64-573: Poor Things: Episodes from the Early Life of Archibald McCandless M.D., Scottish Public Health Officer is an epistolary novel by Scottish writer Alasdair Gray , published in 1992. It won the Whitbread Award and the Guardian Fiction Prize the same year. A postmodern retelling of the gothic horror novel “ Frankenstein” by Mary Shelley , the narrative follows the life of Bella Baxter,
128-405: A Frankenstein -like drama set in 19th-century Glasgow. Godwin 'God' Baxter is a scientist who implants a suicide victim with the brain of her own unborn child. It was Gray's most commercially successful work and he enjoyed writing it. The London Review of Books considered it his funniest novel, and a welcome return to form. It won a Whitbread Novel Award and a Guardian Fiction Prize . It
192-618: A 2012 essay. He frequently used the epigram "Work as if you live in the early days of a better nation" in his books; by 1991, the phrase had become a slogan for Scottish opposition to Thatcherism . The text was engraved in the Canongate Wall of the Scottish Parliament Building in Edinburgh when it opened in 2004. It was referred to by SNP politicians during the 2007 Scottish Parliament election campaign, when they became
256-453: A background of the sadomasochistic sex fantasies that McLeish concocts to distract himself from his misery. Anthony Burgess , who had called Gray "the most important Scottish writer since Sir Walter Scott " on the strength of Lanark , found 1982, Janine "juvenile". The Fall of Kelvin Walker (1985) and McGrotty and Ludmilla (1990) were based on television scripts Gray had written in
320-409: A deep, guttural voice, eyes like black olives and the most expressive of faces. Almost nothing seems beyond her range, from farcical clowning to deepest, darkest tragedy." Hunter's "uncommon ability to shape-shift" has led her to play roles typically reserved for male actors. She was the first British woman to play King Lear professionally. Hunter's portrayal of Lear conscientiously challenged
384-630: A degree in Design and Mural Painting. That year he won a Bellahouston Travelling scholarship, and intended to use it to paint and see galleries in Spain. A severe asthma attack left him hospitalised in Gibraltar , and he had his money stolen. From 1958–1962 Gray worked part-time as an art teacher in Lanarkshire and Glasgow, and in 1959–1960 he studied teaching at Jordanhill College . Gray married Inge Sørensen,
448-545: A destiny", and the editor, Richard Walker, criticised the scare tactics of the "No" side and stressed that independence was normal. Gray's design, and his and the paper's support for independence, attracted widespread coverage at the time and later. The cover consists of a large thistle surrounded by Scottish saltires . Iain Macwhirter of the Herald wrote that it was "striking", and The National said Gray's image had "galvanised
512-759: A dramatisation of Lanark was performed at the Edinburgh International Festival . was adapted by David Greig and directed by Graham Eatough . (It had previously been dramatised at the festival by the TAG Theatre Company in 1995. ) In June 2015 Gray was seriously injured in a fall, leaving him confined to a wheelchair. He continued to write; the first two parts of his translation of Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedy trilogy were published in 2018 and 2019. Alasdair Gray died at Queen Elizabeth University Hospital in Glasgow on 29 December 2019,
576-595: A factory making boxes, often went hillwalking , and helped found the Scottish Youth Hostels Association . Gray's mother was Amy (née Fleming), whose parents had moved to Scotland from Lincolnshire because her father had been blacklisted in England for trade union membership. She worked in a clothing warehouse. Alasdair Gray was born in Riddrie in north-east Glasgow on 28 December 1934; his sister Mora
640-442: A foppish lawyer named Duncan Wedderburn, with whom she elopes and embarks on a hedonistic odyssey around Europe , Northern Africa , and Central Asia . This narrative is followed by Bella's refutation of its facts, suggesting that her "poor fool" of a husband has concocted a life for her from the prevailing gothic and romantic motifs of the period: it "positively stinks of all that was morbid in that most morbid of centuries". This
704-741: A freelance artist. His first mural was "Horrors of War" for the Scottish- USSR Friendship Society in Glasgow. In 1964 the BBC made a documentary film, Under the Helmet , about his career to date. Many of his murals have been lost; surviving examples include one in the Ubiquitous Chip restaurant in the West End of Glasgow , and another at Hillhead subway station . His ceiling mural (in collaboration with Robert Salmon, Nichol Wheatley and others for
