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85-612: The foundry was established by Alessandro Parlanti (c. 1862—c. 1921) and Gaetano Rovini, who traded from 1895 initially as Rovini & Parlanti, art bronze founders, and then as the Bronze Art Foundry Syndicate. Parlanti had come to London in about 1890, after working in the lost-wax (cire perdue) method of casting at the Fonderia Nelli , Rome 's leading foundry, and ran the London business until August 1905 when its management

170-493: A blend of cotton and polyester can be more durable and easier to maintain than material woven solely from cotton. Other than sharing functional properties, blending makes the products more economical. Union or Union fabrics is the 19th century term for blended fabrics. While it is no longer in use. Mixture or mixed cloth is another term used for blended cloths when different types of yarns are used in warp and weft sides. Blended textiles are not new. Fiber composition

255-585: A broader application than cloth. Fabric is synonymous with cloth, material, goods, or piece goods . The word 'fabric' also derives from Latin, with roots in the Proto-Indo-European language . Stemming most recently from the Middle French fabrique , or "building," and earlier from the Latin fabrica ('workshop; an art, trade; a skillful production, structure, fabric'), the noun fabrica stems from

340-533: A cave in the Republic of Georgia dated to 34,000 BCE suggests that textile-like materials were made as early as the Paleolithic era. The speed and scale of textile production have been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization and the introduction of modern manufacturing techniques. The textile industry grew out of art and craft and was kept going by guilds . In the 18th and 19th centuries, during

425-485: A form of currency. Textiles were among the objects offered to the gods [votive offering] in ancient Greece for religious purposes. The smallest component of a fabric is fiber; fibers are typically spun into yarn, and yarns are used to make fabrics. Fibers are very thin and hair-like structures. The sources of fibers may be natural , synthetic , or both. Global fiber production per person has increased from 8.4 kilograms in 1975 to 14.3 kilograms in 2021. After

510-597: A further step of the production. Cloth may also be used synonymously with fabric , but often specifically refers to a piece of fabric that has been processed or cut. Textiles are various materials made from fibers and yarns. The term "textile" was originally only used to refer to woven fabrics, but today it covers a broad range of subjects. Textiles are classified at various levels, such as according to fiber origin (natural or synthetic), structure (woven, knitted, nonwoven), finish, etc. However, there are primarily two types of textiles: Textiles have an assortment of uses,

595-746: A high stage of development in South India during the medieval period. Although bronze images were modelled and cast during the Pallava Period in the eighth and ninth centuries, some of the most beautiful and exquisite statues were produced during the Chola Period in Tamil Nadu from the tenth to the twelfth century. The technique and art of fashioning bronze images is still skillfully practised in South India, particularly in Kumbakonam. The distinguished patron during

680-407: A local production of figurines from the 11th to 10th century BC. The cremation graves (mainly 8th-7th centuries BC, but continuing until the beginning of the 4th century) from the necropolis of Paularo (Italian Oriental Alps) contained fibulae , pendants and other copper-based objects that were made by the lost-wax process. Etruscan examples, such as the bronze anthropomorphic handle from

765-518: A long, continuous strand of yarn. Yarns are then used to make different kinds of fabric by weaving, knitting, crocheting , knotting , tatting , or braiding . After manufacturing, textile materials are processed and finished to add value, such as aesthetics, physical characteristics, and increased usefulness. The manufacturing of textiles is the oldest industrial art . Dyeing , printing , and embroidery are all different decorative arts applied to textile materials. The word 'textile' comes from

850-559: A modest drop due to COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, global fiber output rebounded to 113 million tons in 2021. Global fiber output roughly doubled from 58 million tons in 2000 to 113 million tons in 2021 and is anticipated to reach 149 million tons in 2030. The demand for synthetic fibers is increasing rapidly. This has numerous causes. Reasons include its low price, the demand-supply imbalance of cotton, and its [Synthetic fibers'] versatility in design and application. Synthetic fibers accounts for 70% of global fiber use, mainly polyester. By 2030,

935-405: A mould cavity. Some automobile manufacturers use a lost-foam technique to make engine blocks . The model is made of polystyrene foam, which is placed into a casting flask , consisting of a cope and drag , which is then filled with casting sand . The foam supports the sand, allowing shapes that would be impossible if the process had to rely on the sand alone. The metal is poured in, vaporizing

