72-433: A cathedra is the raised throne of a bishop in the early Christian basilica . When used with this meaning, it may also be called the bishop's throne . With time, the related term cathedral became synonymous with the "seat", or principal church, of a bishopric . The word in modern languages derives from a normal Greek word καθέδρα [ kathédra ], meaning "seat", with no special religious connotations, and
144-561: A cathedra is that encased within the Triumph of the cathedra Petri designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini in 1657, and completed and installed in St Peter's Rome in 1666. As early as the 8th century, an ancient wooden chair overlaid with ivory plaques depicting The Twelve Labours of Heracles and some of the constellations, was venerated as the episcopal chair of St. Peter . It is a Byzantine throne with framed fragments of acacia wood, encased in
216-403: A fatality or major accident occurs during the event. Also, in countries where alcohol sponsorship or drinking is prohibited, alcoholic beverages may be replaced by other drinks, for example rose water . The term has become common parlance in the media, where a driver may be said to "be heading for a podium finish" or "just missing out on a podium" when he is heading for, or just misses out on
288-414: A lectern . In sports, a type of podium can be used to honor the top three competitors in events. In the modern Olympics a tri-level podium is used. Traditionally, the highest platform is in the center for the gold medalist . To their right is a lower platform for the silver medalist , and to the left of the gold medalist is a lower platform for the bronze medalist . At the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics ,
360-450: A reader (one of the minor orders of the Church). It is sometimes said that he was bitten by a snake when he was ten years old, leading to him getting an infection from the bite. As a result of his mother's influential connections in the city, John began his education under the pagan preacher Libanius . From Libanius, John acquired the skills for a career in rhetoric , as well as a love of
432-513: A saint soon after his death. Almost immediately after, an anonymous supporter of John (known as pseudo-Martyrius) wrote a funeral oration to reclaim John as a symbol of Christian orthodoxy . But three decades later, some of his adherents in Constantinople remained in schism . Proclus , archbishop of Constantinople (434–446), hoping to bring about the reconciliation of the Johannites, preached
504-448: A homily praising his predecessor in the Church of Hagia Sophia . He said, "O John, your life was filled with sorrow, but your death was glorious. Your grave is blessed and reward is great, by the grace and mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ O graced one, having conquered the bounds of time and place! Love has conquered space, unforgetting memory has annihilated the limits, and place does not hinder
576-464: A podium at either the Indianapolis 500 or at Texas Motor Speedway . The Indy 500 has a long tradition of the winning driver and team celebrating in victory lane, while Texas Motor Speedway president Eddie Gossage has stated that victory lane should be reserved for the winner of the race. The series uses a podium at all other races, particularly road course events. Architectural podiums consist of
648-727: A projecting base or pedestal at ground level, and they have been used since ancient times. Originally sometimes only meters tall, architectural podiums have become more prominent in buildings over time, as illustrated in the gallery. John Chrysostom Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: John Chrysostom ( / ˈ k r ɪ s ə s t ə m , k r ɪ ˈ s ɒ s t ə m / ; Greek : Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος, Latin : Ioannes Chrysostomus ; c. 347 – 14 September 407 AD)
720-586: A result of this, he was further exiled from Cucusus (where he stayed from 404 to 407) to Pitiunt (Pityus) (in modern Georgia ). He never reached this destination alive, as he died at Comana Pontica (modern-day Gümenek, Tokat , Turkey) on 14 September 407 during the journey. He died in the Presbyterium or community of the clergy belonging to the church of Saint Basiliscus of Comana . His last words are said to have been " Δόξα τῷ Θεῷ πάντων ἕνεκεν " ('Glory be to God for all things'). John came to be venerated as
792-455: A saint (with feast days on 16 Thout and 17 Hathor ). John was born in Antioch , Roman Syria (modern-day Antakya , Hatay , Turkey) in 347 AD. Different scholars describe his mother Anthusa as a pagan or as a Christian. His father was a high-ranking military officer. John's father died soon after his birth and he was raised by his mother. He was baptised in 368 or 373, and tonsured as
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#1732848704925864-547: A slow lap in Formula One, that driver is transported to the pit lane via road car by the Formula One Administration security officer. Following the presentation of the trophies, the drivers will often spray Champagne over each other and their team members watching below, a tradition started by Dan Gurney following the 1967 24 Hours of Le Mans race. The drivers will generally refrain from spraying champagne if
