71-435: The Panthoibi Khonggul ( Ancient Meitei : Panthoipi Khongkul , romanized: /pān-thoi-pī khōng-kūl/ ; Meitei : ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯨꯜ , romanized: pān-thoi-bī khōng-gūl , lit. 'in quest of Panthoibi or "Panthoibi's footprint"'), often misspelled as Panthoibi Khongul , is an ancient Meitei language text, narrating about the quest of deified Meitei princess Panthoibi . The text highlights
142-732: A "first language" subject at primary level in 24 schools throughout the state. In December 2021, Tripura University proposed to the Indian Ministry of Education and the University Grants Council (UGC) , regarding the introduction of diploma courses in Meitei, along with international languages like Japanese, Korean and Nepali. The exact classification of the Meitei language within Sino-Tibetan remains unclear. It has lexical resemblances to Kuki and Tangkhul . The Meitei language
213-555: A celebration that gave rise to the festival of Lai Haraoba . It is said that the celebration was attended by many ancient Meitei gods and goddesses . Later on, Meitei princess Panthoibi and her new husband Nongpok Ningthou (ruler of Nongmaiching mountains ) were deified by the Khabas. The Khabas started worshipping them by performing dance and music. It was said to be the seminal form of the Lai Haraoba performances. Different aspects of
284-505: A compound from mí 'man' + they 'separate'. This term is used by most Western linguistic scholarship. Meitei scholars use the term Meit(h)ei when writing in English and the term Meitheirón when writing in Meitei. Chelliah (2015: 89) notes that the Meitei spelling has replaced the earlier Meithei spelling. The language (and people) is also referred to by the loconym Manipuri. The term
355-455: A household. The Khencho ( ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯣ ), an early Meitei work of poetry was composed by the beginning of the 7th century CE. Although it is obscure and unintelligible to present-day Meiteis, it is still recited as part of the Lai Haraoba festival. One of the best-preserved early Meitei language epigraphic records is a copper plate inscription dating to the reign of King Khongtekcha ( r. c. 763 – 773 CE ). During
426-558: A leopard complex coat: whether one copy (heterozygous LP/lp ) or two copies (homozygous LP/LP ) Leopard alleles are present, and the degree of dense white patterning present at birth. If a foal is homozygous for the LP allele and has extensive dense white patterning, they will appear nearly white at birth, and may continue to lighten with age. In other parts of the world, these horses are called "white born." "White born" foals are less common among Appaloosa horses than Knabstruppers or Norikers, as
497-484: A minimal amount of pigment. White markings are usually visible upon closer inspection. Although white horses are sometimes called "albino" there are few cases of a true " albino " horse. There are also references in literature calling white horses "albino". Dominant white in horses is caused by the absence of pigment cells ( melanocytes ), whereas albino animals have a normal distribution of melanocytes. In other animals, patches of unpigmented skin, hair, or eyes due to
568-454: A neonate; your name is Panthoipi as no parents or brothers can exercise control over you; you appropriated the name by yourself ere anyone confers it on you; you have an unfettered soul, nowhere can you keep yourself confined, you have as many appearances as you please to change your abode... you lord over the vast empty vault, took your birth with the flash of lightning... you are the receptacle of all knowledge... no opponent can confront you in
639-419: A noble lady of surpassing beauty, a princess born to a Meitei king. In the beginning, she was spending her lonely days in the ningol kaa ( Meitei for 'unmarried daughter's chamber'). Many suitors sought her hand in marriage. King Sapaiba was the first suitor of Panthoibi. He had many great promises of making outstanding roadways, beautiful bridges, a grand palace, a big fish pond, everything just for
710-450: A result, birds and reptiles without the ability to manufacture tyrosinase are more accurately described as " amelanistic ." Horses do not have non-melanin pigments and so if they were albino, would have no pigmentation. The retained pigment of dilute horses, like cremellos, is not comparable to the retained pigment of amelanistic "albino" birds and reptiles. The cream gene, which is responsible for palomino, buckskin, and cremello coat colors,
