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118-534: According to the 2015 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report ( Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program , University of Pennsylvania ), PIIE ranked number 20 (of 150) in the "Top Think Tanks Worldwide" and number 13 (of 60) in the "Top Think Tanks in the United States". PIIE's origin can be traced back to an urgent request sent to the German Marshall Fund from C. Fred Bergsten , then assistant secretary at

236-635: A capital campaign led to the creation of a sizable endowment in order to celebrate the institute's 25th anniversary. Previously known as the Institute of International Economics, it changed its name that same year in recognition of Peter G. Peterson's role in the capital campaign and for his longstanding support of the institute since the early 1980s. At its conference in New York, NY , a number of major economic figures attended: Alan Greenspan , former Federal Reserve Board Chairman ; Robert Rubin , former Secretary of

354-627: A conditional deal with the Taliban to withdraw United States troops from Afghanistan in 2021 . Trump met North Korea 's leader Kim Jong Un three times. He withdrew the United States from the Iran nuclear agreement and later escalated tensions in the Persian Gulf by ordering the assassination of General Qasem Soleimani . Robert Mueller 's Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019) concluded that Russia interfered to favor Trump's candidacy and that while

472-497: A dark picture of contemporary America, pledging to end "American carnage" caused by urban crime and saying America's "wealth, strength, and confidence has dissipated" by jobs lost overseas. He declared his strategy would be " America First ." The largest single-day protest in U.S. history, the Women's March , took place the day after his inauguration and was driven by opposition to Trump and his policies and views. The Trump administration

590-417: A distinctive part of his political identity, and they have also been described by Republican political advisor Amanda Carpenter as a gaslighting tactic. His White House had dismissed the idea of objective truth , and his campaign and presidency have been described as being " post-truth ", as well as hyper- Orwellian . Trump's rhetorical signature included disregarding data from federal institutions that

708-651: A former director of the institute, including a sculpture by Joan Miró and a painting by Elizabeth Murray . It also houses collections of Chinese and African art donated by William M. Keck II, Ambassador John M. Yates , and Anthony M. Solomon. The building was granted the Best Architecture for 2001 award by the Washington Business Journal and won a Best Design award from the American Institute of Architects in 2003. Former U.S. Deputy Secretary of

826-614: A government, and some are associated with particular political parties, businesses, or the military. Think tanks are often funded by individual donations, with many also accepting government grants. Think tanks publish articles and studies, and sometimes draft legislation on particular matters of policy or society. This information is then used by governments, businesses, media organizations, social movements or other interest groups. Think tanks range from those associated with highly academic or scholarly activities to those that are overtly ideological and pushing for particular policies, with

944-513: A larger mosaic that concentrates all the EPA's enemies against it at one time." According to the progressive media watchdog Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting , both left-wing and right-wing policy institutes are often quoted and rarely identified as such. The result is that think tank "experts" are sometimes depicted as neutral sources without any ideological predispositions when, in fact, they represent

1062-465: A major arms sale to Saudi Arabia ; denied citizens from several Muslim-majority countries entry into the United States; recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel ; and brokered the Abraham Accords , a series of normalization agreements between Israel and various Arab states . Trump withdrew United States troops from northern Syria, allowing Turkey to occupy the area . His administration made

1180-775: A management technique, resulting in low morale and policy confusion among his staff. Trump proved unable to effectively compromise during the 115th U.S. Congress , which led to significant governmental gridlock and few notable legislative accomplishments despite Republican control of both houses of Congress. Presidential historian Doris Kearns Goodwin found Trump lacked several traits of an effective leader, including "humility, acknowledging errors, shouldering blame and learning from mistakes, empathy, resilience, collaboration, connecting with people and controlling unproductive emotions." In January 2018, Axios reported Trump's working hours were typically around 11:00   a.m. to 6:00   p.m. (a later start and an earlier end compared to

1298-1120: A number of categories and presents its findings in the Global Go-To Think Tanks rating index. However, this method of the study and assessment of policy institutes has been criticized by researchers such as Enrique Mendizabal and Goran Buldioski, Director of the Think Tank Fund, assisted by the Open Society Institute . Think tanks may attempt to broadly inform the public by holding conferences to discuss issues which they may broadcast; encouraging scholars to give public lectures, testifying before committees of governmental bodies; publishing and widely distributing books, magazines, newsletters or journals; creating mailing lists to distribute new publications; and engaging in social media. Think tanks may privately influence policy by having their members accept bureaucratic positions, having members serve on political advisory boards, inviting policy-makers to events, allowing individuals to work at

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1416-504: A number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental, and corporate organizations. In China a number of think tanks are sponsored by governmental agencies such as Development Research Center of the State Council , but still retain sufficient non-official status to be able to propose and debate ideas more freely. In January 2012, the first non-official think tank in mainland China, South Non-Governmental Think-Tank,

1534-646: A particular perspective. In the United States, think tank publications on education are subjected to expert review by the National Education Policy Center 's "Think Twice" think tank review project. A 2014 New York Times report asserted that foreign governments buy influence at many United States think tanks. According to the article: "More than a dozen prominent Washington research groups have received tens of millions of dollars from foreign governments in recent years while pushing United States government officials to adopt policies that often reflect

1652-581: A range of economic and governance issues confronting Ghana and Sub-Saharan Africa . It has also been involved in bringing political parties together to engage in dialogue. In particular it has organised Presidential debates every election year since the Ghanaian presidential election, 1996 . Notable think tanks in Ghana include: Afghanistan has a number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental, and corporate organizations. Bangladesh has