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1020-1009: A small hollow-cast bull came from Sahribahlol, Gandhara , and a standing Tirthankara ( 2nd~3rd century CE ) from Chausa in Bihar should be mentioned here as well. Other notable bronze figures and images have been found in Rupar , Mathura (in Uttar Pradesh) and Brahmapura , Maharashtra . Gupta and post-Gupta period bronze figures have been recovered from the following sites: Saranath , Mirpur-Khas (in Pakistan ), Sirpur (District of Raipur), Balaighat (near Mahasthan now in Bangladesh ), Akota (near Vadodara , Gujarat), Vasantagadh, Chhatarhi , Barmer and Chambi (in Rajesthan ). The bronze casting technique and making of bronze images of traditional icons reached

1105-453: A success. Dental laboratories make other items this way as well. In this process, the wax and the textile are both replaced by the metal during the casting process, whereby the fabric reinforcement allows for a thinner model, and thus reduces the amount of metal expended in the mould. Evidence of this process is seen by the textile relief on the reverse side of objects and is sometimes referred to as "lost-wax, lost textile". This textile relief

1190-725: A textile product, including fiber, yarn, fabric, processing, and finishing , affects the final product. Components may vary among various textile products as they are selected based on their fitness for purpose . Fiber is the smallest component of a fabric; fibers are typically spun into yarn, and yarns are used to manufacture fabrics. Fiber has a hair-like appearance and a higher length-to-width ratio. The sources of fibers may be natural , synthetic , or both. The techniques of felting and bonding directly transform fibers into fabric. In other cases, yarns are manipulated with different fabric manufacturing systems to produce various fabric constructions. The fibers are twisted or laid out to make

1275-627: A treatise in the early-to-mid-12th century that includes original work and copied information from other sources, such as the Mappae clavicula and Eraclius, De dolorous et artibus Romanorum . It provides step-by-step procedures for making various articles, some by lost-wax casting: "The Copper Wind Chest and Its Conductor" (Chapter 84); "Tin Cruets" (Chapter 88), and "Casting Bells" (Chapter 85), which call for using "tallow" instead of wax; and "The Cast Censer". In Chapters 86 and 87 Theophilus details how to divide

1360-558: Is cast from an original sculpture. Intricate works can be achieved by this method. The oldest known examples of this technique are approximately 6,500 years old (4550–4450 BC) and attributed to gold artefacts found at Bulgaria's Varna Necropolis . A copper amulet from Mehrgarh , Indus Valley civilization , in Pakistan, is dated to circa 4,000 BC. Cast copper objects, found in the Nahal Mishmar hoard in southern Israel , which belong to

1445-409: Is any material made of interlacing fibers, including carpeting and geotextiles , which may not necessarily be used in the production of further goods, such as clothing and upholstery . A fabric is a material made through weaving , knitting , spreading, felting, stitching, crocheting or bonding that may be used in the production of further products, such as clothing and upholstery, thus requiring

1530-434: Is decorative art of Odisha , a state in eastern India , used for umbrellas , wall hangings, lamp shades, and bags. To make a range of decorative products, colored cloth in the shapes of animals, birds, flowers, are sewn onto a base cloth. Architextiles , a combination of the words architecture and textile, are textile-based assemblages. Awnings are a basic type of architectural textile. Mughal Shahi Lal Dera Tent , which

1615-459: Is one of the important characteristics of the fibers. They have a greater length-to-width ratio [100 times the diameter]. Fibers need to be strong, cohesive, and flexible. The usefulness of fibers are characterized on the basis of certain parameters such as strength, flexibility, and length to diameter ratio, and spinnability. Natural fibers are relatively short [ staple ] in length. Synthetic fibers are produced in longer lengths called filaments. Silk

1700-469: Is put over the sprue base and the waxes. Most sprue bases have a circular rim which grips the standard-sized flask, holding it in place. Investment (refractory plaster) is mixed and poured into the flask, filling it. It hardens, then is burned out as outlined above. Casting is usually done straight from the kiln either by centrifugal casting or vacuum casting . The lost-wax process can be used with any material that can burn , melt , or evaporate to leave