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#1732858229471768-604: A hard-won sense of the complexity of the universe…. His poetic work, especially when dealing with the relationship, or lack thereof, between the sexes, is memorable and disconcerting in the way only good poetry is." Gray was a Scottish nationalist . He started voting for the Scottish National Party (SNP) in the 1970s, as he despaired about the erosion of the welfare state which had provided his education. He believed that North Sea oil should be nationalised. He wrote three pamphlets advocating Scottish independence from
832-705: A minority government for the first time. In 2001, Gray was narrowly defeated by Greg Hemphill when he stood as the candidate of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association for the post of Rector of the University of Glasgow . A longstanding supporter of the SNP and the Scottish Socialist Party , Gray voted Liberal Democrat at the 2010 general election in an effort to unseat Labour, who he regarded as "corrupted"; by
896-677: A new generation of Scottish writers, including Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , A. L. Kennedy , Janice Galloway and Iain Banks , and has been called "one of the landmarks of 20th-century fiction", but it did not make Gray wealthy. His 2010 illustrated autobiography A Life in Pictures outlined the parts of Lanark he based on his own experiences: his mother died when he was young, he went to art school, suffered from chronic eczema and shyness, and found difficulty in relationships with women. His first short-story collection, Unlikely Stories, Mostly , won
960-474: A powerful influence on the young Gray. His family lived on a council estate in Riddrie, and he attended Whitehill Secondary School , where he was made editor of the school magazine and won prizes for Art and English. When he was eleven Gray appeared on BBC children's radio reading from an adaptation of one of Aesop's Fables , and he started writing short stories as a teenager. His mother died of cancer when he
1024-677: A production of Antony and Cleopatra and the Fool in a production of King Lear at the RSC's Courtyard Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon . The latter performance was described as "outstanding". In January 2011, she withdrew from these roles shortly before the plays were due to be revived. In February 2016, Hunter took the title role of Cyrano de Bergerac at the Southwark Playhouse , London. Guardian critic Michael Billington wrote, "Hunter
1088-482: A selection of prefaces from books ranging from Cædmon to Wilfred Owen . Gray selected the works, wrote extensive marginal notes, and translated some earlier pieces into modern English. Around 2000, Gray had to apply to the Scottish Artists' Benevolent Association for financial support, as he was struggling to survive on the income from his book sales. In 2001 Gray, Kelman and Leonard became joint professors of
1152-722: A solo piece based on Franz Kafka's " A Report to an Academy ," she played a monkey delivering a speech to a scientific society about its transformation from a monkey to a man. The piece was a highly acclaimed sell-out success at the Young Vic in 2009, where it was reprised in May 2011. It toured to the Baryshnikov Arts Center in New York in April 2013. According to Charles Isherwood of The New York Times , Hunter's performance had "wry wisdom,
1216-462: A spread of original illustrations, as well as an Introduction and Critical Notes. The bracketing Introduction and Critical Notes feature a meta-textual component, in that they simultaneously exist in the novel’s fictional canon, but are also credited to real-life author Alasdair Gray . The novel is illustrated by Alasdair Gray, despite the text claiming the illustration were created by Scottish painter and printmaker William Strang . The main body of
1280-464: A surgically fabricated woman created in late Victorian Glasgow. Bella’s navigation of late 19th century society is the lens through which Gray delivers social commentary on patriarchal institutions, social equality, socioeconomic matters and sexual politics. The novel itself is epistolary , being composed of a fictional novella entitled “ Episodes from the Early Life of Archibald McCandless M.D., Scottish Public Health Officer” , several extended letters,
1344-485: A teen-aged nurse from Denmark, in 1961. They had a son, Andrew, in 1963, and separated in 1969. He had an eight-year relationship with Danish jeweller Bethsy Gray. He was married to Morag Nimmo McAlpine Gray from 1991 until her death in 2014. He lived in Glasgow his entire adult life. After finishing art school, Gray painted theatrical scenery for the Glasgow Pavilion and Citizens Theatre , and worked as
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#17328582294711408-587: A touch of cheeky humor and, above all, a sense of dignity." In November 2013, she co-starred as the fairy Puck in Julie Taymor 's production of A Midsummer Night's Dream , the show that opened the Theatre for a New Audience in Brooklyn . Ben Brantley of The New York Times described Hunter's Puck as "genuinely original" and "part music-hall comedian, part fairground contortionist." In 2008, Hunter co-starred in