936-402: A struggle between Johannite and anti-Johannite camps in Constantinople soon after John's departure and for a few years after his death". Faced with exile, John Chrysostom wrote an appeal for help to three churchmen: Pope Innocent I ; Venerius , the bishop of Mediolanum ( Milan ); and Chromatius , the bishop of Aquileia . In 1872, church historian William Stephens wrote: The Patriarch of
1008-670: A supreme arbitrator; assistance and sympathy are solicited from him as from an elder brother, and two other prelates of Italy are joint recipients with him of the appeal. Pope Innocent I protested John's banishment from Constantinople to the town of Cucusus ( Göksun ) in Cappadocia , but to no avail. Innocent sent a delegation to intercede on behalf of John in 405. It was led by Gaudentius of Brescia ; Gaudentius and his companions, two bishops, encountered many difficulties and never reached their goal of entering Constantinople. John wrote letters which still held great influence in Constantinople. As
1080-494: A top three finish. The NASCAR Cup Series , the highest level of stock car racing in the United States, does not use a podium in post-game events or statistics. Instead, the winning team celebrates in victory lane , and top-five and top-ten finishes are recognized statistically. Those finishing second to fifth are required to stop in a media bullpen located on pit lane for interviews. The INDYCAR NTT IndyCar Series does not use
1152-519: A verb, "to podium", meaning to attain a podium place. The word podium derives from Latin , which in turn borrowed it from Ancient Greek πόδιον ( podion ), a word derived from πούς ( pous , "foot", with a stem pod- ). Podiums were first used at the 1930 British Empire Games (now Commonwealth Games ) in Hamilton, Ontario and subsequently during the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid and
1224-717: Is also regarded as one of the four Great Greek Church Fathers The feast days of John Chrysostom in the Eastern Orthodox Church are 14 September, 13 November and 27 January. In the Roman Catholic Church he is recognized as a Doctor of the Church . Because the date of his death is occupied by the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (14 September), the General Roman Calendar celebrates him since 1970 on
1296-773: Is an extremely brief one, the Paschal Homily ( Hieratikon ), which is read at the first service of Pascha (Easter) , the midnight Orthros ( Matins ), in the Eastern Orthodox Church . Chrysostom's extant homiletical works are vast, including many hundreds of exegetical homilies on both the New Testament (especially the works of Paul the Apostle ) and the Old Testament (particularly on Genesis ). Among his exegetical works are sixty-seven homilies on Genesis, fifty-nine on
1368-702: Is dying of hunger? Start by satisfying his hunger and then with what is left you may adorn the altar as well. His straightforward understanding of the Scriptures – in contrast to the Alexandrian tendency towards allegorical interpretation – meant that the themes of his talks were practical, explaining the Bible's application to everyday life. Such straightforward preaching helped Chrysostom to garner popular support. One incident that happened during his service in Antioch illustrates
1440-450: Is his emphasis on care for the needy. Echoing themes found in the Gospel of Matthew, he calls upon the rich to lay aside materialism in favor of helping the poor, often employing all of his rhetorical skills to shame wealthy people to abandon conspicuous consumption : Do you pay such honor to your excrements as to receive them into a silver chamber-pot when another man made in the image of God
1512-505: Is perishing in the cold? Along these lines, he wrote often about the need for almsgiving and its importance alongside fasting and prayer, e.g. "Prayer without almsgiving is unfruitful." Cyril of Alexandria attributed the destruction of the Ephesian Temple of Artemis to John Chrysostom, referring to him as "the destroyer of the demons and overthrower of the temple of Diana". A later Archbishop of Constantinople, Proclus repeated
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#17328487049251584-515: Is referred to as the " high place " and represents the presence of Christ presiding over the services, even when the bishop is not present and therefore an icon of Christ is often placed above the bishop's throne. The bishop ascends to the high place only during the divine liturgy , at the Trisagion . For this reason, the consecration of a bishop takes place at the Trisagion, so that he may ascend to
1656-478: The 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Podiuming has become a slang term for finishing a contest within the first three places. The use of the word podium as a verb instead of noun is controversial. The New York Times wrote on the very subject of the correct use of the word podium during its Winter Olympic coverage in 2010. The winner stands in the middle, with the second placed driver to their right and
1728-562: The Antiochian school (i.e., more literal in interpreting biblical events), but he also uses a good deal of the allegorical interpretation more associated with the Alexandrian school . John's social and religious world was formed by the continuing and pervasive presence of paganism in the life of the city. One of his regular topics was the paganism in the culture of Constantinople, and in his homilies he thunders against popular pagan amusements:
