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94-475: A papal coronation is the formal ceremony of the placing of the papal tiara on a newly elected pope . The first recorded papal coronation was of Pope Nicholas I in 858. The most recent was the 1963 coronation of Paul VI , who soon afterwards abandoned the practice of wearing the tiara. To date, none of his successors have used the tiara, and their papal inauguration celebrations have included no coronation ceremony, although any future pope may elect to restore

188-765: A display of historic Vatican items. Pope Paul VI's "Milan tiara" was donated to and is on display in the crypt church of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. , United States of America . Most of the surviving (three-crown) papal tiaras have the shape of a circular beehive , with its central core made of silver . Some were sharply conical, others bulbous. Except for that of Pope Paul VI, all were heavily bejewelled . The three crowns are marked by golden decorations, sometimes in

282-429: A formal, expressed Pontifical decree by a reigning pope. When a conclave elects a new pope, he assumes all of the rights and authority of the papacy immediately upon his acceptance of election; however, popes traditionally numbered their regnal years from the date of their coronation. If a newly elected pope is not a bishop, he is consecrated at once. In accordance with tradition, the right of consecration belongs to

376-497: A less elaborate "solemn Mass to mark the start of his ministry as Supreme Pastor" in September 1978. After John Paul I's sudden death following a thirty-three-day reign , the new pope, John Paul II , opted to copy his predecessor's ceremony without coronation. In his homily at his inauguration Mass, he said that Paul VI had "left his successors free to decide" whether to wear the papal tiara. He went on: Pope John Paul I, whose memory

470-535: A mosaic from Old Saint Peter's , now in the Museo di Roma . A similar tiara, conical and with only one crown, is seen worn by pope Clement IV in frescoes from the 13th century in Pernes-les-Fontaines , France. The second crown is said to have been added by Pope Boniface VIII as signifying both his spiritual and temporal power, since he declared that God had set him over kings and kingdoms. Boniface VIII's tiara

564-453: A most atypical piece of headgear for an Ottoman sultan, which he probably never normally wore, but which he placed beside him when receiving visitors, especially ambassadors. It was crowned with an enormous feather. Conversely, the papal coronation ceremony, in which the Pope was fanned with flabella (long fans of ostrich feathers) and carried on the sedia gestatoria (portable throne),

658-405: A new Pope succeeded. The Archbishop of Bordeaux was chosen and took the title of Clement V . He removed the papal seat from Rome to Avignon and the tiara was brought to Lyons from Perugia for his coronation on 14 November 1305. In the inventory which was taken in 1315–16 Boniface VIII's tiara is again described and can be identified by the mention of the large ruby, which is recorded as missing. It

752-462: A new pope should take, whether with or without a coronation. A number of papal tiaras are available for a future pope to use. Papal tiara The papal tiara is a crown that is worn by popes of the Catholic Church from as early as the 8th century to the mid–20th century. It was last used by Pope Paul VI in 1963, and only at the beginning of his reign. The name tiara refers to

846-467: A papal coronation, replacing it with a reference to an "inauguration". The use of Papal Tiara in solemn ceremonies was left by Paul VI. Though not currently worn as part of papal regalia , the papal tiara still appears on the coat of arms of the Holy See and the flag of Vatican City . Later in his reign John Paul II approved depictions of his arms without the tiara, as with the mosaic floor piece towards

940-568: A papal tiara and carrying a papal cross . Cardinal Bishop of Albano Since 1966, it has both a titular bishop and a diocesan bishop . The city of Albano, located at the fifteenth milestone from Rome on the Via Appia Antiqua, and two miles from the ancient Alba Longa. A villa of Pompey the Great and a villa of the Emperor Domitian were located in the area. had an amphitheater by

1034-410: A papal tiara into their Coat of Arms. The papal tiara originated from a conical Phrygian cap or frigium. Shaped like a candle-extinguisher , the papal tiara and the episcopal mitre were identical in their early forms. Names used for the papal tiara in the 8th and 9th centuries include camelaucum , pileus , phrygium and pileum phrygium . A circlet of linen or cloth of gold at

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1128-681: A prayer for himself. After the pope had returned again to his seat the Papal Laudes were chanted: As with all Papal High Masses, the Epistle and the Gospel were read in both Greek and Latin and the pope communicated at his throne. After the Mass, the new pope was crowned with the papal tiara . This frequently took place on the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica, overlooking the crowds gathered in St. Peter's Square . The pope