1472-569: A young artist growing up in Glasgow in the 1950s. The other is a dystopia , where the character Lanark visits Unthank, which is ruled by the Institute and the Council, opaque bodies which exercise absolute power. Lanark enters politics believing he can change Unthank for the better, but gets drunk and disgraces himself. Later, when he is dying, his son Sandy tells him "The world is only improved by people who do ordinary jobs and refuse to be bullied." There
1536-452: Is Gray Day, held annually on 25 February in celebration of Gray's life and works. Notes Kathryn Hunter Aikaterini Hadjipateras ( Greek : Αικατερίνη Χατζηπατέρα ; born 9 April 1957 ), known professionally as Kathryn Hunter , is a British–American actress and theatre director, known for her appearances as Arabella Figg in the Harry Potter film series , Eedy Karn in
1600-475: Is a stranger because he's already visited them in paintings, novels, history books and films. But if a city hasn't been used by an artist not even the inhabitants live there imaginatively." Gray's books are mainly set in Glasgow and other parts of Scotland. His work helped strengthen and deepen the development of the Glasgow literary scene away from gang fiction, while also resisting neoliberal gentrification. Gray's work, particularly Lanark , "put Scotland back on
1664-660: Is an astonishing shape-shifting performer who can play just about anything" but Telegraph critic Jane Schilling called Russell Bolam's production "an opportunity squandered." In 2017, she starred in the title role in The House of Bernarda Alba at the Royal Exchange in Manchester . In 2018, Hunter returned to the RSC to play the title role in Timon of Athens , directed by Simon Godwin . From December 2022 to June 2023, Hunter played
1728-512: Is an epilogue four chapters before the end, with a list of the work's alleged plagiarisms , some from non-existent works. The title page of Book Four, which was used as the cover art on the paperback, was a reference to Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes . Lanark has been compared with Franz Kafka and Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell for its atmosphere of bureaucratic threat, and with Jorge Luis Borges and Italo Calvino for its fabulism . It revivified Scottish literature, inspired
1792-554: Is particularly associated with physical theatre , having been described as a "virtuoso physical performer." She has worked with renowned companies in that field including Shared Experience and Complicité . She won an Olivier Award in 1991 for playing the millionairess in Friedrich Dürrenmatt 's The Visit . Critics have noted Hunter's unusual physical presence and her range. Charles Spencer of The Telegraph wrote, "diminutive in stature, and slightly lame, she has
1856-448: Is reinforced by the novel's intricate echoes of Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein . These fictitious historical documents are prefaced with an introduction by one Alasdair Gray, who presents himself as the editor of the following text, and relates the "discovery" of the papers by his real-life friends, Michael Donnelly and Elspeth King. The introduction also hosts a critique of Glasgow City Council 's treatment of its culture and heritage in
1920-461: The 2019 election he was voting Labour as a protest against the SNP for not being radical enough. Gray designed a special front page for the Sunday Herald in May 2014 when it came out in favour of a "Yes" vote in that year's independence referendum , the first and only newspaper to do so. The newspaper described independence as "the chance to alter course, to travel roads less taken, to define
1984-602: The Cheltenham Prize for Literature in 1983. It is a selection of Gray's short fiction from 1951–1983. Gray regarded 1982, Janine , published in 1984, as his best work. Partly inspired by Hugh MacDiarmid 's A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle , the stream-of-consciousness narrative depicts Jock McLeish, a middle-aged Conservative security supervisor who is dependent on alcohol , and describes how people and sectors of society are controlled against their best interests, over
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2048-660: The Disney+ Star Wars spinoff series Andor , as the Three Witches in Joel Coen 's The Tragedy of Macbeth , and most recently as Swiney in Yorgos Lanthimos 's Poor Things . Hunter was born in New York to Greek parents, and was raised in England. She trained at RADA , where she is now an associate and regularly directs student productions, and studied clowning with Philippe Gaulier . In her stage work, Hunter
2112-858: The Scottish National Galleries and the Tate . His paintings and prints are also held in Glasgow Museums , the Victoria and Albert Museum , the National Library of Scotland and the Hunterian Museum . In 2014–2015 Dallas devised the Alasdair Gray Season, a citywide celebration of Gray's visual work to coincide with his 80th birthday. The main exhibition, Alasdair Gray: From the Personal to
