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71-476: The provincial capital of the Polesie Voivodeship, and also the largest city was Brześć nad Bugiem (Brest-on-the-Bug) with some 48,000 inhabitants (1931). The province was made up of 9 powiats ( counties ), and had 12 substantial towns or cities. In 1921, the population of the province numbered 879,417, with a population density of about 20.8 persons per km, the lowest in interwar Poland. By 1931, thanks to

142-621: A bow (both silver) on a sky-blue shield. An alternative coat of arms has a red shield. Sigismund II Augustus , King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, first granted Brest a coat of arms in 1554. As a town, Brest – Berestij in Kievan Rus – was first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle in 1019 when the Kievan Rus' took the stronghold from the Poles. It is one of the oldest cities in Belarus. It

213-518: A branch of Belarusian National Technical University . Among the secondary specialized educational institutions of the city: Being situated on the main railway line connecting Berlin and Moscow, and a transcontinental highway (the M1 highway is part of the European route E30 running from Cork to Omsk , where it links with Asian Highway 6 leading to Busan ), Brest became a principal border crossing out of

284-640: A ceremony marking the park's centennial. In July 2009, the Millennium Monument of Brest was unveiled. Sovetskaya Street is a popular tourist destination in Brest; it was dramatically reconstructed in 2007–2009. Other important landmarks include the Brest Railway Museum . Brest is home to two Universities: A.S. Pushkin Brest State University and Brest State Technical University . There is also

355-422: A government-sponsored settlement programme and the progressive development of education, commerce and industry in the urban centres (neglected under Tsarist Russia), the population had risen to 1,132,200, and the population density to 31 per km. The Jews constituted 49.2% of the urban population of Polesie, the highest in interwar Poland. They engaged mainly in retail trade, commerce and small industry. According to

426-641: A joint Nazi-Soviet military parade took place on 22 September 1939. While Belarusians consider it a reunification of the Belarusian nation under one constituency (the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic at that time), Poles consider it the date when the city was lost. During the Soviet control (1939–41), the Polish population was subject to arrests, executions and mass deportations to Siberia and

497-647: A mass grave containing the remains of 1,214 people were found in the Brest Ghetto area during a construction project. Most are believed to have been Jews murdered by Nazis. Brest lies astride the Mukhavets River which flows west through the city, dividing it into north and south, and meets the Bug River in the Brest Fortress. The river flows slowly and gently. Today the river looks quite broad in Brest. The terrain

568-845: A part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569. In 1795, it was incorporated into the Russian Empire with the Third Partition of Poland . After the Polish-Soviet War , the city became part of the Second Polish Republic . In 1939, the city was captured by Nazi Germany during the invasion of Poland and then transferred to the Soviet Union per the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty . In 1941, it

639-492: A seat of the starost in the newly created Trakai Voivodeship . Under Władysław II and Vytautas the city was significantly developed and granted privileges similar to those of the Polish city of Lublin . In 1425, the city hosted a congress attended by Władysław II, Vytautas, dukes of Masovia and Polish and Lithuanian nobles. In 1440, a Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was held in the city, at which Casimir IV Jagiellon

710-549: A small garrison of four infantry battalions under General Konstanty Plisowski against General Heinz Guderian 's XIX Panzer Corps . After four days of heavy fighting , the Polish forces withdrew southwards on 17 September. The Soviet invasion of Poland began on the same day. As a result, the Soviet Red Army entered the city at the end of September 1939 following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 's Secret Protocol, and

781-578: Is a city in Belarus at the border with Poland opposite the Polish town of Terespol , where the Bug and Mukhavets rivers meet, making it a border town . It serves as the administrative center of Brest Region and Brest District , though it is administratively separated from the district. As of 2024, it has a population of 344,470. Brest is one of the oldest cities in Belarus and a historical site for many cultures, as it hosted important historical events, such as

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852-413: Is fairly flat around Brest. The river has an extremely broad floodplain , that is about 2 to 3 kilometres (1 to 2 miles) across. Brest was subject to flooding in the past. One of the worst floods in recorded history occurred in 1974. Part of the floodplain was reclaimed with hydraulic mining . In the 1980s, big cutter-suction dredgers mined sand and clay from the riverbed to build up the banks. In