781-688: A white appearance. Nearly all gray horses have dark skin, except under any white markings present at birth. Skin color is the most common method for an observer to distinguish between mature white and gray horses. White horses have unpigmented skin and a white hair coat. Many white horses have dark eyes, though some have blue eyes. In contrast to gray horses which are born with pigmented skin they keep for life and pigmented hair that lightens to white with age, truly white horses are born with white hair and mostly pink, unpigmented skin. Some white horses are born with partial pigmentation in their skin and hair, which may or may not be retained as they mature, but when
SECTION 10
#1732851943483852-453: A white horse lightens, both skin and hair lose pigmentation. In contrast, grays retain skin pigment and only the hair becomes white. White colorings, whether white markings , white patterns or dominant white are collectively known as depigmentation phenotypes , and are all caused by areas of skin that lack pigment cells ( melanocytes ). Depigmentation phenotypes have various genetic causes, and those that have been studied usually map to
923-405: A wide range of pigmentation levels as a species. However, the diagnosis of albinism in humans is based on visual impairment , which has not been described in white horses. Vision problems are not associated with gray, dilute, or white coat colors in horses, and blue eyes in horses do not indicate poor vision. Eyes are pigmented at the front of the iris called the stroma , and in a thin layer at
994-485: Is OCA1A , which impairs tyrosinase production. In other mammals , the diagnosis of albinism is based on the impairment of tyrosinase production through defects in the Color ( C ) gene . Mice and other mammals without tyrosinase have unpigmented pink skin, unpigmented white hair, unpigmented reddish eyes, and some form of vision impairment. No mutations of the tyrosinase or C gene are known in horses. Humans exhibit
1065-613: Is a Tibeto-Burman language of northeast India . It is the official language and the lingua franca of Manipur and an additional official language in four districts of Assam . It is one of the constitutionally scheduled official languages of the Indian Republic . Meitei is the most widely-spoken Tibeto-Burman language of India and the third most widely spoken language of northeast India after Assamese and Bengali . There are 1.76 million Meitei native speakers in India according to
1136-412: Is a tonal language . There is a controversy over whether there are two or three tones. Meitei distinguishes the following phonemes : Consonants Vowels Note: the central vowel /ɐ/ is transcribed as <ə> in recent linguistic work on Meitei. However, phonetically it is never [ə], but more usually [ɐ]. It is assimilated to a following approximant: /ɐw/ = [ow], /ɐj/ = [ej]. A velar deletion
1207-508: Is a 3rd-century narrative work describing the establishment of a colony in Kangleipak by a group of immigrants led by Poireiton , the younger brother of the god of the underworld. The Yumbanlol , a copper plate manuscript was composed in the 6th century or 7th century CE for the royal family of Kangleipak. It is a rare work of dharmashastra , covering sexuality, the relationships between husbands and wives, and instructions on how to run
1278-619: Is a genetic disorder linked to the Frame overo (O) gene and most closely studied in the American Paint Horse . Affected foals are carried to term and at birth appear normal, though they have pink-skinned all-white or nearly-white coats and blue eyes. However, the colon of these foals cannot function due to the absence of nerve cells , and the condition cannot be treated. Foals with Lethal White Syndrome invariably die of colic within 72 hours, and are usually humanely euthanized . Carriers of
1349-484: Is born predominantly white and stays white throughout its life. A white horse has mostly pink skin under its hair coat, and may have brown, blue, or hazel eyes. "True white" horses, especially those that carry one of the dominant white ( W ) genes, are rare. Most horses that are commonly referred to as "white" are actually "gray" horses whose hair coats are completely white. Gray horses may be born of any color and their hairs gradually turn white as time goes by and take on