2176-580: The Òran Mór venue and one at Hillhead subway station . His artwork has been widely exhibited and is in several important collections. Before Lanark , he had plays performed on radio and TV. His writing style is postmodern and has been compared with those of Franz Kafka , George Orwell , Jorge Luis Borges and Italo Calvino . It often contains extensive footnotes explaining the works that influenced it. His books inspired many younger Scottish writers, including Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , A. L. Kennedy , Janice Galloway , Chris Kelso and Iain Banks . He
2240-405: The 'Yes' movement". The Sunday Herald' s website doubled its traffic, and the newspaper's sales rose by 31% after it supported "Yes". Despite Scotland narrowly voting against independence, Gray felt the result was more favourable than a narrow Yes win. In 2008, Gray's former student and secretary Rodge Glass published a biography of him, called Alasdair Gray: A Secretary's Biography . Gray
2304-479: The 1960s and 1970s, and describe the adventures of Scottish protagonists in London. Something Leather (1990) explores female sexuality; Gray regretted giving it its provocative title. He called it his weakest book, and he excised the sexual fantasy material and retitled it Glaswegians when he included it in his compendium Every Short Story 1951-2012 . Poor Things (1992) discusses Scottish colonial history via
2368-464: The Creative Writing programme at Glasgow and Strathclyde Universities. Gray stood down from the post in 2003, having disagreed with other staff about the direction the programme should take. "Glasgow is a magnificent city," said McAlpin. "Why do we hardly ever notice that?" "Because nobody imagines living here… think of Florence, Paris, London, New York. Nobody visiting them for the first time
2432-600: The Kelvingrove Gallery. Gray said that he found writing tiring, but that painting gave him energy. His visual art often used local or personal details to encompass international or universal truths and themes. Gray's first plays were broadcast on radio ( Quiet People ) and television ( The Fall of Kelvin Walker ) in 1968. Between 1972 and 1974 he took part in a writing group organised by Philip Hobsbaum , which included James Kelman , Tom Leonard , Liz Lochhead , Aonghas MacNeacail and Jeff Torrington . In 1973, with
2496-582: The United Kingdom, noting at the beginning of Why Scots Should Rule Scotland (1992) that "by Scots I mean everyone in Scotland who is eligible to vote." In 2014 he wrote that "the UK electorate has no chance of voting for a party which will do anything to seriously tax our enlarged millionaire class that controls Westminster." Gray described English people living in Scotland as being either "settlers" or "colonists" in
2560-800: The Universal , was held at the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum with over 15,000 attending. His first solo London exhibition took place in late 2017 at the Coningsby Gallery in Fitzrovia and the Leyden Gallery in Spitalfields . In 2023, Glasgow Museums acquired Grey's 1964 mural Cowcaddens Streetscape in the Fifties , which the artist described as "my best big oil painting", for display at
2624-603: The audience to separate character and performer: her voice and clothing read as male, but she physicalized lines such as "Down from the waist they are Centaurs/Though women all above" to remind the audience of the female body playing the part. Another male role she played was in The Bee , directed by Hideki Noda , which played at the Soho Theatre in June 2006 and 2012. Hunter has also played animals and other creatures. In Kafka's Monkey ,
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2688-544: The auditorium of the Òran Mór theatre and music venue on Byres Road is one of the largest works of art in Scotland and was painted over several years. It shows Adam and Eve embracing against a night sky, with modern people from Glasgow in the foreground. In 1977–1978, Gray worked for the People's Palace museum, as Glasgow's "artist recorder", funded by a scheme set up by the Labour government. He produced hundreds of drawings of
2752-468: The city, including portraits of politicians, people in the arts, members of the general public and workplaces with workers. These are now in the collection at Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum . In 2003 Gray began working with gallerist Sorcha Dallas who, over the next 14 years, helped to develop interest in his visual practice, brokering sales to major collections including the Arts Council of England ,
2816-435: The day after his 85th birthday, following a short illness. He left his body to science and there was no funeral. Nicola Sturgeon , first minister of Scotland, remembered him as "one of the brightest intellectual and creative lights Scotland has known in modern times." Tributes were also paid by Jonathan Coe , Val McDermid , Ian Rankin , Ali Smith and Irvine Welsh. The Guardian referred to him as "the father figure of