1770-500: A real nut job   ... I faced great pressure because of Russia. That's taken off." On May 11, Trump said in a videoed interview, "...   regardless of recommendation, I was going to fire Comey   ... in fact, when I decided to just do it, I said to myself, I said, you know, this Russia thing with Trump and Russia is a made-up story." On May 18, Rosenstein told members of the U.S. Senate that he recommended Comey's dismissal while knowing Trump had already decided to fire Comey. In

1888-507: A sitting president, Roberts criticized Trump's characterization of a judge who had ruled against his policies as an "Obama judge", adding "That's not law." In October 2020, twenty Republican former U.S. attorneys , among them appointees by each Republican president since Eisenhower, characterized Trump as "a threat to the rule of law in our country." Greg Brower , who worked in the Trump administration, asserted, "It's clear that President Trump views

2006-475: A variety of allegations, at least some of which had already been investigated or debunked. In spring 2018, Trump told White House counsel Don McGahn he wanted to order the Department of Justice to prosecute Clinton and Comey, but McGahn advised Trump such action would constitute abuse of power and invite possible impeachment . In May 2018, Trump demanded that the Department of Justice investigate "whether or not

2124-505: A wide range among them in terms of the quality of their research. Later generations of think tanks have tended to be more ideologically oriented. Modern think tanks began as a phenomenon in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th centuries, with most of the rest being established in other English-speaking countries. Prior to 1945, they tended to focus on the economic issues associated with industrialization and urbanization. During

2242-586: Is a global think tank that works on issues such as Water Diplomacy , Peace and Conflict and Foresight (futures studies) . Think tanks with a development focus include those like the National Centre for Cold-chain Development ('NCCD'), which serve to bring an inclusive policy change by supporting the Planning Commission and related government bodies with industry-specific inputs – in this case, set up at

2360-685: Is collaboration between policy institutes in different countries. For instance, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace operates offices in Washington, D.C. , Beijing , Beirut , Brussels and formerly in Moscow , where it was closed in April 2022. The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) at the University of Pennsylvania , led by James McGann , annually rates policy institutes worldwide in

2478-452: Is done in public think tanks. There is a strong emphasis on the knowledge-based economy and, according to one respondent, think tank research is generally considered high quality. Japan has over 100 think tanks, most of which cover not only policy research but also economy, technology and so on. Some are government related, but most of the think tanks are sponsored by the private sector. Institute of World Economics and Politics (IWEP) at

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2596-664: Is to maintain analytical and research support for the President of Kazakhstan. Most Malaysian think tanks are related either to the government or a political party. Historically they focused on defense, politics and policy. However, in recent years, think tanks that focus on international trade, economics, and social sciences have also been founded. Notable think tanks in Malaysia include: Pakistan's think tanks mainly revolve around social policy, internal politics, foreign security issues, and regional geo-politics. Most of these are centered on

2714-460: The 2016 U.S. presidential election , though Trump had chosen Bill Hagerty to begin planning for the transition in August 2016. During the transition period, Trump announced nominations for his cabinet and administration . Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017, succeeding Barack Obama . He was sworn in by Chief Justice John Roberts . In his seventeen-minute inaugural address, Trump painted

2832-458: The 2016 presidential election , in which he lost the popular vote to Clinton by nearly three million votes. Upon his inauguration, he became the first president in American history without prior public office or military background . Trump made an unprecedented number of false or misleading statements during his 2016 campaign and first presidency. His first presidency ended following his defeat in

2950-514: The 2020 presidential election to former Democratic vice president Joe Biden , after his first term in office. Trump was unsuccessful in his efforts to repeal the Affordable Care Act but rescinded the individual mandate . He sought substantial spending cuts to major welfare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid . Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and a partial repeal of

3068-466: The Cold War , many more American and other Western think tanks were established, which often guided government Cold War policy. Since 1991, more think tanks have been established in non-Western parts of the world. More than half of all think tanks that exist today were established after 1980. As of 2023, there are more than 11,000 think tanks around the world. According to historian Jacob Soll , while

3186-720: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) about his contacts with Russia. Flynn was fired amidst the ongoing controversy concerning Russian interference in the 2016 election and accusations that Trump's electoral team colluded with Russian agents. In July 2017, John F. Kelly , who had served as secretary of Homeland Security , replaced Priebus as chief of staff. In September 2017, Tom Price resigned as Secretary of HHS amid criticism over his use of private charter jets for personal travel. Kirstjen Nielsen succeeded Kelly as secretary in December 2017. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson

3304-477: The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies . The building was designed by James von Klemperer from the architectural firm Kohn Pedersen Fox . Its state-of-the-art conference center is named in honor of the institute's founder, C. Fred Bergsten . The sculpture garden is named in honor of Institute benefactor Anthony M. Solomon . The building houses several pieces of art donated by Stephan Schmidheiny ,

3422-812: The President's Daily Brief , in favor of receiving oral briefings. Intelligence briefers reportedly repeated the President's name and title in order to keep his attention. He was also known to acquire information by watching up to eight hours of television each day, most notably Fox News programs such as Fox & Friends and Hannity , whose broadcast talking points Trump sometimes repeated in public statements, particularly in early morning tweets. Trump reportedly expressed anger if intelligence analyses contradicted his beliefs or public statements, with two briefers stating they had been instructed by superiors to not provide Trump with information that contradicted his public statements. Trump had reportedly fostered chaos as