1420-546: Is derived from the name of the state of Manipur . Manipuri is the official name of the language for the Indian government and is used by government institutions and non-Meitei authors. The term Manipuri is also used to refer to the different languages of Manipur and to the people. Additionally, Manipuri, being a loconym, can refer to anything pertaining to the Manipur state. Speakers of Meitei language are known as "Kathe" by
1491-553: Is noted to occur on the suffix -lək when following a syllable ending with a /k/ phoneme. Meitei has a dissimilatory process similar to Grassmann's law found in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit , though occurring on the second aspirate. Here, an aspirated consonant is deaspirated if preceded by an aspirated consonant (including /h/, /s/ ) in the previous syllable. The deaspirated consonants are then voiced between sonorants. /tʰin-/ pierce + White horse A white horse
SECTION 20
#17328519434831562-412: Is responsible for a form of albinism. Many famous horses, past and present, were alleged to be "white" by observers, but were actually grays with hair coats turned fully white. Likewise, most white horses used in movies are actually grays , in part because they are easier to find. However, there are a few truly white horses who were used in film. One of the best-known examples was "Silver," ridden by
1633-784: Is the official language of the Government of Manipur as well as its lingua franca . There are nearly 170,000 Meitei-speakers in Assam, mainly in the Barak Valley , where it is the third most commonly-used language after Bengali and Hindi. Manipuri is also spoken by about 9500 people in Nagaland, in communities such as Dimapur , Kohima , Peren and Phek . Meitei is a second language for various Naga and Kuki-Chin ethnic groups. There are around 15,000 Meitei speakers in Bangladesh mainly are in
1704-432: Is your creation... you take fancy more to lively frolics than engaging your intelligence... you pervade all the directions.... Ancient Meitei language Meitei ( / ˈ m eɪ t eɪ / ; ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ , Eastern Nagari script : মৈতৈলোন্ , [mejtejlon] ( IPA ) , romanized: meiteilon ) also known as Manipuri ( ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ , Eastern Nagari script : মণিপুরী , [mɐnipuɾi] ( IPA ) ),
1775-586: The EDNRB and KIT genes. However, much about the genetics behind various all-white depigmentation phenotypes are still unknown. Dominant white (W) is a large group of alleles best known for producing pink-skinned all-white horses with brown eyes, though some dominant white horses have residual pigment along the topline. Some W alleles produce white spotting on horses with a predominately dark coat. Dominant white has been studied in Thoroughbreds , Arabian horses ,
1846-943: The American White horse , the Camarillo White Horse , and several other breeds. There are 32 identified variants of dominant white as of 2021, plus sabino 1 , each corresponding to a spontaneously-white foundation animal and a mutation on the KIT gene. Researchers have suggested that at least some forms of dominant white result in nonviable embryos in the homozygous state, though others are known to be viable as homozygotes. While homologous mutations in mice are often linked to anemia and sterility , no such effects have been observed in dominant white horses. Dominant white horses typically have white noses that can be subject to sunburn . Sabino-white horses are pink-skinned with all-white or nearly-white coats and dark eyes. They are homozygous for
1917-515: The Arabian horse , Clydesdale , Thoroughbred , Standardbred horse , or Shire horse . The Sabino 1 allele is not linked to any health defects, though sabino-whites may need some protection from sunburn . Horses with only one copy of the Sabino1 gene usually have dramatic spotting, including two or more white legs, often with white running up the front of the leg, extensive white on the face, spotting on
1988-653: The Burmese people , "Moglie" or "Mekhlee" by the people of Cachar , Assam ( Dimasas and Assamese ) and "Cassay" by the Shan people and the other peoples living in the east of the Ningthee River (or Khyendwen River). "Ponna" is the Burmese term used to refer to the Meiteis living inside Burma . The Meitei language exhibits a degree of regional variation; however, in recent years
2059-503: The Ethnologue , the alternative names of Meitei language are Kathe, Kathi, Manipuri, Meetei, Meeteilon, Meiteilon, Meiteiron, Meithe, Meithei, Menipuri, Mitei, Mithe, Ponna . The name Meitei or its alternate spelling Meithei is preferred by many native speakers of Meitei over Manipuri. The term is derived from the Meitei word for the language Meitheirón ( Meithei + -lon 'language', pronounced /mə́i.təi.lón/ ). Meithei may be