1800-597: The Middle Ages , as altars came to be placed against the wall of the apse, the practice of placing the cathedra to one side (mostly left) became standard. In the Roman Catholic Church since the Second Vatican Council , the altar is often free-standing. The cathedra in cathedrals built or renovated after Vatican II is sometimes placed behind the altar, as in ancient Roman basilicas. In Anglican practice,
1872-604: The Psalms , ninety on the Gospel of Matthew , eighty-eight on the Gospel of John , and fifty-five on the Acts of the Apostles . The homilies were written down by stenographers and subsequently circulated, revealing a style that tended to be direct and greatly personal, but formed by the rhetorical conventions of his time and place. In general, his homiletical theology displays much characteristic of
1944-536: The kafedra to read the gospel. Podium A podium ( pl. : podiums or podia ) is a platform used to raise something to a short distance above its surroundings. In architecture a building can rest on a large podium. Podiums can also be used to raise people, for instance the conductor of an orchestra stands on a podium as do many public speakers . Common parlance has shown an increasing use of podium in North American English to describe
2016-697: The miracles of the saint." These homilies helped to mobilize public opinion, and the patriarch received permission from the emperor to return Chrysostom's relics to Constantinople, where they were enshrined in the Church of the Holy Apostles on 28 January 438. The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates him as a "Great Ecumenical Teacher", with Basil the Great and Gregory the Theologian . These three saints, in addition to having their own individual commemorations throughout
2088-455: The shabbat , submitted to circumcision and made pilgrimage to Jewish holy places. There had been a revival of Jewish faith and tolerance in Antioch in 361, so Chrysostom's followers and the greater Christian community were in contact with Jews frequently, and Chrysostom was concerned that this interaction would draw Christians away from their faith identity. John claimed that synagogues were full of Christians, especially Christian women, on
2160-417: The theatre , horseraces , and the revelry surrounding holidays. In particular, he criticizes Christians for taking part in such activities: If you ask [Christians] who is Amos or Obadiah , how many apostles there were or prophets, they stand mute; but if you ask them about the horses or drivers, they answer with more solemnity than sophists or rhetors. One of the recurring features of John's homilies
2232-738: The Chair of Peter the Apostle) honours the founding of the church in Rome and gives thanks for the work of Saint Peter. A fifth- or sixth-century bishop's throne decorated with elaborate ivory carving is preserved in the sacristy of the cathedral at Ravenna . It bears a monogram in front, "Maximianus ep.", which gave it its name. The identity of the bishop is given by the 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia as Maximianus of Constantinople (d. 431), considered as more likely than Maximianus of Ravenna (d. 556). The Chair of St. Augustine represents one of
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2304-503: The Christians had not taken him from us". John lived in extreme asceticism and became a hermit in about 375; he spent the next two years continually standing, scarcely sleeping, and committing the Bible to memory. As a consequence of these practices, his stomach and kidneys were permanently damaged and poor health forced him to return to Antioch. John was first appointed as a reader in
2376-663: The Eastern Rome appeals to the great bishops of the West, as the champions of an ecclesiastical discipline which he confesses himself unable to enforce, or to see any prospect of establishing. No jealousy is entertained of the Patriarch of the Old Rome by the patriarch of the New Rome. The interference of Innocent is courted, a certain primacy is accorded him, but at the same time he is not addressed as
2448-592: The Emperor were adopted by bishops. It is closely related to the etymology of the word chair . The term appears in early Christian literature in the phrase cathedrae apostolorum , indicating authority derived directly from the apostles . The doctrine of papal infallibility, the Latin phrase ex cathedra (literally, "from the chair") was proclaimed at the First Vatican Council by Pius IX in 1870 as meaning "when, in
2520-501: The Greek language and literature . Eventually, he became a lawyer. As he grew older, however, John became more deeply committed to Christianity and went on to study theology under Diodore of Tarsus , founder of the re-constituted School of Antioch . According to the Christian historian Sozomen , Libanius was supposed to have said on his deathbed that John would have been his successor "if
2592-629: The Latin cathedra , specifically a chair with arms. It is a symbol of the bishop's teaching authority in the Catholic Church , the Orthodox Church , and the Anglican Communion churches. The English word "cathedra", plural cathedrae, comes from the Latin word for "armchair", itself derived from the Greek (καθέδρα). After the 4th century, the term's Roman connotations of authority reserved for