3540-536: The U.S. courts of appeals , more than any modern president in the first two years of a presidential term. Trump ultimately appointed 226 Article III federal judges and 260 federal judges in total. His appointees, who were usually affiliated with the conservative Federalist Society , shifted the judiciary to the right . A third of Trump's appointees were under 45 years old when appointed, far higher than under previous presidents. Trump's judicial nominees were less likely to be female or ethnic minority than those of

3658-413: The 10% of people with the most conservative online information diets." Brendan Nyhan , one of the authors of the study, said in an interview, "People got vastly more misinformation from Donald Trump than they did from fake news websites." In October 2018, Trump praised U.S. representative Greg Gianforte for assaulting political reporter Ben Jacobs in 2017. According to analysts, the incident marked

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3776-477: The 1950s, the phrase "think tank" did not refer to organizations. From its first appearances in the 1890s up to the 1950s, the phrase was most commonly used in American English to colloquially refer to the braincase or especially in a pejorative context to the human brain itself when commenting on an individual's failings (in the sense that something was wrong with that person's "think tank"). Around 1958,

3894-421: The 1980s as a result of globalization, the end of the Cold War , and the emergence of transnational problems. Two-thirds of all the think tanks that exist today were established after 1970 and more than half were established since 1980. The effect of globalisation on the proliferation of think tanks is most evident in regions such as Africa, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and parts of Southeast Asia, where there

4012-399: The 2017 phone logs or email metadata of reporters from CNN, The New York Times , The Washington Post , BuzzFeed , and Politico as part of investigations into leaks of classified information. Trump continued his use of Twitter following the presidential campaign. He continued to personally tweet from @realDonaldTrump , his personal account, while his staff tweet on his behalf using

4130-518: The 20th century, such institutes were found primarily in the United States, along with much smaller numbers in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Western Europe. Although think tanks had also existed in Japan for some time, they generally lacked independence, having close associations with government ministries or corporations. There has been a veritable proliferation of "think tanks" around the world that began during

4248-502: The CFPB reduced enforcement of rules that protected consumers from predatory payday lenders . Trump scrapped a proposed rule from the Obama administration that airlines disclose baggage fees. Trump reduced enforcement of regulations against airlines; fines levied by the administration in 2017 were less than half of what the Obama administration did the year before. The New York Times summarized

4366-781: The Dodd–Frank Act . He appointed Neil Gorsuch , Brett Kavanaugh , and Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court . Trump reversed numerous environmental regulations , withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change , and signed the Great American Outdoors Act but later issued an Executive Order undercutting its impact. He signed the First Step Act aimed at reforming federal prisons . He enacted tariffs , triggering retaliatory tariffs from China , Canada, Mexico, and

4484-684: The European Union. He withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations and signed the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement , a successor to the North American Free Trade Agreement with modest changes. The federal deficit significantly increased under Trump due to spending increases and tax cuts. Trump implemented a controversial family separation policy for migrants apprehended at

4602-701: The FBI/DOJ infiltrated or surveilled the Trump Campaign for Political Purposes," which the Department of Justice referred to its inspector general . Although it is not unlawful for a president to exert influence on the Department of Justice to open an investigation, presidents have assiduously avoided doing so to prevent perceptions of political interference. Sessions resisted several demands by Trump and his allies for investigations of political opponents, causing Trump to repeatedly express frustration, saying at one point, "I don't have an attorney general." While criticizing

4720-648: The First Amendment and he must unblock them. The ruling was upheld on appeal. His tweets have been reported as ill-considered, impulsive, vengeful, and bullying , often being made late at night or in the early hours of the morning. His tweets about a Muslim ban were successfully turned against his administration to halt two versions of travel restrictions from some Muslim-majority countries. He has used Twitter to threaten and intimidate his political opponents and potential political allies needed to pass bills. Many tweets appear to be based on stories Trump has seen in

4838-613: The Foundation of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan was created in 2003. IWEP activities aimed at research problems of the world economy, international relations, geopolitics, security, integration and Eurasia, as well as the study of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its contribution to the establishment and strengthening of Kazakhstan as an independent state,

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4956-626: The IIE expanded to become one of the most internationally recognized think tanks in Washington D.C. The Ford Foundation was also a significant supporter of the IIE, having provided a major grant in 1991. In the 1990s, the IIE created a number of endowed chairs for its members: one in honor of Reginald Jones , the former CEO of General Electric , and another for Dennis Weatherstone , the former CEO of JP Morgan . It moved from 11 Dupont Circle to its current building on Massachusetts Avenue in 2001. In 2006,

5074-623: The Justice Department and the FBI as his own personal law firm and investigative agency." Early into his presidency, Trump developed a highly contentious relationship with the news media, repeatedly referring to them as the " fake news media" and "the enemy of the people ." As a candidate, Trump had refused press credentials for offending publications but said he would not do so if elected. Trump both privately and publicly mused about taking away critical reporters' White House press credentials . At

5192-427: The Justice Department replaced the prosecutors' proposed sentence with a lighter proposal. This gave the appearance of presidential interference in a criminal case and caused a strong negative reaction. All four of the original prosecutors withdrew from the case; more than a thousand former Department of Justice lawyers signed a letter condemning the action. On July 10, Trump commuted the sentence of Stone days before he