2130-561: The Khaba dynasty ) and eloped with the man after her own heart . Her in laws also didn't give up, like she didn't give up their persuasion to change her behaviour. The Khabas, under the leadership of her father in law, pursued her. The two met many difficulties in the way to escape from the Khabas. Finally, the two successfully managed to get the Khabas in vain. The two lovers got united in the Nongmaiching Ching ( Selloi Langmai Ching ), with
2201-634: The Lone Ranger , a role actually played by two different white horses. At least one horse who played "Topper," ridden by Hopalong Cassidy , was also white. Another famous white horse is Sodashi , a Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse who won Grade 1 races including Hanshin Juvenile Fillies , Oka Sho (Japanese 1,000 Guineas) , and Victoria Mile . Throughout history, white horses have been mythologized in many cultures. For example, Herodotus reported that white horses were held as sacred animals in
Pānthoibī Khōnggūl - Misplaced Pages Continue
2272-526: The Manipuri Sahitya Parishad (Manipuri Language Council). It also invested ₹ 6 crore (equivalent to ₹ 7.1 crore or US$ 850,000 in 2023) in the creation of a corpus for the development of the Meitei language. The Department of Manipuri of Assam University offers education up to the Ph.D. level in Meitei language. Since 1998, the Government of Tripura has offered Meitei language as
2343-578: The Manipuri Sahitya Parishad and the All Manipur Students' Union demanded that Meitei be made an official language for more than 40 years, until Meitei was finally added to the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India in 1992. Meitei became an associate official language of Assam in 2024, following several years of effort by the Meitei associate official language movement to protect
2414-723: The Moirangs , the Angoms , the Luwangs , the Chengleis ( Sarang-Leishangthems ), and the Khaba-Nganbas . Each had their respective distinct dialects and were politically independent from one another. Later, all of them fell under the dominion of the Ningthouja dynasty , changing their status of being independent "ethnicities" into those of "clans" of the collective Meitei community . The Ningthouja dialect
2485-622: The Paso Fino Horse Association registers cremellos and other cream colors as "albino." Until 1999, the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) described perlino or cremello horses as "albino" in rule 227(j). The AQHA later replaced the word "albino" with "cremello or perlino," and in 2002 the rule was removed entirely. Among Connemara pony breeders, homozygous creams are called "blue-eyed creams" or sometimes "pseudo-albino". The best-known type of albinism
2556-429: The 2011 census , 1.52 million of whom are found in the state of Manipur , where they represent the majority of its population. There are smaller communities in neighbouring Indian states, such as Assam (168,000), Tripura (24,000), Nagaland (9,500), and elsewhere in the country (37,500). The language is also spoken by smaller groups in neighbouring Myanmar and Bangladesh . Meitei and Gujarati jointly hold
2627-549: The Kamarupan group—a geographic rather than a genetic grouping. However, some still consider Meitei to be a member of the Kuki-Chin-Naga branch . The Meitei language has existed for at least 2000 years. According to linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterjee , the ancient Meitei literature dates back to 1500 to 2000 years before present . The earliest known Meitei language compositions is the ritual song Ougri ( ꯑꯧꯒ꯭ꯔꯤ ), which
2698-426: The back of the iris in tissue called the iris pigment epithelium . The iris pigment epithelium prevents damaging light scattering within the eye. Blue-eyed humans and mammals have little or no pigment in the stroma, but retain pigment in the iris pigment epithelium. If pigment is missing from both the stroma and the iris pigment epithelium, the only pigment in the eye is the hemoglobin in blood vessels. This accounts for
2769-498: The broadening of communication, as well as intermarriage, has caused the dialectal differences to become relatively insignificant. The only exceptions to this occurrence are the speech differences of the dialects found in Tripura, Bangladesh and Myanmar. The exact number of dialects of Meitei is unknown. The three main dialects of Meitei are: Meitei proper, Loi and Pangal. Differences between these dialects are primarily characterised by