923-609: The Belarusian Men's Handball Championship , as well as the current (2018–19) champions. Also, there is a Women's handball club in Brest – HC Victoria-Berestie . HK Brest of the Belarusian Extraleague are the local pro hockey team. Another popular sport in Brest is football. FC Dynamo Brest is a local club playing in Belarusian Premier League . The sports venues are located on the northern riverside on

994-952: The Belarus–Ukraine border . As of 2024, it has a population of 13,785. Stolin is a border city that hosts many Ukrainians on market days. Russian is spoken commonly here, but villagers prefer their own dialects that are akin partly to the Belarusian language , partly the Ukrainian language . Stolin is located at the heart of the Polesia region on the Horyn River, at the crossroads of two important routes, one leading northwards to Pinsk , two others eastwards to Davyd-Haradok and Turov , that are now in Belarus , southwards to Sarny and Kyiv , that are now in Ukraine . Archaeological evidence suggests that

1065-543: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1319. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth formed in 1569, the town became known in Polish as Brześć , historically Brześć Litewski (literally: "Lithuanian Brest", in contradistinction to Brześć Kujawski ). Brześć became part of the Russian Empire under the name Brest-Litovsk or Brest-Litovskii ( Russian : Брест-Литовск , Брест-Литовский , literally "Lithuanian Brest") in

1136-722: The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic . Many Poles were imprisoned in the local prison, and then moved to a prison in Minsk . It is suspected that they were murdered by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre in 1940. On 22 June 1941, Brest Fortress and the city were attacked by Nazi Germany on the first day of Operation Barbarossa , Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union . The fortress held out for six days . Nearly all its Soviet army defenders perished. The Germans placed Brest under

1207-561: The Lithuanian word brasta ' ford '. Traditionally, Belarusian speakers called the city Берасце ( Bieraście ), similar to the Ukrainian name Берестя ( Berestia ). Once a center of Jewish scholarship, the city has the Yiddish name בריסק ( Brisk ), hence the term "Brisker" used to describe followers of the influential Soloveitchik family of rabbis . Brest became a part of

1278-714: The Polesie swamp - a flat, vast, sparsely inhabited area, with several rivers and streams. Access to some villages and hamlets required boats, especially in early spring, when the waters of the Pripyat and other rivers (like the Pina , the Styr and the Horyn ) rose as the snow melted. In 1937 forests covered 33.3% of the Voivodeship (compared with the average for the whole country of 22.2%). The biggest lake in

1349-525: The Polish census of 1931 . In early September 1939, the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish gold reserve from Warsaw to Brześć, and then further southeast to Śniatyn at the Poland- Romania border, from where it was transported via Romania and Turkey to territory controlled by Polish-allied France . During the German Invasion of Poland in 1939, the city was defended by

1420-1013: The Polish–Soviet War it was occupied by the Soviet Russians on 1 August 1920, and recaptured by the Poles on 20 August, with borders formally recognized by the Treaty of Riga of 1921. In 1921, it became the temporary capital of the Polesie Voivodeship instead of Pińsk . It was renamed Brześć nad Bugiem ( Brest on the Bug ) on 20 March 1923. The city was developed significantly and a number of representative public buildings were erected in Neoclassical and Modernist styles, especially at Ulica Unii Lubelskiej ( Union of Lublin Street, now Lenin Street), including

1491-677: The Roman-Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church . The 1596 council established the Uniate Church (also known as the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church in Belarus and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine ). A Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was held in the city in 1653. A royal mint was founded in the city by King John II Casimir Vasa in 1665. In 1657, and again in 1706,

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1562-546: The Soviet Union , dividing it between the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Polesia Region ). Following the Tehran Conference of 1943, Joseph Stalin insisted in 1945 on redrawing Poland's borders with Western approval. The Soviets forcibly resettled the Polish population of the province to the west, and the prewar voivodeship area became part of