5310-551: The Mueller probe, the Ukraine probe , immigration, and the COVID-19 pandemic . Senior administration officials had also regularly given false, misleading, or tortured statements to the news media, which made it difficult for the news media to take official statements seriously. Shortly before Trump secured the 2016 Republican nomination, The New York Times reported "legal experts across

5428-508: The Peterson Institute include (as of September 2021): Former scholars include Michael Mussa , Carmen Reinhart , Dani Rodrik , Edwin M. Truman , and John Williamson . The latter coined the term " Washington Consensus " while working at the institute. The Peterson Institute was at the forefront of research on the proposals by the first Trump Administration of reforming the tax code. Comparative analyses in advanced economies show

5546-578: The Philippines could be generally categorized in terms of their linkages with the national government. Several were set up by the Philippine government for the specific purpose of providing research input into the policy-making process. Sri Lanka has a number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental and corporate organizations. There are several think tanks in Singapore that advise

5664-632: The Service resigning on the same day. Trump's fiscal 2020 budget proposed a 15% funding cut for the Agriculture Department, calling farm subsidies "overly generous". The administration reversed a Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) rule that had made it easier for aggrieved consumers to pursue class actions against banks; the Associated Press characterized the reversal as a victory for Wall Street banks. Under Mick Mulvaney 's tenure,

5782-516: The Treasury Department during the Carter administration , in 1980. It was initially met with some hesitation from GMF board members due to the long-term commitment and large amount of funding proposed, but with strong support and recommendation from then GMF president Frank Loy , a center "devoted to helping provide the needed thinking on international economic issues," as Bergsten wrote at the time,

5900-668: The Treasury and Under Secretary of State Stuart Eizenstat opined that the Peterson Institute building "is to international economics what the House that Ruth Built Yankee Stadium was to baseball". A contemporary review by Washington Post architectural critic Benjamin Forgey observed that "this is a very pretty building, lovely to look at on its own," finding its proportions "satisfying" and its workmanship "superb". In an opinion piece for The New York Times published in 2016, Steven Rattner called

6018-540: The Treasury; Jean-Claude Trichet , Governor of the European Central Bank , among others. Adam S. Posen succeeded Bergsten as president on January 1, 2013. Michael A. Peterson succeeded his father Peter G. Peterson as chairman in the spring of 2018. In 2019, PIIE's annual budget was about $ 12–13 million. It is financially supported by foundations, private corporations, and individuals, as well as earnings from its publications and capital fund . Senior scholars at

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6136-543: The Trump administration's "general approach to law enforcement" as "cracking down on violent crime", "not regulating the police departments that fight it", and overhauling "programs that the Obama administration used to ease tensions between communities and the police". Trump reversed a ban on providing federal military equipment to local police departments and reinstated the use of civil asset forfeiture . The administration stated that it would no longer investigate police departments and publicize their shortcomings in reports,

6254-539: The U.S. has experienced democratic backsliding . Many prominent Republicans have expressed similar concerns that Trump's perceived disregard for the rule of law betrayed conservative principles. During the first two years of his presidency, Trump repeatedly sought to influence the Department of Justice to investigate Clinton, the Democratic National Committee , and Comey. He persistently repeated

6372-677: The United Nations . Days after the presidential election, Trump selected RNC Chairman Reince Priebus as his chief of staff . Trump chose Sessions for the position of attorney general. In February 2017, Trump formally announced his cabinet structure, elevating the Director of National Intelligence and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency to cabinet level. The Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers , which had been added to

6490-475: The United States–Mexico border, starting in 2018. His demand for the federal funding of a border wall resulted in the longest US government shutdown in history . He deployed federal law enforcement forces in response to the racial unrest in 2020 . Trump's " America First " foreign policy was characterized by unilateral actions, disregarding traditional norms and allies. His administration implemented

6608-538: The actions of think tanks and potentially bypass the political process, analysing the social background and values of those who work in think tanks. Pautz criticizes this viewpoint because there is in practice a variety of viewpoints in think tanks and argues it dismisses the influence that ideas can have. In some cases, corporate interests, military interests and political groups have found it useful to create policy institutes, advocacy organizations, and think tanks. For example, The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition

6726-487: The aftermath of Comey's firing, the events were compared with those of the " Saturday Night Massacre " during Richard Nixon 's administration and there was debate over whether Trump had provoked a constitutional crisis , as he had dismissed the man leading an investigation into Trump's associates. Trump's statements raised concerns of potential obstruction of justice. In Comey's memo about a February 2017 meeting with Trump , Comey said Trump attempted to persuade him to abort

6844-472: The aftermath of the Watergate scandal, inspectors general find themselves under systematic attack from the president, putting independent oversight of federal spending and operations at risk." Trump dismissed FBI Director James Comey on May 9, 2017, saying he had accepted the recommendations of Attorney General Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein to dismiss Comey. Sessions's recommendation

6962-706: The beginning of his presidency) and that he was holding fewer meetings during his working hours in order to accommodate Trump's desire for more unstructured free time (labelled as "executive time"). In 2019, Axios published Trump's schedule from November 7, 2018, to February 1, 2019, and calculated that around sixty percent of the time between 8:00   a.m. and 5:00   p.m. was "executive time." The number and scale of Trump's statements in public speeches, remarks, and tweets identified as false by scholars, fact-checkers, and commentators were characterized as unprecedented for an American president, and even unprecedented in U.S. politics. The New Yorker called falsehoods