1785-569: Is renowned for its long durability. Fabric or yarn produced with a combination of two or more types of different fibers , or yarns to obtain desired traits. Blending is possible at various stages of textile manufacturing . Final composition is liable for the properties of the resultant product. Natural and synthetic fibers are blended to overcome disadvantage of single fiber properties and to achieve better performance characteristics and aesthetic effects such as devoré , heather effect, cross dyeing and stripes pattern etc. Clothing woven from

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1870-415: Is the ability of textile materials to withstand various conditions, environments, and hazards. Aesthetics, durability, comfort and safety, appearance retention, care, environmental impact, and cost are the serviceability concepts employed in structuring the material. Fibers, yarns, fabric construction, finishes and design are components of a textile product. The selection of specific components varies with

1955-622: Is the male figure found at Enkomi . Three objects from Cyprus (held in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York ) were cast by the lost-wax technique from the 13th and 12th centuries BC, namely, the amphorae rim, the rod tripod , and the cast tripod. Other, earlier examples that show this assembly of lost-wax cast pieces include the bronze head of the Chatsworth Apollo and the bronze head of Aphrodite from Satala ( Turkey ) from

2040-412: Is the only natural fiber that is a filament. The classification of fibers is based on their origin, derivation, and generic types. Certain properties of synthetic fibers, such as their diameter, cross section , and color, can be altered during production. Cotton: Cotton has a long history of use in the clothing due to its favorable properties. This fiber is soft, moisture-absorbent, breathable, and

2125-595: Is then placed in a kiln upside down with a funnel-like cup on top that holds small chunks of glass. When the kiln is brought up to temperature (1450-1530 degrees Fahrenheit), the glass chunks melt and flow down into the mold. Annealing time is usually 3–5 days, and total kiln time is 5 or more days. After the mold is removed from the kiln, the mold material is removed to reveal the sculpture inside. Cast gold knucklebones, beads, and bracelets, found in graves at Bulgaria's Varna Necropolis , have been dated to approximately 6500 years BP . They are believed to be both some of

2210-738: Is visible on gold ornaments from burial mounds in southern Siberia of the ancient horse riding tribes , such as the distinctive group of openwork gold plaques housed in the Hermitage Museum , Saint Petersburg . The technique may have its origins in the Far East , as indicated by the few Han examples, and the bronze buckle and gold plaques found at the cemetery at Xigou. Such a technique may also have been used to manufacture some Viking Age oval brooches , indicated by numerous examples with fabric imprints such as those of Castletown (Scotland) . The lost-wax casting process may also be used in

2295-470: The Vishnu Purana , refers directly to the modeling of wax for making metal objects in chapter XIV: "if an image is to be made of metal, it must first be made of wax." Chapter 68 of the ancient Sanskrit text Mānasāra Silpa details casting idols in wax and is entitled Maduchchhista Vidhānam , or the "lost wax method". The 12th century text Mānasollāsa , allegedly written by King Someshvara III of

2380-514: The Berlin Museum ), the statue of Hera from Vulci (Etruria), which, like most statues, was cast in several parts which were then joined. Geometric bronzes such as the four copper horses of San Marco (Venice, probably 2nd century) are other prime examples of statues cast in many parts. Examples of works made using the lost-wax casting process in Ancient Greece largely are unavailable due to

2465-557: The Bocchi collection (National Archaeological Museum of Adria ), dating back to the 6th to 5th centuries BC, were made by cire perdue . Most of the handles in the Bocchi collection, as well as some bronze vessels found in Adria ( Rovigo , Italy ) were made using the lost-wax technique. The better known lost-wax produced items from the classical world include the "Praying Boy" c.  300 BC (in

2550-508: The Chalcolithic period (4500–3500 BC), are estimated, from carbon-14 dating , to date to circa 3500 BC. Other examples from somewhat later periods are from Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC. Lost-wax casting was widespread in Europe until the 18th century, when a piece-moulding process came to predominate. The steps used in casting small bronze sculptures are fairly standardized, though

2635-848: The Fourth Dynasty (Old Kingdom) were made by the lost-wax method. Hollow castings, such as the Louvre statuette from the Fayum find appeared during the Middle Kingdom , followed by solid cast statuettes (like the squatting, nursing mother , in Brooklyn ) of the Second Intermediate/Early New Kingdom . The hollow casting of statues is represented in the New Kingdom by the kneeling statue of Tuthmosis IV ( British Museum , London ) and