1633-707: The Union of Brest and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk . Furthermore, the Brest Fortress was recognized by the Soviet Union as a Hero Fortress in honour of the defense of Brest Fortress in June 1941. In the High Middle Ages , the city often passed between Poland, the principalities of Kievan Rus' , and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . From the Late Middle Ages , the city was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which later became

1704-492: The Volhynian Voivodeship , thus the area shrank to 36 668 km. Even after this change, it still was the biggest Voivodeship of interwar Poland. Polesie lay in eastern part of the then Polish state, bordering the Soviet Union to the east, Lublin Voivodeship and Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939) to the west, Nowogródek Voivodeship to the north and the Volhynian Voivodeship to the south. Most of it consisted of

1775-614: The hydraulic fill , consisting of an indoor track-and-field centre, the Brest Ice Rink , and Belarus' first outdoor baseball stadium. On the opposite riverside is a large rowing course opened in 2007, home of the National Center for Olympic Training in Rowing. It meets international requirements and can host international competitions. Moreover, it has accommodation and training facilities, favourable location, 3 kilometres (2 miles) away from

1846-624: The 1931 census (questions about mother tongue and about religion) are presented in the table below: The Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland on September 17, 1939, two and a half weeks after the Nazi German invasion of Poland of September 1. A two-pronged attack was decided in the secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact signed by the USSR with Germany in August 1939. As the bulk of the Polish Army had concentrated in

1917-420: The 1931 census, some 80.6% of the population engaged in agriculture. Most estates above 50 hectares in size, were owned by Poles (65.4%), followed by ethnic Belarusians (17.8%). The majority of inhabitants (62.6%) described themselves merely as “locals” ( Tutejszy ), and for the greater part were peasants of Belarusian and Ukrainian origin. Ethnic Poles made up around 15% of the population, Ukrainians (mainly in

1988-420: The 1931 national census and around 55,000 in mid-1939. Other urban centers included Pińsk (population 31,900 in 1931), Dawidgródek (population 11,500), Kobryń (population 10,100) and Prużana (population 6,500). The voivodeship was created on February 19, 1921 with its capital was Pińsk . However, after the citywide fire in August 1921, the voivodship's capital was moved to Brześć Litewski. Brześć Litewski

2059-659: The 2000s, two new residential areas were developed in the southwest of Brest. To the east of Brest, the Dnieper–Bug Canal was built in the mid-nineteenth century to join the river to Pina , a tributary of the Pripyat River which in turn drains into the Dnieper . Thus Brest has a shipping route all the way to the Black Sea . If not for a dam and neglected weirs west of Brest, north-western European shipping would be connected with

2130-704: The AGSSt 3 prisoner-of-war assembly center, the Dulag 314 transit POW camp for Italians , the Stalag 397 POW camp for Soviet POWs and a subcamp of the Stalag 360 POW camp in the city. The Polish resistance movement , including the Polesie District of the Home Army , was active in the city. The city was re-occupied by the Red Army on 28 July 1944, and eventually annexed from Poland

2201-640: The Bank of Poland, Tax Chamber, Regional Chamber of the State Control, Healthcare Fund and Voivodeship Office. Other notable projects include the officials' housing estate, stylistically inspired by historic manor houses of Polish nobility and the garden city movement , and the Warburg Residential Colony, dedicated to poor Jews who had lost their homes in World War I, founded by Felix M. Warburg, chairman of

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2272-527: The Black Sea also. Brest has a humid continental climate but slightly leans towards oceanic due to the irregular winter temperatures that mostly hover around the freezing point. However, summers are warm and influenced by its inland position compared to areas nearer the Baltic Sea . A majestic Soviet-era war memorial was constructed on the site of the 1941 battle to commemorate the known and unknown defenders of

2343-407: The Brest Fortress at the confluence of the Bug and Mukhavets rivers on the city' western outskirts, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, ending the war between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers and transferring the city and its surrounding region to the sphere of influence of the German Empire . This treaty was subsequently annulled by the Paris Peace Conference treaties which ended