2664-451: The Silver and Bronze podium places were of equal elevation. In many sports, results in the top three of a competition are often referred to as podiums or podium finishes. In some individual sports, podiums is an official statistic , referring to the number of top three results an athlete has achieved over the course of a season or career. The word may also be used, chiefly in the United States, as
2736-465: The allegation, saying "In Ephesus, he despoiled the art of Midas". Both claims are considered spurious. During his first two years as a presbyter in Antioch (386–387), John denounced Jews and Christians in a series of eight homilies delivered to Christians in his congregation who were taking part in Jewish festivals and other Jewish observances. It is disputed whether the main targets were specifically
2808-405: The body in diseases. ... [The men] have done an insult to nature itself. And a yet more disgraceful thing than these is it, when even the women seek after these intercourses, who ought to have more sense of shame than men. He says the active male victimizes the passive male in a way that leaves him more enduringly dishonored than even a victim of murder since the victim of this act must "live under"
2880-489: The body of Christ? Do not ignore him when he is naked. Do not pay him homage in the temple clad in silk, only then to neglect him outside where he is cold and ill-clad. He who said: "This is my body" is the same who said: "You saw me hungry and you gave me no food", and "Whatever you did to the least of my brothers you did also to me"... What good is it if the Eucharistic table is overloaded with golden chalices when your brother
2952-486: The cathedra is used. A second cathedra is used for other occasions at which the archbishop is present. The early Christian bishop's throne, or cathedra , stood in an elevated position behind the altar, near the wall of the apse . It had been the position of the magistrate in the apse of the Roman basilica , which provided the model type—and sometimes were adapted as the structures—for early Christian basilicas. In
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3024-440: The cathedra tends to be placed to one side in the choir , although in more contemporary practice, it is commonly placed on the gospel side of the chancel (i.e., to the left of the altar, as one looks at it from the front). Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Rite Catholic churches have a throne for the bishop in the apse behind the holy table , with seats for the priests (Greek: synthranon ) arranged to either side. This location
3096-714: The cathedral built by Constantius II was burnt down, necessitating the construction of the second cathedral on the site, the Theodosian Hagia Sophia . Around 405, John began to lend moral and financial support to Christian monks who were enforcing the emperors' anti-pagan laws, by destroying temples and shrines in Phoenicia and nearby regions. The causes of John's exile are not clear, though Jennifer Barry suggests that they have to do with his connections to Arianism . Other historians, including Wendy Mayer and Geoffrey Dunn, have argued that "the surplus of evidence reveals
3168-504: The chair was once part of the furnishings of the shrine of St. Thomas Becket , since dismantled. Since the Middle Ages, it has always been used in the triple enthronement of an Archbishop of Canterbury. He is seated on the throne in the quire as Diocesan Bishop, in the chapter house as titular abbot , and in St. Augustine's chair as Primate of All England . This is the only occasion in which
3240-429: The church of Antioch by Zeno of Verona upon the latter's return from Jerusalem. Later, he was ordained as a deacon in 381 by the bishop Meletius of Antioch who was not then in communion with Alexandria and Rome. After the death of Meletius, John separated himself from the followers of Meletius, without joining Paulinus , the rival of Meletius for the bishopric of Antioch . But after the death of Paulinus (388) he
3312-794: The common people, but unpopular with wealthy citizens and the clergy. His reforms of the clergy were also unpopular. He told visiting regional preachers to return to the churches they were meant to be serving – without any pay-out. He also founded a number of hospitals in Constantinople. His time in Constantinople was more tumultuous than his time in Antioch. Theophilus , the patriarch of Alexandria , wanted to bring Constantinople under his sway and opposed John's appointment to Constantinople. Theophilus had disciplined four Egyptian monks (known as "the Tall Brothers ") over their support of Origen 's teachings. They fled to John and were welcomed by him. Theophilus therefore accused John of being too partial to
3384-609: The dedication ceremonies as pagan and spoke against the empress in harsh terms: "Again Herodias raves, again she dances, and again desires to receive John's head on a charger", an allusion to the events surrounding the death of John the Baptist . Once again he was banished, this time to the Caucasus in Abkhazia . His banishment sparked riots among his supporters in the capital, and in the fighting
3456-491: The eloquence of his public speaking at the Golden Church, Antioch's cathedral , especially his insightful expositions of Bible passages and moral teaching. The most valuable of his works from this period are his homilies on various books of the Bible. He emphasised charitable giving and was concerned with the spiritual and temporal needs of the poor. He spoke against abuse of wealth and personal property: Do you wish to honour