1222-420: A significantly shorter ceremony. As with all other modern coronations, the ceremony itself was only symbolic, as the person involved became Pope and Bishop of Rome the moment he accepted his canonical election in the papal conclave . The two subsequent popes ( John Paul I and John Paul II ) abandoned the monarchial coronation, opting instead for a coronation-less investiture. In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI took

1316-593: A special tiara by Dieter Philippi, a German chief executive officer of a telecommunication company who had commissioned the gift from an artisan workshop located in Sofia . Each year, a large papal tiara is placed on the head of the famous bronze statue of Saint Peter in St. Peter's Basilica from the vigil of the Feast of the Cathedra of Saint Peter on 22 February until the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul on 29 June. This custom

1410-460: A step further and removed the tiara from his papal coat of arms, replacing it with a mitre . Only one other Catholic see uses the tiara in its coat of arms: the Patriarchate of Lisbon . The title of Patriarch of Lisbon was created in 1716 and has been held by the archbishop of Lisbon since 1740. The coat of arms of the Holy See combines the tiara with the crossed keys of St. Peter, while that of

1504-566: Is apparent from its cemetery, discovered in 1720 by Giovanni Marangoni. It differs but little from the Christian cemeteries found in Rome. Its plan, clearly mapped out in the Epitome de locis ss. martyrum quae sunt foris civitatis Romae , is considered by Giovanni Battista de Rossi as the synopsis of an ancient description of the cemeteries, written before the end of the 6th century: Saint Senator of Albano

1598-543: Is described as having three circlets corona quae vocatur, regnum cum tribus circuitis aureis . It therefore must have been between the taking of the two inventories in 1295 and 1315 that the second and third circlets were added to the tiara. It was during this period that the fleur-de-lis was used to decorate the circlets. The tiara was kept in the Papal Treasury at Avignon until Gregory XI took it back to Rome, which he entered on 17 January 1377. In 1378 Robert of Geneva

1692-525: Is honour and glory for ever and ever"). Yet others have associated it with the threefold office of Christ , who is Priest, Prophet and King, or "teacher, lawmaker and judge". Another traditional interpretation was that the three crowns refer to the "Church Militant on earth", the "Church Suffering after death and before heaven", and the "Church Triumphant in eternal reward". Yet another interpretation suggested by Archbishop Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo, who designed Pope Benedict XVI's tiara-less coat of arms,

1786-555: Is inserted in the martyrology for 26 September ( et in Albano Senatoris ), without further specification. From this he passed to the Roman martyrology , where he is commemorated on the same day. But the first account of the martyrs of Albano is found in the Almanac of Philocalus (4th century) on 8 August: The cemetery has frescoes, painted at various times by unknown artists, which show

1880-410: Is no certainty about what the three crowns of the tiara symbolise, as is evident from the multitude of interpretations that have been and still are proposed. Some link it to the threefold authority of the "Supreme Pontiff : Universal Pastor (top), Universal Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction (middle) and Temporal Power (bottom)". Others interpret the three tiers as meaning "father of princes and kings, ruler of

1974-449: Is not the time to return to a ceremony and an object considered, wrongly, to be a symbol of the temporal power of the Popes." Paul VI's 1975 Apostolic Constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo on the manner of electing the Pope, still envisaged that his successors would be crowned. Pope John Paul II, in his 1996 Apostolic Constitution Universi Dominici gregis , removed all mention of

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2068-423: Is represented with two crowns in his statues and tomb by Arnolfo di Cambio . The addition of a third crown is attributed to Pope Benedict XI (1303–1304) or Pope Clement V (1305–1314), and one such tiara was listed in an inventory of the papal treasury in 1316 (see "Tiara of Saint Sylvester", below). The first years of the 16th century saw the addition of a small orb and cross to top the tiara. The third crown

2162-413: Is so vivid in our hearts, did not wish to have the tiara; nor does his Successor wish it today. This is not the time to return to a ceremony and an object considered, wrongly, to be a symbol of the temporal power of the Popes. John Paul II's 1996 Apostolic Constitution , Universi Dominici gregis , now in force, does not specify the form that the "solemn ceremony of the inauguration of the pontificate" of

2256-441: Is strikingly similar in design to the earlier tiara of Gregory XVI. It remained a particularly popular crown, worn by, among others, Pope Pius XI , Pope Pius XII and Pope John XXIII . Pope Pius XI 's 1922 crown, in contrast was much less decorated and much more conical in shape. Except for the papier-mâché tiara , the lightest tiara was that made for Pope John XXIII in 1959. It weighed just over 0.9 kg (2.0 lb), as did