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2720-552: The Latin adjective textilis , meaning 'woven', which itself stems from textus , the past participle of the verb texere , 'to weave'. Originally applied to woven fabrics , the term "textiles" is now used to encompass a diverse range of materials, including fibers, yarns , and fabrics , as well as other related items. A "fabric" is defined as any thin, flexible material made from yarn, directly from fibers, polymeric film, foam, or any combination of these techniques. Fabric has

2805-904: The Proto-Germanic klaithaz , similar to the Old Frisian klath , the Middle Dutch cleet , the Middle High German kleit and the German kleid , all meaning 'garment'. Although cloth is a type of fabric, not all fabrics can be classified as cloth due to differences in their manufacturing processes, physical properties, and intended uses. Materials that are woven, knitted, tufted, or knotted from yarns are referred to as cloth, while wallpaper, plastic upholstery products, carpets, and nonwoven materials are examples of fabrics. Textiles themselves are too fragile to survive across millennia;

2890-605: The Western Chalukya Empire , also provides detail about lost-wax and other casting processes. In a 16th-century treatise, the Uttarabhaga of the Śilparatna written by Srïkumāra , verses 32 to 52 of Chapter 2 (" Linga Lakshanam "), give detailed instructions on making a hollow casting. An early medieval writer Theophilus Presbyter , believed to be the Benedictine monk and metalworker Roger of Helmarshausen , wrote

2975-507: The industrial revolution , it became increasingly mechanized. In 1765, when a machine for spinning wool or cotton called the spinning jenny was invented in the United Kingdom, textile production became the first economic activity to be industrialised. In the 20th century, science and technology were driving forces. The textile industry exhibits inherent dynamism, influenced by a multitude of transformative changes and innovations within

3060-653: The 9th century AD in Igboland ( Igbo-Ukwu ) in Nigeria , the 12th century AD in Yorubaland ( Ife ) and the 15th century AD in the kingdom of Benin . Some portrait heads remain. Benin mastered bronze during the 16th century, produced portraiture and reliefs in the metal using the lost wax process. The Egyptians were practicing cire perdue from the mid 3rd millennium BC, shown by Early Dynastic bracelets and gold jewellery. Inserted spouts for ewers (copper water vessels) from

3145-609: The British Museum. There is great variability in the use of the lost-wax method in East Asia. The casting method to make bronzes till the early phase of Eastern Zhou (770-256  BCE ) was almost invariably section-mold process. Starting from around 600  BCE , there was an unmistakable rise of lost-wax casting in the central plains of China, first witnessed in the Chu cultural sphere. Further investigations have revealed this not to be

3230-545: The Latin faber " artisan who works in hard materials', which itself is derived from the Proto-Indo-European dhabh- , meaning 'to fit together'. Cloth is a flexible substance typically created through the processes of weaving, felting, or knitting using natural or synthetic materials. The word 'cloth' derives from the Old English clað , meaning "a cloth, woven, or felted material to wrap around one's body', from

3315-705: The Stone Age and the Iron Age in Central Europe are used to examine prehistoric clothing and its role in forming individual and group identities. Artifacts unearthed in various archaeological excavations informs us about the remains of past human life and their activities. Dyed flax fibers discovered in the Republic of Georgia indicate that textile-like materials were developed during the Paleolithic period . Radiocarbon dates

3400-544: The artistic merits and cultural significance of the world's textiles on a local, national, and international scale. The George Washington University Museum and Textile Museum in Washington, D.C. , was established in 1925. The Bayeux Tapestry is a rare example of secular Romanesque art . The art work depicts the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. Textiles are also used for decorative art . Appliqué work of pipili

3485-640: The buffalo, bull and dog found at Mohenjodaro and Harappa , two copper figures found at the Harappan site Lothal in the district of Ahmedabad of Gujarat, and likely a covered cart with wheels missing and a complete cart with a driver found at Chanhudaro . During the post-Harappan period, hoards of copper and bronze implements made by the lost-wax process are known from Tamil Nadu , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha , Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal . Gold and copper ornaments, apparently Hellenistic in style, made by cire perdue were found at

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3570-554: The case as it is clear that the piece-mould casting method was the principal technique used to manufacture bronze vessels in China . The lost-wax technique did not appear in northern China until the 6th century BC. Lost-wax casting is known as rōgata in Japanese , and dates back to the Yayoi period , c.  200 BC . The most famous piece made by cire perdue is the bronze image of Buddha in