7080-458: The behest of the government to direct cold chain development. Some think tanks have a fixed set of focus areas and they work towards finding out policy solutions to social problems in the respective areas. Initiatives such as National e-Governance Plan (to automate administrative processes) and National Knowledge Network (NKN) (for data and resource sharing amongst education and research institutions), if implemented properly, should help improve

7198-407: The cabinet by Obama in 2009, was removed from the cabinet. Trump's cabinet consisted of 24 members, more than Obama at 23 or George W. Bush at 21. On February 13, 2017, Trump fired Michael Flynn from the post of National Security Advisor on grounds that he had lied to Vice President Pence about his communications with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak ; Flynn later pleaded guilty to lying to

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7316-747: The capital, Islamabad . One such think tank is the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), which focuses on policy advocacy and research particularly in the area of environment and social development. Another policy research institute based in Islamabad is the Institute of Social and Policy Sciences (I-SAPS) which works in the fields of education, health, disaster risk reduction, governance , conflict and stabilization. Since 2007 - 2008, I-SAPS has been analyzing public expenditure of federal and provincial governments. Think tanks in

7434-566: The church spans from Charlemagne all the way to the 17th century, when the kings of France were still arguing about whether they had the right to appoint bishops and receive a cut of their income." Soll cites as an early example the Académie des frères Dupuy , created in Paris around 1620 by the brothers Pierre and Jacques Dupuy and also known after 1635 as the cabinet des frères Dupuy . The Club de l'Entresol , active in Paris between 1723 and 1731,

7552-616: The construction of a discourse coalition with a common aim, citing the example of deregulation of trucking, airlines, and telecommunications in the 1970s. Plejwe argues that this deregulation represented a discourse coalition between the Ford Motor Company , FedEx , neo-liberal economists, the Brookings Institution and the American Enterprise Institute . Elite theory considers how an "elite" influence

7670-558: The course of his first six years in office. Trump's cabinet included U.S. senator from Alabama Jeff Sessions as attorney general , banker Steve Mnuchin as Treasury Secretary , retired Marine Corps general James Mattis as Defense Secretary , and ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson as Secretary of State . Trump also brought on board politicians who had opposed him during the presidential campaign, such as neurosurgeon Ben Carson as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development , and South Carolina governor Nikki Haley as Ambassador to

7788-470: The day after the election, Trump was projected to have won Wisconsin (a flip from the previous presidential election ), thereby receiving enough electoral votes to secure the presidency, becoming the president-elect of the United States . Trump won the presidential election with 304 electoral votes compared to Clinton's 227, though Clinton won a plurality of the nationwide popular vote, receiving nearly 2.9 million more votes than Trump. Trump thus became

7906-411: The development of international cooperation and the promotion of peace and stability. The Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the RK (KazISS) was established by the Decree of the President of RK on 16 June 1993. Since its foundation the main mission of the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as a national think tank,

8024-480: The donors' priorities." Ghana's first president, Kwame Nkrumah , set up various state-supported think tanks in the 1960s. By the 1990s, a variety of policy research centers sprang up in Africa set up by academics who sought to influence public policy in Ghana. One such think tank was The Institute of Economic Affairs, Ghana , which was founded in 1989 when the country was ruled by the Provisional National Defence Council . The IEA undertakes and publishes research on

8142-437: The experts they fund for future government jobs, while others want to push specific areas of research or education." McGann distinguishes think tanks based on independence, source of funding and affiliation, grouping think tanks into autonomous and independent, quasi-independent, government affiliated, quasi-governmental, university affiliated, political-party affiliated or corporate. A new trend, resulting from globalization,

8260-461: The fifth person to win the presidency while losing the popular vote . The electoral votes were certified on January 6, 2017. In the concurrent congressional elections , Republicans maintained their majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate , and Speaker of the House Paul Ryan and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell both remained in their posts. The presidential transition period began following Trump's victory in

8378-549: The first organization to be regularly described in published writings as "the Think Tank" (note the title case and the use of the definite article ) was the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences . However, the Center does not count itself as and is not perceived to be a think tank in the contemporary sense. During the 1960s, the phrase "think tank" was attached more broadly to meetings of experts, electronic computers , and independent military planning organizations. The prototype and most prominent example of

8496-452: The first time the president has "openly and directly praised a violent act against a journalist on American soil." Later that month, as CNN and prominent Democrats were targeted with mail bombs , Trump initially condemned the bomb attempts but shortly thereafter blamed the "Mainstream Media that I refer to as Fake News" for causing "a very big part of the anger we see today in our society." The Trump Justice Department obtained by court order

8614-520: The government on various policies and as well as private ones for corporations within the region. Many of them are hosted within the local public educational institutions. First Trump Administration Donald Trump 's tenure as the 45th president of the United States began on January 20, 2017, when Trump was inaugurated and ended on January   20, 2021. Trump, a Republican from New York , took office following his electoral college victory over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton in

8732-540: The inauguration crowd had been the biggest in history, a claim disproven by photographs. Trump's senior adviser Kellyanne Conway then defended Spicer when asked about the falsehood, saying it was an " alternative fact ", not a falsehood. The administration frequently sought to punish and block access for reporters who broke stories about the administration. Trump frequently criticized right-wing media outlet Fox News for being insufficiently supportive of him, threatening to lend his support for alternatives to Fox News on