2414-466: The Brest Fortress. This war memorial is the largest tourist attraction in the city. The Berestye Archeological Museum of the old city is located on the southern island of the Hero-Fortress . It has objects and huts dating from the 11th – 13th century that were unearthed during the 1970s. The Museum of Rescued Art Treasures has a collection of paintings and icons. Brest City Park is over 100 years old and underwent renovations from 2004 to 2006 as part of

2485-412: The Brześć population or 21,518 citizens. Some 80.3% of private enterprises were run by Jews. The Polish Army troops of the 9th Military District along with its headquarters were stationed in Brześć Fortress. The city had an overwhelmingly Jewish population in the Russian Partition : 30,000 out of 45,000 total population according to Russian 1897 census, which fell to 21,000 out of 50,000 according to

2556-415: The Great and Khan Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh under the Polish Deputy Chancellor Mikołaj Trąba 's initiative, to prepare for war with the Teutonic Knights , which resulted in the Tatars aiding Poland and Lithuania in the Battle of Grunwald the following year. In 1410 the city mustered a cavalry banner that participated in the Polish-Lithuanian military victory at Grunwald. In 1419 it became

2627-405: The Great the following year. From 1199 it was ruled by the Principality of Galicia–Volhynia , remaining under Polish suzerainty until 1205, when Roman the Great rebelled against Poland, but was killed in action in the Battle of Zawichost . Passing under Polish suzerainty again, in 1207, it was granted by Leszek the White as a fief to Princess Anna-Euphrosyne and her children. From 1210, it

2698-426: The Jewish tradesmen, many of whom immigrated to Poland to escape pogroms in the east. Ethnic Ukrainian population of Polesie was 19,3% of the voivodeship, at 219,000. Persisting needs of continuous state investment (as outlined in the 1936 memo) were massive; the road-building programme required 7.1 million Polish złoty annually, with the complete lack of stone in the area. The projected cost of reconstructing waterways

2769-517: The Joint Distribution Committee of American Funds for Jewish War Sufferers. In 1929, city limits were greatly expanded. In the twenty years of Poland's sovereignty, of the total of 36 brand new schools established in the city, there were ten public, and five private Jewish schools inaugurated, with Yiddish and Hebrew as the language of instruction. The first-ever Jewish school in Brześć history opened in 1920, almost immediately after Poland's return to independence. In 1936 Jews constituted 41.3% of

2840-466: The Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth was partitioned for the third time in 1795. During Russian rule in the 19th century, Brest Fortress was built in and around the city. The Russians demolished the Polish Royal Castle and most Old Town "to make room" for the fortress. The main Jewish synagogue in the city, the Choral Synagogue , was completed c. 1862. In 1895, a massive fire rendered 15,000 people homeless, and dozens were killed. During World War I ,

2911-411: The Russian rule during the Partitions of Poland (ending in 1918), left Polesie in the state of economic collapse. Roads and means of communication were destroyed, along with most of the industry. Agriculture was underdeveloped. There were few rail hubs: Brześć (with 5 routes), Łuniniec, Żabinka , and Sarny. By 1937 the total length of railroads within voivodeship grew to 1,063 km, while rail density

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2982-426: The Soviet Union for the next sixty years. As of 2009 most of the former Polesie Voivodeship (including Brześć and Pińsk) belongs to the sovereign Belarus ; only the southern part of it belongs to Ukraine (Kamień Koszyrski and Sarny). Nearly all of the Belarusian part of Polesie Voivodeship is part of Brest Region , except Sosnkowicze (now Lenin) gmina of Łuniniec powiat with villages of Cimoszewicze ve Milewicze, it

3053-500: The Soviet Union in the postwar era. Today it links the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States . The city of Brest is served by Brest-Tsentralny railway station . Because of the break-of-gauge at Brest, where the Russian broad gauge meets the European standard gauge , all passenger trains, coming from Poland , must have their bogies replaced here, to travel on across Belarus . The freight must be transloaded from cars of one gauge to cars of another. Some of