2840-511: The colored hairs of their coat become progressively silvered as they age, eventually giving mature gray horses a white or nearly-white hair coat. Gray is controlled by a single dominant allele of a gene that regulates specific kinds of stem cells . Gray horses are at an increased risk for melanoma; 70-80% of gray horses over the age of 15 have a melanoma tumor. True white hair is rooted in unpigmented skin that lacks melanocytes. In contrast, diluted coat colors have melanocytes, but vary due to
2911-411: The concentration or chemical structure of the pigments made by these pigment-producing cells, not the absence of the cells themselves. There are at least five known types of pigment dilution in horses, three which, as described below, can act to produce off-white phenotypes. Horses with strongly diluted coat colors usually have pale eyes (usually blue), cream-colored coats, and rosy-pink skin that contains
Pānthoibī Khōnggūl - Misplaced Pages Continue
2982-737: The cool waters of the running river. During one of Panthoibi's escapades, she met Angoupa Kainou Chingsompa ( Nongpok Ningthou ), the ruler of the Langmai Hills ( Nongmaiching Ching ). The two fell in love with each other at the first sight. Nongpok Ningthou's handsome look and towering personality were the reasons why Panthoibi was attracted to him. Panthoibi and her paramour had several occasions to meet with each other secretly. Her activities cause her in laws suspicious of her behaviour. Her in laws tried at their best level to make Panthoibi change her behaviour. However, Panthoibi didn't give up. Panthoibi slipped out of her former husband's house (house of
3053-629: The districts of Sylhet , Moulvibazar , Sunamganj and Habiganj in the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh. In the past, there was a Meitei speaking population in Dhaka , Mymensingh and Comilla also. Manipuri is used as a second language by the Bishnupriya Manipuri people . Myanmar has a significant Meitei speaking population in the states of Kachin and Shan and the regions of Yangon , Sagaing , and Ayeyarwady , among others. According to
3124-597: The dominant SB1 allele at the Sabino 1 locus , which has been mapped to KIT . Sabino-white was one of the earliest dominant white alleles discovered, but was not originally recognized as such, hence the different name. The Sabino1 allele, and the associated spotting pattern, is found in Miniature horses , American Quarter Horses , American Paint Horses , Tennessee Walkers , Missouri Fox Trotters , Mustangs , Shetland Ponies , and Aztecas . Sabino 1 has not been found in
3195-741: The educational institutions in Manipur. It is one of the 40 instructional languages offered by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), controlled and managed by the Ministry of Education . Meitei is taught as a subject up to the post-graduate level in Indian universities, including Jawaharlal Nehru University , Delhi University , Gauhati University , and the University of North Bengal . Indira Gandhi National Open University teaches Meitei to undergraduates. Meitei language instruction has been offered in
3266-518: The extensions of new sounds and tonal shifts. Meitei proper is considered to be the standard variety —and is viewed as more dynamic than the other two dialects. The brief table below compares some words in these three dialects: Devi (2002) compares the Imphal , Andro , Koutruk, and Kakching dialects of Meitei. Meitei is the sole official language of the Government of Manipur , and has been an official language of India since 1992. Meitei language
3337-482: The extensive dense white patterning is favored for producing dramatic full leopards. Homozygous leopards have the LP/LP genotype, and may be varnish roan , fewspot leopard, or snowcap patterned. Homozygous leopards are substantially more prone to congenital stationary night blindness . Congenital stationary night blindness is present at birth and is characterized by impaired vision in dark conditions. Lethal white syndrome
3408-507: The gene, who are healthy and normal, can be identified by a DNA test . While carriers often exhibit the "frame overo" pattern, this is not a dispositive trait and testing is necessary, as the pattern can appear in a minimal form as normal white markings or be masked by other white spotting genes. Genetically white horses have unpigmented pink skin (except where a horse with a W allele may have some darker pigmented areas) and unpigmented white hair, though eye color varies. The lack of pigment in