3528-411: The evil was only in desire. For the greater part of it came of their luxuriousness, which also kindled into flame their lust". According to scholar Michael Carden, Chrysostom was particularly influential in shaping early Christian thought that same-sex desire was an evil, claiming that he altered a traditional interpretation of Sodom as a place of inhospitality to one where the sexual transgressions of
3600-486: The exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, the Bishop of Rome defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church." Tertullian ( c. 155 – c. 240? ) was the first to use cathedra in the meaning of a bishop's see . Eventually, the main church of a diocese , used as the primary church by its bishop, received
3672-547: The general population of the city: many pagans converted to Christianity as a result of the homilies. The city was ultimately spared from severe consequences. In the autumn of 397, John was appointed archbishop of Constantinople , after having been nominated without his knowledge by the eunuch Eutropius . He had to leave Antioch in secret due to fears that the departure of such a popular figure would cause civil unrest. During his time as archbishop he adamantly refused to host lavish social gatherings, which made him popular with
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#17328487049253744-452: The high place for the first time as a bishop during the liturgy at which he is consecrated. Another throne is provided for the bishop in the nave of the church: An orlets is usually placed at both the high place and the throne in the nave. An orlets is usually kept permanently on the Russian kafedra , even when the chair is removed; the orlets is, however, removed when a deacon stands on
3816-622: The homilies are called Kata Ioudaiōn ( Κατὰ Ἰουδαίων ), which is translated as Adversus Judaeos in Latin and 'Against the Jews' in English. The original Benedictine editor of the homilies, Bernard de Montfaucon , gives the following footnote to the title: "A discourse against the Jews; but it was delivered against those who were Judaizing and keeping the fasts with them [the Jews]." According to Patristics scholars, opposition to any particular view during
3888-417: The influence of his homilies. When Chrysostom arrived in Antioch, Flavian, the bishop of the city, had to intervene with emperor Theodosius I on behalf of citizens who had gone on a rampage mutilating statues of the emperor and his family. During the weeks of Lent in 387, John preached more than twenty homilies in which he entreated the people to see the error of their ways. These made a lasting impression on
3960-414: The late 4th century was conventionally expressed in a manner, using the rhetorical form known as the psogos, whose literary conventions were to vilify opponents in an uncompromising manner; thus, it has been argued that to call Chrysostom an "anti-Semite" is to employ anachronistic terminology in a way incongruous with historical context and record. This does not preclude assertions that Chrysostom's theology
4032-407: The most ancient extant cathedrae in use. Named after the first Archbishop of Canterbury , St. Augustine of Canterbury , it is made of Purbeck Marble or Bethesda marble and dates to sometime between the 6th and 12th centuries. Those who argue for an older date suggest that it may have been used to crown the kings of Kent . Canterbury Cathedral , in which the cathedra is housed, maintains that
4104-659: The oak carcass and reinforced with iron bands. It was long believed to have been used by the Apostle Saint Peter , but the Holy See recognises that the chair was a gift from Holy Roman Emperor Charles the Bald to Pope John VIII in 875. Several rings facilitated its transportation during processions. Pope Alexander VII commissioned Bernini to build a monument to display this relic in a triumphant manner. Bernini's gilded bronze throne, richly ornamented with bas-reliefs , encloses
4176-523: The people became "tumultuous" over his departure, even threatening to burn the imperial palace. There was an earthquake the night of his arrest, which Eudoxia took for a sign of God's anger, prompting her to ask Arcadius for John's reinstatement. Peace was short-lived. A silver statue of Eudoxia was erected in the Augustaion , near his cathedral, the Constantinian Hagia Sophia . John denounced
4248-514: The previous day, 13 September; from the 13th century to 1969 it did so on 27 January, the anniversary of the translation of his body to Constantinople. Of other Western churches, including Anglican provinces and Lutheran churches, some commemorate him on 13 September, others on 27 January. John Chrysostom is honored on the calendars of the Church of England and the Episcopal Church on 13 September. The Coptic Church also recognizes him as
4320-576: The relic. On January 17, 1666, it was solemnly set above the altar of Saint Peter's Basilica in Vatican City . Greater than life-sized sculptures of four Doctors of the Church form an honour guard: St. Ambrose and St. Athanasius on the left, and St. John Chrysostom and St. Augustine on the right. Celebrated on February 22 in accordance with the calendar of saints , the Feast of Cathedra Petri (the Feast of