3655-758: The common practice in later periods of melting down pieces to reuse their materials. Much of the evidence for these products come from shipwrecks . As underwater archaeology became feasible, artifacts lost to the sea became more accessible. Statues like the Artemision Bronze Zeus or Poseidon (found near Cape Artemision ), as well as the Victorious Youth (found near Fano ), are two such examples of Greek lost-wax bronze statuary that were discovered underwater. Some Late Bronze Age sites in Cyprus have produced cast bronze figures of humans and animals. One example

3740-716: The domain. Textile operations can experience ramifications arising from shifts in international trade policies, evolving fashion trends, evolving customer preferences, variations in production costs and methodologies, adherence to safety and environmental regulations, as well as advancements in research and development. The textile and garment industries exert a significant impact on the economic systems of numerous countries engaged in textile production. Most textiles were called by their base fibre generic names, their place of origin, or were put into groups based loosely on manufacturing techniques, characteristics, and designs. Nylon , olefin , and acrylic are generic names for some of

3825-412: The fiber blend composition of mixtures of the fibers, is an important criterion to analyze the behavior, properties such as functional aspects, and commercial classification of the merchandise. The most common blend is cotton and polyester. Regular blended fabric is 65% polyester and 35% cotton. It is called a reverse blend if the ratio of cotton predominates—the percentage of the fibers changes with

3910-437: The foam with its heat. In dentistry, gold crowns, inlays and onlays are made by the lost-wax technique. Application of Lost Wax technique for the fabrication of cast inlay was first reported by Taggart. A typical gold alloy is about 60% gold and 28% silver with copper and other metals making up the rest. Careful attention to tooth preparation, impression taking and laboratory technique are required to make this type of restoration

3995-421: The foundry was managed solely by Ercole, who had worked alongside his older brother since about 1897. After 1917 Ercole sold the foundry, and moved a short distance away to set up a new foundry at Beaumont Road, West Kensington . During the early 1920s, his business prospered from commissions for war memorials and became a limited company in 1926. However, it got into financial difficulties and went into liquidation

4080-669: The head fragment of Ramesses V (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge). Hollow castings become more detailed and continue into the Eighteenth Dynasty , shown by the black bronze kneeling figure of Tutankhamun ( Museum of the University of Pennsylvania ). Cire Perdue is used in mass-production during the Late Period to Graeco - Roman times when figures of deities were cast for personal devotion and votive temple offerings . Nude female-shaped handles on bronze mirrors were cast by

4165-403: The indirect process. Many bronze statues or parts of statues in antiquity were cast using the lost wax process. Theodorus of Samos is commonly associated with bronze casting. Pliny also mentions the use of lead , which is known to help molten bronze flow into all areas and parts of complex moulds. Quintilian documents the casting of statues in parts, whose moulds may have been produced by

4250-406: The intended use, therefore the fibers, yarns, and fabric manufacturing systems are selected with consideration of the required performance. Textiles, textile production, and clothing were necessities of life in prehistory, intertwined with the social, economic, and religious systems. Other than clothing, textile crafts produced utilitarian, symbolic, and opulent items. Archaeological artifacts from

4335-563: The lost wax process. Scenes on the early-5th century BC Berlin Foundry Cup depict the creation of bronze statuary working, probably by the indirect method of lost-wax casting. The lost-wax method is well documented in ancient Indian literary sources. The Shilpa Shastras , a text from the Gupta Period ( c.  320 –550 AD), contains detailed information about casting images in metal. The 5th-century AD Vishnusamhita , an appendix to

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4420-477: The lost-wax process are characteristic of northeast Thailand . Some of the bangles from Ban Na Di revealed a dark grey substance between the central clay core and the metal, which on analysis was identified as an unrefined form of insect wax. It is likely that decorative items, like bracelets and rings , were made by cire perdue at Non Nok Tha and Ban Chiang . There are technological and material parallels between northeast Thailand and Vietnam concerning

4505-728: The lost-wax process. The lost-wax technique came to be known in the Mediterranean during the Bronze Age . It was a major metalworking technique utilized in the ancient Mediterranean world, notably during the Classical period of Greece for large-scale bronze statuary and in the Roman world . Direct imitations and local derivations of Oriental , Syro - Palestinian and Cypriot figurines are found in Late Bronze Age Sardinia , with