3124-418: The administration of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine . The remaining municipal Jewish population (about 20,000) was sequestered in the Brest ghetto established by the German authorities in December 1941 and later murdered in October 1942. Only seven Jews survived the Nazi executions. The Germans also operated a Nazi prison, a forced labour "education" camp for men and women, a forced labour camp for Jews,

3195-415: The area which Stolin now occupies, was settled as far back as the 12th century AD. The first mention of Stolin dates to 1555. There are three stories regarding the origins of the name "Stolin". The first refers to a group of local fisherman who cast their fishing nets into a lake a pulled out 100 fish or Sto [100 in Russian ] "Leeni" [a type of local fish]. The second story refers to a ferry-boat which sunk in

3266-399: The border crossing along Warsaw Highway (the European route E30 ). Stolin Stolin ( Belarusian : Столін ; Russian : Столин ; Ukrainian : Столін, Столин ; Polish : Stolin ; Yiddish : סטולין ) is a town in Brest Region , Belarus . It serves as the administrative center of Stolin District , the largest district in the region. Stolin is located 15 km (9 mi) from

3337-437: The city became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and Grand Duke Gediminas stayed in the city in the winter of 1319–1320, preparing to capture Kyiv . In 1349, it was captured by King Casimir III of Poland , however, it was restored to Lithuania in 1352. Its suburbs were burned by the Teutonic Order in 1379. In 1385, it became part of the Polish–Lithuanian union . During the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392) , in 1390,

3408-448: The city was administratively located in the Podlaskie Voivodeship . In 1566, following the decree of Sigismund II Augustus , a new voivodeship was created – Brest Litovsk Voivodeship . During the union of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire under king Sigismund III Vasa ( Polish–Swedish union ), diets were held there. In 1594 and 1596, it was the meeting-place of two remarkable councils of regional bishops of

3479-422: The city was captured by Polish forces of Władysław II Jagiełło . In 1390, Brześć became the second city in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (after the capital Vilnius ), and the first in the lands that now are Belarus, to receive Magdeburg rights . Given its proximity to Poland, it was a significant centre for trade with Poland. In 1409 it was a meeting place of King Władysław II Jagiełło , Grand Duke Vytautas

3550-480: The course of the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. After World War I, and the rebirth of Poland in 1918, the government of the Second Polish Republic renamed the city as Brześć nad Bugiem ("Brest on the Bug") on 20 March 1923. After World War II, the city became part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic with the name simplified as Brest. Brest's coat of arms, adopted on 26 January 1991, features an arrow pointed upwards and

3621-419: The defending Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army , under the leadership of Szymon Zabiełło , and the invading Imperial Russian Army fought a battle near Brześć. On 19 September 1794, the area between Brest and Terespol was the site of another battle won by the Russian invaders led by Alexander Suvorov over a Polish-Lithuanian division under General Karol Sierakowski . Thereafter, Brest was annexed by Russia when

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3692-494: The following year. In 1945, the Związek Obrońców Wolności ("Freedom Defenders Association") Polish resistance organization was founded in the city, with its activities including secret Polish schooling, rescuing historical Polish monuments from devastation and organising aid for repressed people and those in a difficult material situation. The organization was crushed by the NKVD in 1948, and its members were deported to Gulag forced labour camps for 25 years. In early 2019,

3763-424: The land in the Brest rail yards remains contaminated due to the transhipment of radioactive materials here since Soviet days. However, cleanup operations have been taking place. The local airport, Brest Airport (code BQT), operates flights on a seasonal schedule to Kaliningrad in the Russian Federation and seasonal charter flights to Burgas and Antalya . HC Meshkov Brest is the most successful team of

3834-450: The nearby town of David-Gorodok came to Stolin. A ghetto was created in May 1942, surrounded by a barbed-wire fence. About 7,000 Jews lived in this small and unhealthy area, along the Bank River. The liquidation of the ghetto was conducted on September 11, 1942, by a squadron of German cavalry, the local police and the SD. The shooting took place near the airfield, in a large ditch. Stolin is twinned with: This Belarus -related article