2350-572: The Confiteor , the pope was seated on the sedia gestatoria, which was resting on the ground, and the three senior cardinal bishops approached him wearing mitres. Each in turn placed his hands above him and said the prayer, Super electum Pontificem (over the elected pope). First the Cardinal Bishop of Albano said: God, who are present without distinction whenever the devout mind invokes you, be present, we ask you, we and this your servant, __, who to

2444-552: The Avignon papacy . Earlier, Pope Celestine V was twice crowned in L'Aquila . In 1800 Pope Pius VII was crowned in the crowded church of the Benedictine island monastery of San Giorgio, Venice , after his late predecessor, Pope Pius VI , had been forced into temporary exile during Napoleon Bonaparte 's capture of Rome. Since the French seized the tiara along with the previous pope, he

2538-796: The Swiss Guards together with the Noble Guard , as military bands play the Pontifical Anthem and Il Canto degli Italiani (until 1946 the Marcia Reale and S'hymnu sardu nationale ). The last act of the inauguration of a new pope is still the formal taking possession ( possessio ) of his cathedra as Bishop of Rome in the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran . This is the final ceremony mentioned in Pope John Paul II's apostolic constitution on

2632-415: The archbishops and bishops approached and kissed his feet. Following this, at least from the beginning of the 16th century, the newly elected pope was carried in state through St. Peter's Basilica on the sedia gestatoria under a white canopy, with the papal flabella (ceremonial fans) to either side. Instead of the papal tiara, he wore a jewelled mitre (the episcopal mitra pretiosa ). Three times,

2726-553: The dean of the College of Cardinals , in his absence to the subdean, and in the absence of both of these to the senior cardinal bishop . If the new pope is already a bishop, as is normally the case, his election is announced immediately to the people gathered in Saint Peter's Square and he gives them his blessing. The episcopal enthronement of the pope takes place in his cathedral , the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran . This ceremony

2820-471: The papier-mâché tiara made when Pope Pius VII was elected and crowned in exile, and the one made for Pope Paul VI in 1963, which is somewhat bullet-shaped, contains few jewels and, instead of being adorned by three coronets, is marked with three parallel circles and has a double-tiered crown at its base. The tiara given to Pope Pius IX in 1877 by the Vatican's Palatine Honor Guard in honour of his Jubilee

2914-458: The 11th and 12th centuries, the immantatio , or bestowal of the mantum (a papal vestment consisting of a very long red cope fastened with an elaborate morse ) on the newly elected pope was regarded as especially symbolic of investiture with papal authority, and was conferred with the words: "I invest thee with the Roman papacy, that thou rule over the city and the world." After the investiture with

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3008-569: The 14th century, the tiara of Boniface VIII began to be called the Tiara of St. Sylvester , and became venerated and considered as a relic. This was no doubt suggested by the Donation of Constantine , but it now came to be used only at the coronation of popes, starting with Gregory XI in 1370 and his successor Urban VI in 1378. It was used at no other ceremonies and was kept in the Lateran Treasury. It

3102-526: The 1922 tiara of Pope Pius XI. In contrast, the bullet-shaped tiara of Pope Paul VI weighed 4.5 kg (9.9 lb). The heaviest papal tiara in the papal collection is the 1804 tiara donated by Napoleon I to celebrate both his marriage to Josephine and his coronation as French emperor. It weighs 8.2 kg (18 lb). However it was never worn, as its width was made, some suspected deliberately, too small for Pope Pius VII to wear. A number of popes deliberately had new tiaras made because they found those in

3196-688: The Archpriest and the Archdeacon, and eight Canons. The foundation of the episcopal see of Albano may be contemporaneous with the erection of the Constantinian basilica. It is alleged that the first known bishop of the see is Dionysius (d. 355). Bishop Ursinus is found on an inscription in the Catacomb of Domitilla ; the consular date is either 345 or 395. In 463, sources attest to a bishop of Albano named Romanus. The importance of this early Christian community

3290-477: The Church, made some sort of relief necessary. On his own initiative, therefore, Pope Pius X issued a decree, Apostolicae Romanorum Pontificium , granting the bishops of Ostia, Porto, Albano, Palestrina, and Frascati each a suffragan bishop to carry the burden of their pastoral duties in their dioceses. The pope appointed the suffragans, who had full powers inside the diocese, subject to the cardinal's approval, but not