4590-504: The lost-wax technique to copper casting comes from a 6,000-year-old ( c.  4000 BC ) copper, wheel-shaped amulet found at Mehrgarh , Pakistan. Metal casting, by the Indus Valley civilization , produced some of the earliest known examples of lost-wax casting applied to the casting of copper alloys, a bronze figurine, found at Mohenjo-daro , and named the " dancing girl ", is dated to 2300-1750  BCE . Other examples include

4675-581: The lost-wax technique was used for small-scale, and then later large-scale copper and bronze statues. One of the earliest surviving lost-wax castings is a small lion pendant from Uruk IV . Sumerian metalworkers were practicing lost-wax casting from approximately c.  3500 –3200 BC. Much later examples from northeastern Mesopotamia / Anatolia include the Great Tumulus at Gordion (late 8th century BC), as well as other types of Urartian cauldron attachments. The oldest known example of applying

4760-749: The lost-wax technique. The sites exhibiting artifacts made by the lost-mould process in Vietnam, such as the Dong Son drums , come from the Dong Son , and Phung Nguyen cultures, such as one sickle and the figure of a seated individual from Go Mun (near Phung Nguyen, the Bac Bo Region), dating to the Go Mun phase (end of the General B period, up until the 7th century BC). Cast bronzes are known to have been produced in Africa by

4845-569: The microscopic fibers to 36,000 years ago, when modern humans migrated from Africa. Several textile remnants, such as the Inca Empire's textile arts remnants, which embody the Incas' aesthetics and social ideals, serve as a means for disseminating information about numerous civilizations, customs, and cultures. There are textile museums that display history related to many aspects of textiles. A textile museum raises public awareness and appreciation of

4930-422: The more commonly used synthetic fibres. The related words " fabric " and " cloth " and " material " are often used in textile assembly trades (such as tailoring and dressmaking ) as synonyms for textile . However, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage. Material is an extremely broad term basically meaning consisting of matter , and requires context to be useful. A textile

5015-927: The most common of which are for clothing and for containers such as bags and baskets . In the household, textiles are used in carpeting , upholstered furnishings , window shades , towels , coverings for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, and in art . Textiles are used in many traditional hand crafts such as sewing , quilting , and embroidery . Textiles produced for industrial purposes, and designed and chosen for technical characteristics beyond their appearance, are commonly referred to as technical textiles . Technical textiles include textile structures for automotive applications, medical textiles (such as implants), geotextile (reinforcement of embankments), agrotextiles (textiles for crop protection ), protective clothing (such as clothing resistant to heat and radiation for fire fighter clothing, against molten metals for welders, stab protection, and bullet proof vests). In

5100-471: The most important factors, while in technical textiles, functional properties are the priority. Durability of textiles is an important property, with common cotton or blend garments (such as t-shirts) able to last twenty years or more with regular use and care. Geotextiles , industrial textiles , medical textiles , and many other areas are examples of technical textiles, whereas clothing and furnishings are examples of consumer textiles. Each component of

5185-641: The oldest existing example of warp ikat in Southeast Asia , is displayed at the National Museum of the Philippines . The cloth was most likely made by the native Asian people of northwest Romblon . The first clothes, worn at least 70,000 years ago and perhaps much earlier, were probably made of animal skins and helped protect early humans from the elements. At some point, people learned to weave plant fibers into textiles. The discovery of dyed flax fibers in

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5270-495: The oldest known manufactured golden objects, and the oldest objects known to have been made using lost wax casting. Some of the oldest known examples of the lost-wax technique are the objects discovered in the Nahal Mishmar hoard in southern Land of Israel , and which belong to the Chalcolithic period (4500–3500 BC). Conservative Carbon-14 estimates date the items to around 3700 BC, making them more than 5700 years old. In Mesopotamia , from c.  3500 –2750 BC,

5355-519: The payment of craftsmen for their work on the Erechtheum in Athens (408/7–407/6 BC). Clay-modellers may use clay moulds to make terracotta negatives for casting or to produce wax positives. Pliny portrays Zenodorus  [ fr ] as a well-reputed ancient artist producing bronze statues, and describes Lysistratos of Sikyon , who takes plaster casts from living faces to create wax casts using