3905-433: The principalities of Turov and Volhynia . In 1164, it was briefly captured by Lithuanians. In 1178, it was captured by Casimir II the Just of Poland, and made the seat of his fraternal nephew Leszek, Duke of Masovia , who, however, soon lost it to the Principality of Minsk . In 1182, Casimir II the Just captured the city once again, and built a castle there, and then granted it as a fief to his sororal nephew Roman

3976-453: The river and required 100 men with 100 ropes to drag it out [100 lines in Russian ]. The third refers to twelve brothers who ruled over seven nearby cities and chose what became Stolin as their meeting place and capital city, hence the name may be a derivation of stol (table)> Stolny Gorod (capital city). Stolin was occupied by the Germans from July 1941 to 1944. In August 1941, many Jewish refugees – especially women and children – from

4047-401: The south-east) numbered about 5%, Belarusians 6.6%, and Jews (mainly in towns) around 10%. Smaller communities of Russians also existed. The illiteracy rate was 48.4% due to the lingering imperial legacy, the highest in Poland and well above the national average of 23.1% (in 1931). Initially, the area of the voivodeship comprised 42 149 km. However, in 1930 Sarny county became part of

4118-496: The town and castle were captured by the Swedish Army during its invasions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . Then, in an attack from the other direction, on 13 January 1660, the invading Streltsy of the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky took the Brest Castle in an early morning surprise attack, the town having been captured earlier, and massacred the 1,700 defenders and their families (according to an Austrian observer, Captain Rosestein). On 23 July 1792,

4189-435: The town was captured by the Imperial German Army under August von Mackensen on 25 August 1915, during the Great Retreat of 1915 . Shortly after Brest fell into German hands, war poet August Stramm , who has been called "the first of the Expressionists " and one of "the most innovative poets of the First World War," was shot in the head during an attack on nearby Russian positions on 1 September 1915. In March 1918, in

4260-404: The voivodeship's area, Lake Wygonowskie, lay on the Oginski Canal . In the spring of 1939, construction of the 127-kilometer Stone Canal (Kanal Kamienny) began. The canal was planned to connect Pinsk with Klesow , which at that time was part of Volhynian Sarny County. Brześć, the voivodeship's capital and biggest city, did not have an impressively large population: about 50,700 according to

4331-448: The war and even more so by events and developments in Central and Eastern Europe . During 1918, the city became a part of the Volhynia Governorate of the Ukrainian People's Republic as a result of negotiations and own treaty between the delegation of the Ukrainian Central Rada and Central Powers. On 9 February 1919, Polish troops entered the city, and it returned to Poland , which regained independence three months earlier. During

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4402-417: The west of the country to fight the Germans , the Soviets met with limited resistance and their troops quickly moved westwards until they reached Brześć on September 22, where they met with the invading German army, and held the joint victory parade . The Soviet authorities who occupied the Polesie Voivodeship dismantled the Polish administration and formally annexed what became known as West Belarus into

4473-445: Was 2.9 km per 100 km (the lowest in the country). The number of people employed in trades was 38,400 in 12,800 enterprises. Improvements in the socio-economic situation of the ethnically Belarusian peasantry were very slow. Statistically, ethnic Poles constituted 14,5% of the general population in 1931; Polish Jews, about 10,1% (or 114,000) half of whom (at roughly 49%) lived in the cities. Most of provincial economy depended upon

4544-410: Was chosen Grand Duke of Lithuania. In 1446, a meeting of Casimir IV, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Polish senators regarding the political affiliation of Volhynia took place in the city, and in 1454 Casimir IV met with Lithuanian nobility to convince them to participate in the Polish–Teutonic War on the side of Poland. In 1500, it was burned again by Crimean Tatars . From 1513,

4615-450: Was created from several gminas within the Łuniniec, Pińsk and Sarny counties. On December 16, 1930, Sarny County was transferred to Wołyń Voivodeship . On April 1, 1935, Kossów county's capital was moved to Iwacewicze and it was renamed as Iwacewicze county. Polesie was the largest voivodeship of interwar Poland, comprising 10% of the country's overall territory with an area of 42,280 square kilometres (16,320 sq mi). However,