3384-599: The High Altar in St. Peter's Basilica. Popes Pius IX , Pius XII , and John XXIII all were crowned in public on the balcony of the basilica, facing crowds assembled below in St. Peter's Square . Paul VI was crowned in front of St Peter's on a special dais with the entire coronation ceremony outdoors, as St Peter's was filled with special seating for the Vatican Council sessions. Pius XII's 1939 coronation broke new ground by being

3478-516: The Lisbon Patriarchate combines it with a processional cross and a pastoral staff. The Archbishop of Benevento also uses the tiara in its coat of arms. The 16th-century Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent commissioned Venetian craftsmen to make a 4-tiered tiara modeled on the papal design , to demonstrate that his power and authority as Caliph exceeded that of the Pope. This was

3572-469: The base of the tiara developed into a metal crown, which by about 1300 became two crowns. The first of these appeared at the base of the traditional white papal headgear in the 9th century. When the popes assumed temporal power in the Papal States , the base crown became decorated with jewels to resemble the crowns of princes. Innocent III is represented with an early tiara in a fresco at Sacro Speco and on

3666-405: The beginning of the 20th century, it had become apparent to the papacy that the suburbicarian bishops had become overburdened with the responsibilities of their curial and diocesan duties. The increase in commerce, in roads and travel, and the migration of people to the city, as well as the increased burden of duties in the papal administration because of the mass and complexity of problems affecting

3760-649: The burden of the universal church, help him, make him worthy and for thee who are blessed may merits replace vices. Then, the senior cardinal deacon placed the pallium on his shoulders saying: Accept the pallium, representing the plenitude of the Pontifical office, to the honour of Almighty God, and the most glorious Virgin Mary, his Mother, and the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and the Holy Roman Church. In

3854-443: The cathedral of Rome, and the enthronement occurs there. During the " prisoner in the Vatican " period, the enthronement did not take place. The coronation took place on the first Sunday or Holy Day following the election. It began with a solemn Papal Mass . During the chanting of Terce , he sat on a throne and all of the cardinals made what was called their "first obeisance " to him, approaching one by one and kissing his hand. Then

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3948-526: The church with a number of local properties, including the farm of Mola (a mile west of the town), possession of the lake of Albano, the Massa Mucii, all the abandoned houses in Albano, possession of gardens, and other properties. This Constantinian basilica was destroyed by fire toward the end of the 8th century, or at the beginning of the 9th, along with the bishop's residence. Ferdinando Franconi has established

4042-414: The collection either too small, too heavy, or both. Rather than use the papier-mâché tiara, Pope Gregory XVI had a new lightweight tiara made in the 1840s. In the 1870s, Pope Pius IX, then in his eighties, found the other tiaras too heavy to wear and that of his predecessor, Pope Gregory, too small, so he had a lightweight tiara made also. In 1908 Pope Pius X had another lightweight tiara made as he found that

4136-403: The emperor, chose to be crowned with a tiara bearing three crowns. The papal tiara was never worn for liturgical celebrations, such as Mass . At such functions the Pope, like other bishops, wore a mitre. However, a tiara was worn during the solemn entrance and departure processions, and one or more could be placed on the altar during the elaborately ceremonial Pontifical High Mass . The tiara

4230-474: The end of the third session of the Second Vatican Council in 1964, Paul VI descended the steps of the papal throne in St. Peter's Basilica and ascended to the altar, on which he laid the tiara as a sign of the renunciation of human glory and power in keeping with the renewed spirit of the council. It was announced that the tiara would be sold and the money obtained would be given to charity. The tiara

4324-455: The ends with red fringe. Pope Paul VI was crowned with a tiara at the papal coronation. As happened sometimes with previous popes, a new tiara was used, donated by the city of Milan , where he was archbishop before his election. It was not covered in jewels and precious gems, and was sharply cone-shaped. It was also distinctly heavier than the Palatine Tiara previously in use. Near

4418-415: The entire headpiece, including the various crowns, circlets, and diadems that have adorned it through the ages, while the three-tiered form that it took in the 14th century is also called the triregnum or the triple crown , and sometimes as the triple tiara . From 1143 to 1963, the papal tiara was solemnly placed on the pope's head during a papal coronation . The surviving papal tiaras are all in

4512-413: The entrance of St Peter's Basilica, where an ordinary mitre takes the place of the tiara. Otherwise, until the reign of Benedict XVI the tiara was also the ornament surmounting a Pope's personal coat of arms, as a tasseled hat (under which a 1969 Instruction of the Holy See forbade the placing of a mitre, a second hat) surmounted those of other prelates. Pope Benedict XVI's personal coat of arms replaced