5440-565: The possible benefits they may have in the future. Threads coated with zinc oxide nanowires , when woven into fabric, have been shown capable of "self-powering nanosystems", using vibrations created by everyday actions like wind or body movements to generate energy. Textiles are all around us. The textile is a component of basic needs like food and shelter. Textiles are everywhere in our lives, from bath towels to space suits. Textiles help humans by comforting, protecting, and extending their lives. Textiles meet our clothing needs, keeping us warm in

5525-426: The price and required properties. Blending adds value to the textiles; it helps in reducing the cost (artificial fibers are less expensive than natural fibers) and adding advantage in properties of the final product. For instance, a small amount of spandex adds stretch to the fabrics. Wool can add warmth. Fibers from the stalks of plants, such as hemp, flax, and nettles, are also known as 'bast' fibers. Hemp fiber

5610-417: The process today varies from foundry to foundry (in modern industrial use, the process is called investment casting). Variations of the process include: "lost mould ", which recognizes that materials other than wax can be used (such as tallow , resin , tar , and textile ); and "waste wax process" (or "waste mould casting"), because the mould is destroyed to remove the cast item. Casts can be made of

5695-399: The production of cast glass sculptures. The original sculpture is made from wax. The sculpture is then covered with mold material (e.g., plaster), except for the bottom of the mold which must remain open. When the mold has hardened, the encased sculpture is removed by applying heat to the bottom of the mold. This melts out the wax (the wax is 'lost') and destroys the original sculpture. The mold

5780-399: The ruins at Sirkap . One example of this Indo-Greek art dates to the 1st century BCE , the juvenile figure of Harpocrates excavated at Taxila . Bronze icons were produced during the 3rd and 4th centuries, such as the Buddha image at Amaravati , and the images of Rama and Kartikeya in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. A further two bronze images of Parsvanatha and

5865-416: The same year. Parlanti later established another casting business in Winders Road, Battersea . Castings undertaken at Parsons Green included Sir George Frampton 's Peter Pan statue , George Frederic Watts ' Physical Energy , Albert Toft 's Boer War memorial (1906) in Birmingham 's Cannon Hill Park and the Glenelg war memorial (sculpture by Louis Deuchars ; unveiled 1920). Later castings include

5950-444: The sculpture on the Royal Air Force Memorial in London (1923) and the Sheffield War Memorial (1925). Lost-wax casting Lost-wax casting  – also called investment casting , precision casting , or cire perdue ( French: [siʁ pɛʁdy] ; borrowed from French )  – is the process by which a duplicate sculpture (often a metal , such as silver , gold , brass , or bronze )

6035-654: The synthetic fiber market will reach 98.21 billion US dollars. From 2022 to 2030, the market is anticipated to increase by 5.1% per year. Monomers are the building blocks of polymers. Polymers in fibers are of two types: additive or condensation. Natural fibers, such as cotton and wool, have a condensation polymer type, whereas synthetic fibers can have either an additive or a condensation polymer type. For example, acrylic fiber and olefin fibers have additive polymers, and nylon and polyester are condensation polymers. Fiber properties influence textile characteristics such as aesthetics, durability, comfort, and cost. Fineness

6120-468: The temple of the Todaiji monastery at Nara . It was made in sections between 743 and 749, allegedly using seven tons of wax. The Dunaverney (1050–910 BC) and Little Thetford (1000–701 BC) flesh-hooks have been shown to be made using a lost-wax process. The Little Thetford flesh-hook, in particular, employed distinctly inventive construction methods. The intricate Gloucester Candlestick (1104–1113 AD)

6205-454: The tenth century was the widowed Chola queen, Sembiyan Maha Devi. Chola bronzes are the most soughtafter collectors’ items by art lovers all over the world . The technique was used throughout India, as well as in the neighbouring countries Nepal , Tibet , Ceylon , Burma and Siam . The inhabitants of Ban Na Di were casting bronze from c.  1200 BC to 200 AD, using the lost-wax technique to manufacture bangles . Bangles made by

6290-490: The tools used for spinning and weaving make up most of the prehistoric evidence for textile work. The earliest tool for spinning was the spindle , to which a whorl was eventually added. The weight of the whorl improved the thickness and twist of the spun thread. Later, the spinning wheel was invented. Historians are unsure where; some say China, others India. The precursors of today's textiles include leaves, barks, fur pelts, and felted cloths. The Banton Burial Cloth,

