodes . In response the Townlands Campaign emerged to protest against
1610-680: The only county across any Gaelic game to have won an all-Ireland title in every decade since the 1880s. Hurling has traditionally been the county's dominant sport, however, with its hurling team having won 28 All-Ireland titles in comparison to the football team 's four. Tipperary has the third-highest All-Ireland tally of any county hurling team, behind only Kilkenny and Cork . Horse racing takes place at Tipperary Racecourse , Thurles Racecourse and Clonmel Racecourse . 52°40′N 7°50′W / 52.667°N 7.833°W / 52.667; -7.833 Townland A townland ( Irish : baile fearainn ; Ulster-Scots : toonlann )
1656-526: The prefix pol- is widely found throughout western Ireland, its accepted meaning being "hole" or "hollow". In County Cavan, which contains over half of all townlands in Ulster with the prefix pol- , some should probably be better translated as "the poll of ...". In County Tyrone, the following hierarchy of land divisions was used: "ballybetagh" ( Irish : baile beithigh , meaning "cattle place"), "ballyboe", "sessiagh" ( Irish : séú cuid , meaning sixth part of
1702-588: The prefix tat- are confined almost exclusively to the diocese of Clogher, which covers Counties Fermanagh and Monaghan, and the barony of Clogher in County Tyrone ), and cannot be confused with any other Irish word. The use of the term can also be seen in the diocese of Clogher parish of Inniskeen area within Louth where the townlands of Edenagrena, Drumsinnot, Killaconner and Torpass were referred to collectively as "the four tates of Ballyfoylan." In modern townland names
1748-453: The term "bally" in some townland names is that it can be difficult to distinguish between the Irish terms baile meaning "townland" and béal átha meaning "approach to a ford". An example of the latter is Ballyshannon , County Donegal , which is derived from Béal Átha Seanaidh . "Sub-townlands" ( Irish : fo-bhaile ) are also recorded in some areas, smaller divisions of a townland with their own traditional names. The average area of
1794-700: The term "cartron" in both its English and Irish forms has been preserved in the townland names of Carrowmeer, Cartron and Carrowvere, while the term "sessiagh" survives in the names Shesia, Sheshodonell, Sheshymore and Shessiv. The terms "ballyboe" and "ballybetagh" tend to be preserved in the truncated form of "bally" as a prefix for some townland names, such as Ballymacarattybeg near Poyntzpass , County Down. Less well-known land division terms may be found in other townland names such as Coogulla ( Irish : Cuige Uladh , "the Ulster fifth"), Treanmanagh ( Irish : an train meánach , "the third middle") and Dehomade ( Irish : an deichiú méid , "the tenth part"). A problem with
1840-463: The townland of Clonskeagh in the barony of Uppercross (abutting the main Clonskeagh townland in the barony of Dublin ) was only 0.3 acres (1,200 m ) although the area is now urbanised, so that the townlands are unused and their boundaries are uncertain. The ballyboe, a townland unit used in Ulster, was described in 1608 as containing 60 acres of arable land, meadow, and pasture. However, this
1886-507: The townland system. Slight adjustments are still made. There were 60,679 in 1911, compared to 60,462 townlands in 1901. Townlands form the building blocks for higher-level administrative units such as parishes and district electoral divisions (in the Republic of Ireland ) or wards (in Northern Ireland ). Before 1972 townlands were included on all rural postal addresses throughout
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1932-437: The two counties and restored a single county of Tipperary. Following the 2014 local election , Tipperary County Council is the local authority for the county. The authority is the successor council to North Tipperary County Council and South Tipperary County Council which operated up until June 2014. The local authority is responsible for certain local services such as sanitation, planning and development , libraries,
1978-410: The world. Tourism plays a significant role in County Tipperary – Lough Derg , Thurles , Rock of Cashel , Ormonde Castle , Ahenny High Crosses , Cahir Castle , Bru Boru Heritage Centre and Tipperary Crystal are some of the primary tourist destinations in the county. Road transport dominates in County Tipperary. The M7 motorway crosses the north of the county through Roscrea and Nenagh and
2024-536: Was misleading, as the size of townlands under the Gaelic system varied depending upon their quality, situation and economic potential. This economic potential varied from the extent of land required to graze cattle to the land required to support several families. The highest density of townland units recorded in Ulster in 1609 corresponds to the areas with the highest land valuations in the 1860s. It seems that many moorland areas were not divided into townlands until fairly recently. These areas were "formerly shared as
2070-518: Was not applied uniformly across Ireland. For example, a ballybetagh or townland could contain more or less than four ploughlands. Further confusion arises when it is taken into account that, while Larcom used the general term "acres" in his summary, terms such as "great acres", "large acres" and "small acres" were also used in records. Writing in 1846, Larcom remarked that the "large" and "small" acres had no fixed ratio between them, and that there were various other kinds of acre in use in Ireland, including
2116-463: Was reformed by Griffith's Valuation . During the 19th century an extensive series of maps of Ireland was created by the Irish division of the Ordnance Survey for taxation purposes. These maps both documented and standardised the boundaries of the more than 60,000 townlands in Ireland. The process often involved dividing or amalgamating existing townlands, and defining townland boundaries in areas such as mountain or bog that had previously been outside
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