4606-461: The eve of his imperial coronation. Others were a gift to a newly elected pope from the See which they had held before their election, or on the occasion of the jubilee of their ordination or election. In some instances, various cities sought to outdo each other in the beauty, value and size of the tiaras they provided to popes from their region. Examples include tiaras given to Popes John XXIII and Paul VI,

4700-631: The first to be filmed and the first to be broadcast live on radio. The ceremony, which lasted for six hours, was attended by leading dignitaries; these included the heir to the Italian throne, the Prince of Piedmont , former kings Ferdinand I of Bulgaria and Alfonso XIII of Spain , the 16th Duke of Norfolk (representing King George VI of the United Kingdom ), and the Irish Taoiseach , Éamon de Valera ,

4794-410: The form of crosses, sometimes in the shape of leaves. Most are surmounted by a cross set above a monde (globe), representing the universal sovereignty of Christ. Each tiara had attached to the back two lappets ; highly decorated strips of cloth embroidered with golden thread, bearing the coat of arms or another symbol of the pope to whom the tiara had been given. There are two rather unusual tiaras:

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4888-404: The former by John's home region, the latter by Paul's previous archiepiscopal see of Milan on their election to the papacy. Popes were not restricted to a particular tiara: for example, photographs show Pope John XXIII, on different occasions, wearing the tiara presented to him in 1959, Pope Pius IX 's 1877 tiara, and Pope Pius XI's 1922 tiara. Pope Paul VI, whose bullet-shaped tiara is one of

4982-414: The head-dress, which is now usually referred to as a tiara, is described as enriched with 48 rubies balas , 72 sapphires , 45 praxini or emeralds , numerous little balas rubies and emeralds and 66 large pearls . At the summit was a very large ruby. Boniface VIII was succeeded in 1303 by Benedict XI , who took the tiara to Perugia . After his death in 1304 there was a period of eleven months before

5076-399: The hood of the regnum was lengthened and the circlet was greatly enriched with precious stones, while toward the end of his papacy a second circlet was added. The increased length had the symbolical meaning of dominion of the una sancta ecclesia over the earth, and demonstrated the meaning of the papal unam sanctum . In the inventory of 1295, the second year of Boniface's papacy,

5170-435: The identity of this basilica with the present Albano Cathedral , which still contains some remains of the edifice dedicated by Pope Leo III to Saint Pancras . The cathedral was restored in 1563, and again at the beginning of the 19th century. Under the basilica there was a crypt , or confessio , from which bodies were transferred to the cemetery nearby. The cathedral is administered by a Chapter consisting of two dignities,

5264-447: The iron crown of Lombardy at Milan or Monza and the golden imperial crown at Rome and therefore the Pope, too, should wear three crowns." Like a bishop's mitre, a papal tiara has attached to it two lappets , a pair of streamers or pendants that in Latin are called caudae or infulae . These are usually attached at the rear of the tiara, again as on a bishop's mitre, although

5358-495: The irregularities in the incomes of the six cardinal suburbicarian bishops. On his own initiative, after consulting with the curial cardinals and with their agreement, he issued the decree Edita a Nobis , in which he ordered that in the future the incomes of the cardinal bishops should be placed in a single fund, administered by the Office of Economic Affairs, to which each cardinal must render an annual account. Each year, after 6,000 Lire

5452-462: The last two being in evening dress (white tie and tails). The last pope to be crowned was Pope Paul VI . He decided to cease wearing a papal tiara and laid his own on the altar of St. Peter's Basilica in a gesture of "humility." His 1975 apostolic constitution , Romano Pontifici Eligendo prescribed that "the new pontiff is to be crowned by the senior cardinal deacon". His successor, Pope John Paul I , opted not to be crowned and to have instead

5546-454: The letters that the pope sent to the patriarchs in token of being in communion with them in the same faith were called litterae inthronisticae or syllabai enthronistikai . The earliest papal coronations took place in St. John Lateran , the pope's cathedral . However, for hundreds of years papal coronations have traditionally taken place in the environs of St. Peter's Basilica , though a number of coronations took place in Avignon , during

5640-428: The mosaic of Pope Clement VIII wearing a triregnum shows them placed forward of the ears. All extant tiaras have them placed at the rear. The lappets, sometimes called " fanons " according to the 2nd definition of the word, are likely relics of the cord used to secure the original form of linen cap or turban around a bishop's head. The 1911 Catholic Encyclopedia describes the lappets on a bishop's mitre as trimmed on