6375-588: The wax into differing ratios before moulding and casting to achieve accurately tuned small musical bells . The 16th-century Florentine sculptor Benvenuto Cellini may have used Theophilus' writings when he cast his bronze Perseus with the Head of Medusa . The Spanish writer Releigh (1596) in brief account refers to Aztec casting. Textile Textile is an umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials , including fibers, yarns , filaments , threads , different fabric types, etc. At first,

6460-411: The wax model itself, the direct method, or of a wax copy of a model that need not be of wax, the indirect method. These are the steps for the indirect process (the direct method starts at step 7): Prior to silica-based casting moulds, these moulds were made of a variety of other fire-proof materials, the most common being plaster based, with added grout, and clay based. Prior to rubber moulds gelatine

6545-467: The winter and cool in the summer. There are several applications for textiles, such as medical textiles, intelligent textiles, and automotive textiles. All of them contribute to the well-being of humans. The term "serviceability" refers to a textile product's ability to meet the needs of consumers. The emphasis is on knowing the target market and matching the needs of the target market to the product's serviceability. Serviceability or performance in textiles

6630-638: The word "textiles" only referred to woven fabrics . However, weaving is not the only manufacturing method, and many other methods were later developed to form textile structures based on their intended use. Knitting and non-woven are other popular types of fabric manufacturing. In the contemporary world, textiles satisfy the material needs for versatile applications, from simple daily clothing to bulletproof jackets , spacesuits , and doctor's gowns . Textiles are divided into two groups: consumer textiles for domestic purposes and technical textiles . In consumer textiles, aesthetics and comfort are

6715-673: The workplace, textiles can be used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. Miscellaneous uses include flags , backpacks , tents , nets , cleaning rags , transportation devices such as balloons , kites , sails , and parachutes ; textiles are also used to provide strengthening in composite materials such as fibreglass and industrial geotextiles . Due to the often highly technical and legal requirements of these products, these textiles are typically tested in order to ensure they meet stringent performance requirements. Other forms of technical textiles may be produced to experiment with their scientific qualities and to explore

6800-455: Was a movable palace, is an example of the architextiles of the Mughal period . Textiles had been used as currency as well. In Africa, textiles were used as currency in addition to being used for clothing, headwear, swaddling, tents, sails, bags, sacks, carpets, rugs, curtains, etc. Along the east–west axis in sub-Saharan Africa, cloth strip, which was typically produced in the savannah, was used as

6885-501: Was employed in prehispanic times in Colombia's Muisca and Sinú cultural areas. Two lost-wax moulds, one complete and one partially broken, were found in a shaft and chamber tomb in the vereda of Pueblo Tapado in the municipio of Montenegro ( Department of Quindío ), dated roughly to the pre-Columbian period. The lost-wax method did not appear in Mexico until the 10th century, and

6970-452: Was made as a single-piece wax model, then given a complex system of gates and vents before being invested in a mould. The lost-wax casting tradition was developed by the peoples of Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , northwest Venezuela , Andean America, and the western portion of South America . Lost-wax casting produced some of the region's typical gold wire and delicate wire ornament, such as fine ear ornaments. The process

7055-457: Was taken over by his brother Ercole James Palanti (c.1871-1955). Alessandro Parlanti cast work for sculptors including Alfred Gilbert , Alfred Drury and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska , and also taught at the Central School of Arts and Crafts ; students including Alfred Turner and Eric Gill later used his foundry to cast their work. After Alessandro returned to Rome with his wife and children,

7140-503: Was thereafter used in western Mexico to make a wide range of bell forms. Some early literary works allude to lost-wax casting. Columella , a Roman writer of the 1st century AD, mentions the processing of wax from beehives in De Re Rustica , perhaps for casting, as does Pliny the Elder , who details a sophisticated procedure for making Punic wax. One Greek inscription refers to

7225-415: Was used. The methods used for small parts and jewellery vary somewhat from those used for sculpture. A wax model is obtained either from injection into a rubber mould or by being custom-made by carving. The wax or waxes are sprued and fused onto a rubber base, called a "sprue base". Then a metal flask, which resembles a short length of steel pipe that ranges roughly from 3.5 to 15 centimeters tall and wide,

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