2880-728: The fifth film of the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007). A 2001 episode of Silent Witness entitled " Faith " (BBC), Hunter played the role of Sister Geraldine Catterson. In 2018, she starred in the BBC Two drama Black Earth Rising as Capi Petridis, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court . In 2021, she earned acclaim in her portrayal of
2944-464: The first English-language production of Fragments , a collection of short plays by Samuel Beckett , directed by Peter Brook . Of the London run at the Young Vic, Andrew Dickson of The Guardian wrote, "the evening belongs to Kathryn Hunter, who crams into a few minutes of stage time more than most actors achieve in a career." The piece toured internationally, appearing in New York in 2011. Hunter
3008-743: The inaugural Saltire Society Lifetime Achievement Award for his contribution to Scottish literature. His books are self-illustrated using strong lines and high-impact graphics, a unique and highly recognisable style influenced by his early exposure to William Blake and Aubrey Beardsley , comics, Ladybird Books , and Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopaedia , and which has been compared to that of Diego Rivera . He published three collections of poetry; like his fiction, his poems are sometimes-humorous depictions of "big themes" like love, God and language. Stuart Kelly described them as having "a dispassionate, confessional voice; technical accomplishment utilised to convey meaning rather than for its own sake and
3072-685: The lead role of Janina Duszejko in a stage adaptation of the Polish mystery novel Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead , adapted for the stage by Complicité . Her screen work includes a supporting role in the TV series Rome as Cleopatra 's companion, Charmian , and voicing Gorn in Tron: Uprising . Notable film work includes Mike Leigh 's All or Nothing (2002) and Harry Potter 's neighbour, Arabella Figg , in
3136-466: The literary map", and strongly influenced Scottish fiction for decades. The frequent political themes in his writing argue the importance of promoting ordinary human decency, protecting the weak from the strong, and remembering the complexity of social issues. They are treated in a playfully humorous and postmodern manner, and some stories, especially Lanark , 1982, Janine , and Something Leather , depict sexual frustration. My stories try to seduce
3200-478: The neglect of the city's social history museum, the People's Palace , and a brief mention of Glasgow's time as the European Capital of Culture in 1990, which was the subject of a more sustained satire in his novel Something Leather . Poor Things contains illustrations by Alasdair Gray, which the text claims are by the Scottish etcher and illustrator William Strang . There are also punning additions of fragments of images from Gray's Anatomy . One feature of
3264-438: The novel that has attracted comment is the page of review quotes, featuring a printed erratum strip. Some of these reviews are patently fictitious (such as those from the Skiberdeen Eagle and the Private Nose ) and others are attributed to real publications, but seem so harsh that their authenticity is called into question. A film adaptation of the book was produced with Yorgos Lanthimos directing and Tony McNamara writing
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#17328582294713328-548: The reader by disguising themselves as sensational entertainment, but are propaganda for democratic welfare-state Socialism and an independent Scottish parliament. My jacket designs and illustrations—especially the erotic ones—are designed with the same high purpose. Will Self has called him "a creative polymath with an integrated politico-philosophic vision" and "perhaps the greatest living [writer] in this archipelago today". Gray described himself as "a fat, spectacled, balding, increasingly old Glasgow pedestrian". In 2019 he won
3392-485: The renaissance in Scottish literature and art". His works are archived at the National Library of Scotland . Sorcha Dallas was responsible for packing and organising his items posthumously and establishing the Alasdair Gray Archive in March 2020. The Archive is a free community resource caring for Gray's studio and visual and literary materials. It commissions new works, offers access and education opportunities as well as partnering on projects and events. One such event
3456-475: The script. The cast includes Emma Stone , Mark Ruffalo , Willem Dafoe , Ramy Youssef , Christopher Abbott , Kathryn Hunter , and Jerrod Carmichael . The adaptation was released in theatres on December 8, 2023. The film enjoyed rapturous acclaim, winning several prizes including the Golden Lion at the 80th Venice Film Festival as well as four Academy Awards later that year. Alasdair Gray Alasdair James Gray (28 December 1934 – 29 December 2019)