5734-412: The most unusual in design, was the last pope to wear a papal tiara (though any of his successors could, if they wished, revive the custom). Most surviving tiaras are on display in the Vatican, though some were sold off or donated to Catholic bodies. Some of the more popular or historic tiaras, such as the 1871 Belgian tiara, the 1877 tiara and the 1903 golden tiara, have been sent around the world as part of

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5828-446: The normal tiaras in use were too heavy, while the lightweight ones did not fit comfortably. New methods of manufacture in the 20th century enabled the creation of lighter normal tiaras, producing the 900 g (2.0 lb) tiaras of Pius XI and John XXIII. That, combined with the existence of a range of lightweight tiaras from earlier popes, meant that no pope since Pius X in 1908 needed to make his own special lightweight tiara. There

5922-625: The office of the papacy and the Roman Catholic faith. However, the papal tiara disappeared from later depictions of the Popess and showed her wearing more standard medieval female headgear. All tarot cards also contain a representation of the pope, known as " The Hierophant ", in some cases crowned with a papal tiara. For instance, the Rider–Waite tarot deck , currently the widest-circulated deck in existence, depicts The Hierophant or pope as wearing

6016-757: The pallium, the pope incensed the high altar and then went to the throne, placed on the choir side, between the Altar of the Confession and the Altar of the Chair, and there, during the singing of the Kyrie, he received again the obeisance of the cardinals, archbishops and bishops. Then the Mass continued. After the Gloria in excelsis and the Pax vobis , the pope said the Collect for the day and then secretly

6110-399: The papacy by world leaders or heads of states, including Queen Isabella II of Spain , William I (German Emperor), Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and Napoleon I of France . The tiara provided by the last was made from elements of former papal tiaras destroyed after the capture of Rome, and was given to Pius VII as a 'wedding gift' to mark Napoleon's own marriage to Empress Josephine on

6204-482: The papal tiara. His immediate successor, Pope John Paul I , decided against a coronation, replacing it with an " inauguration ". It was officialized in 1996 within the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis after which Benedict XVI and Pope Francis did not have a coronation rite with the Papal Tiara. After John Paul I's sudden death, Pope John Paul II told the congregation at his inauguration: "This

6298-453: The pontiff with ostrich -feathered flabella to the location of the coronation. Traditionally, coronations took place in St Peter's Basilica. At the moment of the coronation, the new pope was crowned with the words: Receive the tiara adorned with three crowns and know that you are Father of princes and kings, Ruler of the world, Vicar of our Saviour Jesus Christ. Pope Paul VI opted for

6392-399: The power to ordain or consecrate, or the right to have a throne or display their coat-of-arms. Further details were added by Pope John XXIII in his apostolic letter, Suburbicariis sedibus , defining the suffragan bishop as "Episcopus Ordinarius", with the same powers as other residential bishops, and enumerating the privileges of the cardinal bishop. In 1914, Pius X took steps to regulate

6486-421: The procession was stopped, and a bundle of flax lashed to a gilded staff was burnt before the newly elected pontiff, while a master of ceremonies said: Pater Sancte, sic transit gloria mundi (Holy Father, thus passes the glory of the world) as a symbolic reminder to set aside materialism and vanity. Once at the high altar , he would begin to celebrate Solemn High Mass with full papal ceremonial . After

6580-877: The second half of the first century A.D. In 197, the Emperor Septimius Severus created the Legio II Parthica , whose headquarters was at the Castra Albana, until they were disbanded by the Emperor Constantine (306–337). According to the Liber Pontificalis the Emperor Constantine I provided the city with a new basilica, that of Saint John the Baptist: He also presented the church with various vessels of silver and silver gilt, and endowed

6674-537: The servant of the mystery, you would strengthen with the fullness of virtue. Finally the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia said: God, who willed your Apostle Peter to hold first place in the inner fellowship of the apostles, that universal Christianity overcome evil, look propitiously we ask on this your servant, __, who from a humble position has suddenly been enthroned with the apostles on this same principal sublimity, that just as he has been raised to this exalted dignity, so may he likewise merit to accumulate virtue; in bearing

6768-460: The summit of the apostolic community has been chosen as the judge of your people, infuse with the highest blessings that he experience your gift who has reached this point. Then the Cardinal Bishop of Porto said: We supplicate you, Almighty God, effect your customary devotion and pour out on this your servant, __, the grace of the Holy Spirit that he who is constituted at the head of our church as