4686-2018: Was directly part of Poland, until it passed to Galicia–Volhynia either in 1215 or 1217. In 1220, it passed to the Principality of Pinsk as a fief of Galicia–Volhynia. It was laid waste by the Mongols in 1241, and was not rebuilt until 1275. Possibly since the 1270s, the city was contested by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . [REDACTED] Kievan Rus' (1170–1178) ∟ Principality of Volhynia (1170–1177) ∟ Principality of Minsk (1177–1178) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Poland (1178– c.  1179 ) ∟ Duchy of Masovia (1178– c.  1179 ) [REDACTED] Kievan Rus' ( c.  1179 –1182) ∟ Principality of Minsk ( c.  1179 –1182) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Poland (1182– c.  1217 ) ∟ Principality of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1205) [REDACTED] Principality of Galicia–Volhynia ( c.  1217 –1246) [REDACTED] Golden Horde (1246–1319) ∟ Principality of Galicia–Volhynia (1246–1253) ∟ Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1253–1319) [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1319–1320) [REDACTED] Golden Horde (1320–1321) ∟ Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1320–1321) [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1321–1349) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Poland (1349–1351) [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1351–1569) [REDACTED] Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) [REDACTED] Russian Empire (1795–1812) [REDACTED] French occupation (1812) [REDACTED] Russian Empire (1812–1915) [REDACTED] German occupation (1915–1918) [REDACTED] Second Polish Republic (1918–1919) [REDACTED] SSR Byelorussia (1919) [REDACTED] Second Polish Republic (1919–1939) [REDACTED] Soviet occupation (1939–1941) [REDACTED] German occupation (1941–1944) [REDACTED] Soviet occupation (1944–1945) [REDACTED]   Soviet Union (1945–1991) [REDACTED]   Belarus (1991– present ) In 1319,

4757-403: Was estimated at 14.4 million złoty; processing plants and points of sales at 2.5 million złoty, dairy industry at 480.000 złoty annually, including 2 million złoty for education. In the opinion of local administrators, the economy of interwar Poland consisted of two parts: Poland "A" (better developed) and Poland "B" (less developed) ; the Polesie area was named by them Poland "C". The results of

4828-487: Was hotly contested between the Polish rulers (kings, principal dukes and dukes of Masovia ) and Kievan Rus princes. It was recaptured by Poland in 1020, and unsuccessfully besieged by Prince Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev in 1022. It was captured by Yaroslav the Wise, according to various sources, either in 1042 or 1044, then by 1076 recaptured by King Bolesław II the Bold of Poland, but then lost again by his successor Władysław I Herman . Afterwards, it often passed between

4899-500: Was part of Pinsk Oblast between 1939 and 1941 and 1944 and 1954 and Brest Region between 1954 and 1960 as a raion (Its centre was moved to Mikashevichy on 8 June) before transferring to Žytkavičy Rajon of Gomel Region due to dissolving Lenin one on 20 January 1960. 52°07′06″N 26°05′46″E  /  52.118248°N 26.096223°E  / 52.118248; 26.096223 Brze%C5%9B%C4%87 nad Bugiem Brest , formerly Brest-Litovsk and Brest-on-the-Bug, Berestia ,

4970-412: Was renamed as Brześć nad Bugiem ("Brest on the Bug" in Polish) on March 20, 1923. Between 1921 and 1923 the first administrative division of Polesie Voivodeship included: the Brześć county, the Drohiczyn Poleski county, the Kamień Koszyrski county, the Kossów county, the Łuniniec county, the Pińsk county, the Prużana county, and the Sarny county. On January 1, 1923, Stolin county (powiat)

5041-449: Was retaken by the Germans during Operation Barbarossa . In 1944, it was retaken by the Soviet Red Army during the Lublin–Brest offensive . The city was part of the Byelorussian SSR until the breakup of the USSR in 1991. Since then, Brest has been part of independent Belarus . Several theories attempt to explain the origin of the city's name. The name could originate from Slavic root berest ' elm '. It could likewise have come from

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