8850-462: The investigation into Flynn. After Republicans won control of the U.S. Senate in 2014, only 28.6 percent of judicial nominees were confirmed, "the lowest percentage of confirmations from 1977 to 2018". At the end of the Obama presidency, 105 judgeships were vacant. Senate Republicans, led by Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , prioritized confirming Trump's judicial appointees, doing so rapidly. By November 2018, Trump had appointed 29 judges to

8968-474: The media, including far-right news websites such as Breitbart and television shows such as Fox & Friends . Trump used Twitter to attack federal judges who ruled against him in court cases and to criticize officials within his own administration, including then- Secretary of State Rex Tillerson , then- National Security Advisor H. R. McMaster , Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein , and, at various times, Attorney General Jeff Sessions. Tillerson

9086-527: The more established think tanks, created during the Cold War , are focused on international affairs, security studies, and foreign policy. Think tanks vary by ideological perspectives, sources of funding, topical emphasis and prospective consumers. Funding may also represent who or what the institution wants to influence; in the United States, for example, "Some donors want to influence votes in Congress or shape public opinion, others want to position themselves or

9204-522: The new building of the Peterson Institute "the locker room of the Team Globalization and Free Trade cheering squad". Rattner said that the United States should not close the borders or retreat from the world but that free trade has winners and losers, and "we need to be more sensitive to the losers and try to help", for example by redistribution of income through the tax system, which he said the United States has not been doing. He argued that Ross Perot

9322-741: The nomination by winning a majority of the delegates to become the presumptive nominee for the Republican Party following the party's presidential primaries. Trump selected Governor Mike Pence of Indiana as his running mate , and they were officially nominated as the Republican ticket at the 2016 Republican National Convention . With Democratic president Barack Obama term-limited, the Democrats nominated former secretary of state Hillary Clinton of New York for president and Senator Tim Kaine of Virginia for vice president. Early on November 9, 2016,

9440-510: The official @POTUS account. His use of Twitter was unconventional for a president, with his tweets initiating controversy and becoming news in their own right. Some scholars have referred to his time in office as the "first true Twitter presidency." The Trump administration described Trump's tweets as "official statements by the President of the United States." The federal judge Naomi Reice Buchwald ruled in 2018 that Trump's blocking of other Twitter users due to opposing political views violated

9558-572: The pace and volume of the president's misstatements means that we cannot possibly keep up." The Post found that as president, Trump made more than 30,000 false or misleading claims, increasing from an average of six a day in his first year as president to 39 claims a day in his final year. The most common false or misleading claims by Trump involved the economy and jobs, his border wall proposal, and his tax legislation; he had also made false statements regarding prior administrations, as well as other topics, including crime, terrorism, immigration, Russia and

9676-646: The political spectrum say" Trump's rhetoric reflected "a constitutional worldview that shows contempt for the First Amendment , the separation of powers , and the rule of law ," adding "many conservative and libertarian legal scholars warn that electing Mr. Trump is a recipe for a constitutional crisis ." Political scientists warned that candidate Trump's rhetoric and actions mimicked those of other politicians who ultimately turned authoritarian once in office. Some scholars have concluded that during Trump's tenure as president and largely due to his actions and rhetoric,

9794-469: The prevailing evidence "did not establish that members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government", possible obstructions of justice occurred during the course of that investigation. Trump attempted to pressure Ukraine to announce investigations into his political rival Joe Biden, triggering his first impeachment by the House of Representatives on December   18, 2019, but he

9912-493: The previous administration. Of Trump's judicial appointments to the U.S. courts of appeals (circuit courts), two-thirds were white men, compared to 31% of Obama nominees and 63% of George W. Bush nominees. Trump made three nominations to the Supreme Court : Neil Gorsuch , Brett Kavanaugh , and Amy Coney Barrett : Trump's own staffers, subordinates, and allies frequently characterized Trump as infantile. Trump reportedly eschewed reading detailed briefing documents, including

10030-724: The quality of work done by think tanks. Some notable think tanks in India include: Over 50 think tanks have emerged in Iraq, particularly in the Kurdistan Region. Iraq's leading think tank is the Middle East Research Institute (MERI), based in Erbil. MERI is an independent non-governmental policy research organization, established in 2014 and publishes in English, Kurdish, and Arabic. It

10148-563: The questions of the federal government." In the early 1920s, fascist and other far-right think tanks appeared in the Netherlands . After 1945, the number of policy institutes increased, with many small new ones forming to express various issues and policy agendas. Until the 1940s, most think tanks were known only by the name of the institution. During the Second World War, think tanks were often referred to as "brain boxes". Before

10266-461: The remaining 2,000 American troops in Syria would be withdrawn, against the recommendations of his military and civilian advisors. Trump fired numerous inspectors general of agencies, including those who were probing the Trump administration and close Trump associates. In 2020, he fired five inspectors general in two months. The Washington Post wrote, "For the first time since the system was created in

10384-574: The results . At a rally on January 6, 2021, Trump urged his supporters to march to the Capitol , where the electoral votes were being counted by Congress in order to formalize Biden's victory. A mob of Trump supporters stormed the Capitol , suspending the count and causing Vice President Mike Pence and other members of Congress to be evacuated. On January 13, the House voted to impeach Trump an unprecedented second time for incitement of insurrection , but he