6862-479: The tiara adorned with three crowns, and know that you are the father of princes and kings, the ruler of the world, the vicar of our Savior Jesus Christ on earth, to whom be all honor and glory, world without end. Following his coronation, the pope imparted the solemn papal blessing Urbi et Orbi . Following 1929, the new pope would have received a salute by a guard of honour of the Italian Armed Forces and

6956-420: The tiara with a mitre containing three levels reminiscent of the three tiers on the papal tiara. The mitre was retained on Pope Francis' personal coat of arms . In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI promulgated the document Ordo Rituum pro Ministerii Petrini initio Romae Episcopi that confirmed the choice of Pope John Paul II to refuse the tiara and the incoronation rite. In May 2011, Pope Benedict XVI received

7050-547: The tiaras and papal regalia melted down in 1527 to raise the 400,000 ducats ransom demanded by the occupying army of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V . Over twenty silver tiaras exist, of which the earliest, the sole survivor of 1798, was made for Pope Gregory XIII in the 16th century. On 21 March 1800 as Rome was in the hands of the French, Pius VII was crowned in exile, in Venice , with a papier-mâché tiara, for which ladies of Venice gave up their jewels. Many tiaras were donated to

7144-445: The triple form, the oldest from 1572. A representation of the triregnum combined with two crossed keys of Saint Peter is used as a symbol of the papacy and appears on papal documents, buildings and insignia , and on the flag of Vatican City . Actual use of the papal tiara has declined since the reign of Pope Paul VI , the last pope to have a coronation ceremony. Starting with Pope Benedict XVI , popes have also stopped incorporating

7238-406: The use of the tiara at any point during his pontificate. The papal inauguration celebration, with or without a coronation, has only symbolic significance, as a pope assumes office immediately on giving his consent to a valid election. In Spanish , the term La Coronación Pontificia ( English : "Pontifical Coronation") is sometimes used for the canonical coronation of religious images through

7332-479: The vacancy of the Apostolic See and the election of the Roman pontiff . The pope is enthroned in the same manner as other bishops. He is solemnly conducted to the episcopal throne, and takes possession by seating himself on it. He receives the kiss of peace and listens to the reading of a passage of Holy Scripture, whereupon he pronounces an address that used to be called the sermo inthronisticus . In ancient times,

7426-670: The various expressions of Christian funerary art from the fourth to the 9th century. Pope Innocent I was a native of Albano. In the mid-19th century, the diocese of Albano contained only about 8,000 persons. It included ten castelli : Sabello, Riccia, Genzano, Cività-Lavinia, Nemi, Marino, Castelgandolfo, Pratica, Ardea, and Nettuno. At the end of the century, it contained about 44,000 inhabitants, served by 60 secular priests and 124 priests of religious orders, and there were twelve parishes. The diocese had 67 churches, chapels, or oratories. There were three collegiate churches, with colleges of Canons, at Ariccia, Civita-Lavinia, and Nemi. By

7520-454: The world, vicar of Christ ". The words that were used when popes were crowned were: Accipe tiaram tribus coronis ornatam, et scias te esse patrem principum et regum, rectorem orbis in terra vicarium Salvatoris nostri Jesu Christi, cui est honor et gloria in saecula saeculorum ("Receive the tiara adorned with three crowns and know that thou art father of princes and kings, ruler of the world, vicar on earth of our Saviour Jesus Christ, to whom

7614-483: Was "order, jurisdiction and magisterium", while a further theory links the three tiers to the "celestial, human and terrestrial worlds," which the pope is supposed to symbolically link. Lord Twining suggested that just as the Holy Roman Emperors were crowned three times as king of Germany, king of Italy and Roman emperor, so the popes, to stress the equality of their spiritual authority to the temporal authority of

7708-543: Was added to the papal tiara during the Avignon Papacy (1309–1378), giving rise to the form called the triregnum. After Pope Clement V at Avignon , various versions of the three-crown tiara have been worn by popes also in Rome down to Pope Paul VI , who was crowned with one in 1963. Lord Twining wrote of a tiara of Pope Boniface VIII that became known as the Tiara of Saint Sylvester: Under Boniface VIII (1294–1303)