3520-431: The support of Edwin Morgan , he received a grant from the Scottish Arts Council to allow him to continue with Lanark . From 1977 to 1979 he was writer-in-residence at the University of Glasgow . Lanark , his first novel, was published in 1981 to great acclaim, and became his best-known work. The book tells two parallel stories. One, the first written, is a Bildungsroman , a realist depiction of Duncan Thaw,
3584-627: The work centres on Bella Baxter, a woman whose early life and identity are the subject of some ambiguity. That ambiguity is complicated by her husband Archibald McCandless's autobiography Episodes from the Early Life of a Scottish Public Health Officer which distorts the truth about his life with Bella. He claims that she was a corpse, resurrected by McCandless's colleague, scientist Dr Godwin Baxter, who had her brain replaced with that of her unborn fetus , resulting in her having an infant's mind. While designed to be Baxter's companion, her sexual appetite causes her to pursue other men, including McCandless and
3648-552: Was a Scottish writer and artist. His first novel, Lanark (1981), is seen as a landmark of Scottish fiction. He published novels, short stories, plays, poetry and translations, and wrote on politics and the history of English and Scots literature. His works of fiction combine realism , fantasy , and science fiction with the use of his own typography and illustrations, and won several awards. He studied at Glasgow School of Art from 1952 to 1957. As well as his book illustrations, he painted portraits and murals , including one at
3712-476: Was born two years later. During the Second World War, Gray was evacuated to Auchterarder in Perthshire, and Stonehouse in Lanarkshire. From 1942 until 1945 the family lived in Wetherby in Yorkshire, where his father was running a hostel for workers in ROF Thorp Arch , a munitions factory. Gray frequently visited the public library ; he enjoyed the Winnie-the-Pooh stories, and comics like The Beano and The Dandy . Later, Edgar Allan Poe became
3776-494: Was broadly approving of the work. Glass sums up critics' main problems with Gray's writing as their discomfort with his politics, and with his frequent tendency to pre-empt criticism in his work. Glass's book won the Somerset Maugham Award in 2009. In 2014 Gray's autobiography Of Me & Others was released, and Kevin Cameron made a feature-length film Alasdair Gray: A Life in Progress , including interviews with Liz Lochhead and Gray's sister, Mora Rolley. In August 2015
3840-458: Was eighteen; in the same year he enrolled at Glasgow School of Art . As an art student he began what later became his first novel, Lanark , which originally carried the name Portrait of the Artist as a Young Scot . He completed the first book in 1963; it was rejected by the Curtis Brown literary agency. It was originally intended to be Gray's version of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . In 1957 Gray graduated from art school with
3904-399: Was engraved in the Canongate Wall of the Scottish Parliament Building in Edinburgh when it opened in 2004. He lived almost all his life in Glasgow, married twice, and had one son. On his death The Guardian referred to him as "the father figure of the renaissance in Scottish literature and art". Gray's father, Alexander, had been wounded in the First World War. He worked for many years in
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#17328582294713968-422: Was later adapted into an award-winning film starring Emma Stone , directed by Yorgos Lanthimos ; the novel was adapted for the screen by Tony McNamara . A History Maker (1994) is set in a 23rd-century matriarchal society in the area around St Mary's Loch , and shows a utopia going wrong. The Book of Prefaces (2000) tells the story of the development of the English language and of humanism , using
4032-546: Was made an Artistic Associate at the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) in 2008. From January to March 2009, she debuted as an RSC director with a production of Othello at the Warwick Arts Centre , Hackney Empire , Northern Stage , Oxford Playhouse and Liverpool Playhouse . Her husband Marcello Magni was movement director on the production and appeared in it as Roderigo. Other cast members included Michael Gould as Iago, Patrice Naiambana as Othello, and Natalia Tena as Desdemona. In 2010, Hunter played Cleopatra in
4096-436: Was writer-in-residence at the University of Glasgow from 1977 to 1979, and professor of Creative Writing at Glasgow and Strathclyde Universities from 2001 to 2003. Gray was a Scottish nationalist and a republican , and wrote supporting socialism and Scottish independence . He popularised the epigram "Work as if you live in the early days of a better nation" (paraphrased from a poem by Canadian poet Dennis Lee ) which
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