10502-551: The right. On August 16, 2018, the Senate unanimously passed a resolution affirming that "the press is not the enemy of the people." The relationship between Trump, the news media, and fake news has been studied. One study found that between October   7 and November 14, 2016, while one in four Americans visited a fake news website , "Trump supporters visited the most fake news websites, which were overwhelmingly pro-Trump" and "almost 6   in 10 visits to fake news websites came from

10620-428: The risk of further incitement of violence" following the Capitol attack . Trump announced in his final tweet before the suspension that he would not attend the inauguration of Joe Biden . Other social media platforms like Facebook , Snapchat , YouTube and others also suspended the official handles of Donald Trump. Due to Trump's trade tariffs combined with depressed commodities prices, American farmers faced

10738-563: The same time, the Trump White House gave temporary press passes to far-right pro-Trump fringe outlets, such as InfoWars and The Gateway Pundit , which are known for publishing hoaxes and conspiracy theories . On his first day in office, Trump falsely accused journalists of understating the size of the crowd at his inauguration and called the news media "among the most dishonest human beings on earth." Trump's claims were notably defended by Press Secretary Sean Spicer , who claimed

10856-449: The special counsel investigation immediately; he also referred to it as "rigged" and its investigators as biased. After close review of recent Tweets from the @realDonaldTrump account and the context around them we have permanently suspended the account due to the risk of further incitement of violence. In February 2020, Trump tweeted criticism of the prosecutors' proposed sentence for Trump's former aide Roger Stone . A few hours later,

10974-579: The special counsel investigation in July 2019, Trump falsely claimed that the Constitution ensures that "I have to the right to do whatever I want as president." Trump had on multiple occasions either suggested or promoted views of extending his presidency beyond normal term limits. Trump frequently criticized the independence of the judiciary for unfairly interfering in his administration's ability to decide policy. In November 2018, in an extraordinary rebuke of

11092-400: The tax proposal will increase the budget deficit, unless coupled with a reduction of tax loopholes. In 2001 the Peterson Institute moved into a building it commissioned and built at 1750 Massachusetts Avenue ("Embassy Row"), NW, Washington, D.C. It is located across from the main Brookings Institution building, diagonally across from Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , and next to

11210-525: The term "think tank" is modern, with its origin "traced to the humanist academies and scholarly networks of the 16th and 17th centuries," Soll writes that, "in Europe, the origins of think tanks go back to the 800s when emperors and kings began arguing with the Catholic Church about taxes. A tradition of hiring teams of independent lawyers to advise monarchs about their financial and political prerogatives against

11328-511: The think tank; employing former policy-makers; or preparing studies for policy makers. The role of think tanks has been conceptualized through the lens of social theory. Plehwe argues that think tanks function knowledge actors within a network of relationships with other knowledge actors. Such relationships including citing academics in publications or employing them on advisory boards, as well as relationships with media, political groups and corporate funders. They argue that these links allow for

11446-475: The third category was the RAND Corporation , which was founded in 1946 as an offshoot of Douglas Aircraft and became an independent corporation in 1948. In the 1970s, the phrase became more specifically defined in terms of RAND and others. During the 1980s and 1990s, the phrase evolved again to arrive at its broader contemporary meaning of an independent public policy research institute. For most of

11564-618: The transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997, more think tanks were established by various groups of intellectuals and professionals. They have various missions and objectives including promoting civic education; undertaking research on economic, social and political policies; and promoting "public understanding of and participation in the political, economic, and social development of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ". Think tanks in Hong Kong include: India has

11682-542: The world's second-largest number of think tanks . Most are based in New Delhi, and a few are government-sponsored. There are few think tanks that promote environmentally responsible and climate resilient ideas like Centre for Science and Environment , Centre for Policy Research and World Resources Institute . There are other prominent think tanks like Observer Research Foundation , Tillotoma Foundation and Centre for Civil Society . In Mumbai, Strategic Foresight Group

11800-727: The worst crisis in decades. Trump provided farmers $ 12   billion in direct payments in July 2018 to mitigate the negative impacts of his tariffs, increasing the payments by $ 14.5   billion in May 2019 after trade talks with China ended without agreement. Most of the administration's aid went to the largest farms. Politico reported in May 2019 that some economists in the United States Department of Agriculture were being punished for presenting analyses showing farmers were being harmed by Trump's trade and tax policies, with six economists having more than 50 years of combined experience at

11918-528: Was Peter G. Peterson , who had served on Nixon's Council on International Economic Policy and as Secretary of Commerce. Anthony M. Solomon (the Undersecretary of the Treasury for Monetary Affairs and President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ) and Richard N. Cooper (a consultant to the U.S. National Security Council ) also joined the IIE in the early 1980s. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s,

12036-455: Was acquitted by the Senate on February   5, 2020. Trump reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic , ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials in his messaging , and promoted misinformation about unproven treatments and the availability of testing. Following his loss in the 2020 presidential election to Biden, Trump made unproven claims of widespread electoral fraud and initiated an extensive campaign to overturn

12154-575: Was $ 35.67 an hour, while it was $ 6.36 an hour in Mexico. Adam Posen, then the Peterson Institute's director, responded that "fetishization" of any industry was "immoral". Think Tank A think tank , or public policy institute, is a research institute that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy , political strategy , economics , military , technology , and culture . Most think tanks are non-governmental organizations , but some are semi-autonomous agencies within