4392-461: The shabbats and Jewish festivals, because they loved the solemnity of the Jewish liturgy and enjoyed listening to the shofar on Rosh Hashanah , and applauded famous preachers in accordance with the contemporary custom. Due to Chrysostom's stature in the Christian church, both locally and within the greater church hierarchy, his sermons were fairly successful in spreading anti-Jewish sentiment. In Greek
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#17328487049254464-547: The shame of the "insolency". The victim of a murder, by contrast, carries no dishonor. He asserts that punishment will be found in Hell for such transgressors and that women can be guilty of the sin as much as men. Chrysostom argues that the male passive partner has effectively renounced his manhood and become a woman – such an individual deserves to be "driven out and stoned". He attributes the cause to "luxury". "Do not, he means (Paul), because you have heard that they burned, suppose that
4536-517: The so called "Judaizers" or Jews in general. His homilies were expressed in the conventional manner, using the uncompromising rhetorical form known as the psogos (Greek: blame, censure). One of the purposes of these homilies was to prevent Christians from participating in Jewish customs, and thus prevent the perceived erosion of Chrysostom's flock. In his homilies, John criticized those "Judaizing Christians", who were participating in Jewish festivals and taking part in other Jewish observances, such as
4608-597: The teaching of Origen. He made another enemy in Aelia Eudoxia , wife of emperor Arcadius , who assumed that John's denunciations of extravagance in feminine dress were aimed at her. Eudoxia, Theophilus and other of his enemies held a synod in 403 (the Synod of the Oak ) to charge John, in which his connection to Origen was used against him. It resulted in his deposition and banishment. He was called back by Arcadius almost immediately, as
4680-410: The third place driver to their left. Also present are the dignitaries selected by the race organisers who will present the trophies. In some motorsport events, including Formula One , a representative of the team that won the race will also be present at the podium, with a fourth podium step, trophy and champagne. In many forms of motorsport, the three top-placed drivers in a race stand on a podium for
4752-401: The title ' cathedral '. The cathedral is literally the church into which a bishop's official cathedra is installed. The Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church makes use of the term cathedral to point out the existence of a bishop in each local church , in the heart of ecclesial apostolicity . The definitive example of
4824-409: The trophy ceremony. In an international series, the national anthem of the winning driver, and the winning team or constructor may be played over a public address system and the flags of the drivers' countries are hoisted above them. The recordings are short versions of the national anthems, ensuring the podium ceremony stays within its allocated time. Should a driver experience problems with his car on
4896-433: The year, are commemorated together on 30 January, a feast known as the Synaxis of the Three Hierarchs . In the Eastern Orthodox Church there are several feast days dedicated to him: In 1908 Pope Pius X named him the patron saint of preachers. Some 700 sermons and 246 letters by John Chrysostom survive, plus biblical commentaries, moral discourses, and theological treatises. The best known of his many homilies
4968-445: Was a form of anti-Jewish supersessionism . His sermons against Jews gave further momentum to the idea that Jews are collectively responsible for the death of Jesus . John Chrysostom’s most notable discourse in this regard is his fourth homily on Romans 1:26 , where he argues as follows: All these affections then were vile, but chiefly the mad lust after males; for the soul is more the sufferer in sins, and more dishonored, than
5040-456: Was among the most prolific authors in the early Christian Church. He is honored as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Catholic , Anglican , and Lutheran churches, as well as in some others. The Eastern Orthodox, together with the Byzantine Catholics , hold him in special regard as one of the Three Holy Hierarchs (alongside Basil the Great and Gregory of Nazianzus ). Along with them and Athanasius of Alexandria he
5112-462: Was an important Early Church Father who served as Archbishop of Constantinople . He is known for his preaching and public speaking , his denunciation of abuse of authority by both ecclesiastical and political leaders, his Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom , and his ascetic sensibilities. The epithet Χρυσόστομος ( Chrysostomos , anglicized as Chrysostom) means "golden-mouthed" in Greek and denotes his celebrated eloquence. Chrysostom
5184-471: Was ordained a presbyter (priest) by Evagrius of Antioch , the successor of Paulinus by the Eustathian faction in the city. He was destined later to bring about reconciliation between Flavian I of Antioch , Alexandria, and Rome, thus bringing those three sees into communion for the first time in nearly seventy years. In Antioch, over the course of twelve years (386–397), John gained popularity because of
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