7802-522: Was also worn when a pope gave his traditional Christmas and Easter Urbi et Orbi blessing ("to the City and the World") from the balcony of St Peter's – the only religious ceremony at which the tiara was worn. The most famous occasion when the tiara was used was the papal coronation, a six-hour ceremony, when the new pope was carried in state on the sedia gestatoria (portable throne), with attendants fanning

7896-559: Was based on the Byzantine imperial ceremonies witnessed in medieval Constantinople . Medieval tarot cards included a card showing a woman wearing a papal tiara and known as the Popess or Papess or the High Priestess . The meaning and symbolism of the card is uncertain. The crowned woman has variously been identified as Pope Joan (who, according to legend, disguised herself as a man and

7990-522: Was crowned with a papier-mâché tiara , for which the ladies of Venice gave up their jewels. All coronations after 1800 took place in Rome. Leo XIII was crowned in the Sistine Chapel , due to fears that anti-clerical mobs, inspired by Italian unification , might attack the Basilica and disrupt the ceremony. Benedict XV was also crowned in the chapel in 1914. Pius XI was crowned at the dais in front of

8084-478: Was elected anti-Pope taking the style Clement VII , and he removed the tiara from Avignon. When the Spaniard, Pedro de Luna, was elected anti-Pope in 1394 styling himself Benedict XIII, he took the tiara from Avignon to Spain, where it remained until Aphonso V of Aragon failed in his attempt to renew the schism, and on his withdrawal of support from the anti-Pope Clement VII in 1419, the tiara was returned to Rome. In

8178-518: Was elected pope; some cards also show a child, and the Pope Joan legend pictured her as found out when she gave birth during a papal procession), as Mary, Mother of God , or even as Cybele , Isis , or Venus . Cards with a woman wearing a papal tiara, produced during the Protestant Reformation , and apparent images of "Pope Joan" and her child, have been seen as a Protestant attempt to ridicule

8272-494: Was last used at the coronation of Nicholas V (1446–55), and in 1485 it was stolen and no more is heard of it. Twining also notes the various allegorical meanings attributed to the three crowns of the papal tiara, but concludes that "it seems more likely that the symbolism is suggested by the idea that took shape in the 13th and 14th centuries that the Emperor was crowned with three crowns—the silver crown of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle,

8366-492: Was not observed in 2006, but was reintroduced in 2007. Although often referred to as the Papal Tiara, historically there have been many, and 22 remain in existence. Many of the earlier papal tiaras (most notably the tiaras of Pope Julius II and that attributed to Pope Silvester I ) were destroyed, dismantled or seized by invaders (most notably by Berthier's army in 1798), or by popes themselves; Pope Clement VII had all

8460-546: Was once combined with the coronation. During the Avignon papacy , the pope, being in France, could not be enthroned in his cathedral in Rome. The coronations continued, while enthronements had to await a return to Rome. When Gregory XI did return to Rome, the Lateran Palace was badly in need of repair, so the popes made the Vatican their residence and transferred coronations to Saint Peter's Basilica . The Lateran Basilica remains

8554-784: Was purchased by Catholics in the United States and is now kept in the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. It is on permanent display in Memorial Hall along with the stole that Pope John XXIII wore at the opening of the Second Vatican Council. Paul VI's abandonment of use of one of the most striking symbols of the papacy was highly controversial with many Traditionalist Catholics , some of whom continue to campaign for its reinstatement. Certain voices went so far as to brand Paul VI an antipope , arguing that no valid pope would surrender

8648-600: Was seated on a throne with the flabella to either side of him. After the Dean of the College of Cardinals recited a few prayers, including the Lord's Prayer and a collect, the senior cardinal deacon , the protodeacon , removed the pope's mitre and placed the tiara on his head with the words: Accipe tiaram tribus coronis ornatam, et scias te esse patrem principum et regum, rectorem orbis in terra vicarium Salvatoris nostri Jesu Christi, cui est honor et gloria in saecula saeculorum. Receive

8742-456: Was thus worn in formal ceremonial processions, and on other occasions when the pope was carried on the sedia gestatoria , a portable throne whose use was ended by Pope John Paul II immediately after his election in October 1978. His short-lived predecessor, John Paul I, also chose initially not to use it, but relented when informed that without it the people could not see him. The papal tiara

8836-408: Was to be given to each suffragan bishop, the remaining money collected was to be divided into equal portions, the bishop of Ostia to receive two portions, and each of the other bishops one portion. The decree also ordered that the bishop of Ostia, when promoted to that position, should also retain his previous bishopric; the diocese of Velitrae was to be removed from his jurisdiction, and from that point

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