12272-534: Was a concerted effort by other countries to assist in the creation of independent public policy research organizations. A survey performed by the Foreign Policy Research Institute's Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program underscores the significance of this effort and documents the fact that most of the think tanks in these regions have been established since 1992. As of 2014 , there were more than 11,000 of these institutions worldwide. Many of

12390-531: Was another prominent example of an early independent think tank focusing on public policy and current affairs, especially economics and foreign affairs. Several major current think tanks were founded in the 19th century. The Royal United Services Institute was founded in 1831 in London , and the Fabian Society in 1884. The oldest United States –based think tank, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ,

12508-517: Was based on Rosenstein's, while Rosenstein wrote that Comey should be dismissed for his handling of the conclusion of the FBI investigation into the Hillary Clinton email controversy . On May 10, Trump met Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov and Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak . Based on White House notes of the meeting , Trump told the Russians, "I just fired the head of the FBI. He was crazy,

12626-519: Was characterized by record turnover, particularly among White House staff. By early 2018, 43% of senior White House positions had turned over. The administration had a higher turnover rate in the first two and a half years than the five previous presidents did over their entire terms. By October 2019, one in 14 of Trump's political appointees were former lobbyists; less than three years into his presidency, Trump had appointed more than four times as many lobbyists than his predecessor Barack Obama did over

12744-521: Was due to report to prison. In response to the mid-2020 George Floyd protests , some of which resulted in looting, Trump tweeted on May 25 that "when the looting starts, the shooting starts." Not long after, Twitter restricted the tweet for violating the company's policy on promoting violence. On May 28, Trump signed an executive order which sought to limit legal protections of social media companies. On January 8, 2021, Twitter announced that they had permanently suspended Trump's personal account "due to

12862-603: Was established in the Guangdong province. In 2009 the China Center for International Economic Exchanges was founded. In Hong Kong, early think tanks established in the late 1980s and early 1990s focused on political development, including the first direct Legislative Council members election in 1991 and the political framework of " One Country, Two Systems ", manifested in the Sino-British Joint Declaration . After

12980-474: Was eventually fired via a tweet by Trump. Trump also tweeted that his Justice Department is part of the American "deep state" ; that "there was tremendous leaking, lying and corruption at the highest levels of the FBI, Justice & State " Departments ; and that the special counsel investigation is a " WITCH HUNT !" In August 2018, Trump used Twitter to write that Attorney General Jeff Sessions "should stop"

13098-591: Was fired via a tweet in March 2018; Trump appointed Mike Pompeo to replace Tillerson and Gina Haspel to succeed Pompeo as the director of the CIA. In the wake of a series of scandals, Scott Pruitt resigned as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in July 2018. Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis informed Trump of his resignation following Trump's abrupt December 19, 2018, announcement that

13216-561: Was formed in the mid-1990s to dispute research finding an association between second-hand smoke and cancer . Military contractors may spend a portion of their tender on funding pro-war think tanks. According to an internal memorandum from Philip Morris Companies referring to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "The credibility of the EPA is defeatable, but not on the basis of ETS [ environmental tobacco smoke ] alone,... It must be part of

13334-412: Was founded in Washington, D.C. , in 1910 by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie . Carnegie charged trustees to use the fund to "hasten the abolition of international war, the foulest blot upon our civilization." The Brookings Institution was founded shortly thereafter in 1916 by Robert S. Brookings and was conceived as a bipartisan "research center modeled on academic institutions and focused on addressing

13452-419: Was founded. During the 1970s, President Richard Nixon ended the link to the gold standard , the first oil shock occurred in 1973, and the first G5 summit convened. As a result, the new IIE sought to conduct policy-oriented research on international economic issues by bringing together experts, academics, and policymakers. The GMF committed an initial $ 4 million to the institute. The IIE's founding chairman

13570-404: Was incompatible to his arguments; quoting hearsay, anecdotal evidence, and questionable claims in partisan media; denying reality (including his own statements); and distracting when falsehoods were exposed. During the first year of Trump's presidency, The Washington Post 's fact-checking team wrote that Trump was "the most fact-challenged politician" it had "ever encountered   ...

13688-517: Was later acquitted by the Senate again on February   13, after he had already left office. Trump was elected for a second non-consecutive term in 2024 and will start his second presidency as the 47th president on January 20, 2025. Donald Trump officially announced his candidacy for the nomination of the Republican Party in the 2016 presidential election on June 16, 2015, at his Trump Tower residence. In May 2016, Trump clinched

13806-613: Was listed in the global ranking by the United States's Lauder Institute of the University of Pennsylvania as 46th in the Middle East. There are many think tank teams in Israel, including: In South Korea , think tanks are prolific and influential and are a government go-to. Think tanks are prolific in the Korean landscape. Many policy research organisations in Korea focus on economoy and most research

13924-717: Was right when he said that the North American Free Trade Agreement would transfer American jobs to Mexico, particularly in manufacturing. From 2009 to 2013, employment in the American auto manufacturing sector rose by 23%, from 560,000 to 690,000, while employment in the Mexican auto sector rose from 368,000 to 589,000, or 60%. He wrote: "I'm happy that 221,000 more Mexicans got jobs, but lets be honest: Absent open borders, many of those jobs would have been in America." He concluded by observing that wages in American auto manufacturing were down by 12.7%, and that American auto manufacturing compensation

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