3479-407: The identity, history, culture and tradition of Manipuris in Assam. The Meitei language is one of the 13 official languages of the India used to administer police, armed services, and civil service recruitment exams. The Press Information Bureau of the Indian Ministry of Information and Broadcasting publishes in 14 languages, including Meitei. Meitei is a language of instruction in all in
3550-574: The lack of pigment cells ( melanocytes ) are called piebaldism , not albinism nor partial albinism. All so-called "albino" horses have pigmented eyes, generally brown or blue. While true albino horses will have a pale blue or white eye. In contrast, many albino mammals, such as mice or rabbits, typically have a white hair coat, unpigmented skin and reddish eyes. The definition of " albinism " varies depending on whether humans, other mammals, or other vertebrates are being discussed. Despite this, some registries still refer to "albino" horses. For example,
3621-439: The love story of Panthoibi and her ultimate lover Nongpok Ningthou , after leaving her former husband's house. It is traditionally attributed to be written by Akoijam Tombi (also called Akoijam Tomboy ), during the reign of Meitei King Khongtekcha Yoiremba in c. 763 AD. The text also talks about how the festival Lai Haraoba was begun after the union of the two lovers. The author of the text first introduces Panthoipi as
SECTION 50
#17328519434833692-517: The lower primary schools of Assam since 1956. The Board of Secondary Education, Assam offers secondary education in Manipuri. The Assam Higher Secondary Education Council of Assam offers both Meitei-language schooling and instruction in Meitei as a second language. Since 2020, the Assam Government has made an annual grant of ₹ 5 lakh (equivalent to ₹ 5.9 lakh or US$ 7,100 in 2023) to
3763-501: The midsection, and jagged or roaned margins to the pattern. The leopard complex, related to the Leopard ( LP ) gene, characterizes the Appaloosa and Knabstrupper breeds with their spotted coats. Leopard is genetically quite distinct from all other white and white-spotting patterns. The fewspot leopard pattern, however, can resemble white. Two factors influence the eventual appearance of
3834-557: The most noticeable difference between a gray horse whose hair coat is completely white and a white horse is skin color: most gray horses have black skin and dark eyes, white horses have light, unpigmented skin. The gray gene does not affect skin or eye color, so grays typically have dark skin and eyes, as opposed to the unpigmented pink skin of true white horses. The skin and eyes may be other colors if influenced by other factors such as white markings , certain white spotting patterns or dilution genes . Gray foals may be born any color, but
3905-425: The personalities of Goddess Panthoibi are described in the text. The following is a few of them: O Tampha, your measure reaches the sky; an ever-shining radiance marks your presence; you are the source of all living beings... both birth and death are your handiwork, you are the repository of all wealth; you can unravel the mystery of human souls and keep both the earth and the heaven jointly linked; you give shelter to
3976-400: The reddish appearance of eyes in some types of albinism. In research mammals, such as mice, albinism is more strictly defined. Albino mice occur due to a recessive mutation of the C gene. No such mutation exists in horses. Albino mice lack pigment, but "...the inability of albino animals to produce pigment stems not from an absence of melanocytes...but from a deficiency and/or alteration of
4047-408: The sake of her. However, princess Panthoibi rejected his offer claiming that all his preparations were not worthy enough to her level. Meitei princess Panthoibi was married to crown prince Taram Khoinucha, son of King Khābā Sokchrongbā and Queen Manu Teknga of the Khaba dynasty . At this grand marriage ceremony, outstandingly elaborate arrangements were made to receive the Meitei princess. The bridge
4118-458: The same time period, Akoijam Tombi composed the Panthoibi Khonggul ( ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯄꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯀꯨꯜ ), an account of the romantic adventures of the deified Meitei princess Panthoibi . In 1100 CE, a written constitution, ( Meitei : ꯂꯣꯏꯌꯨꯝꯄ ꯁꯤꯜꯌꯦꯜ , romanized: Loyumba Shinyen ), was finalised by King Loiyumba ( r. c. 1074 – 1112 CE ) of Kangleipak . It
4189-587: The same time, the Hinduised King Pamheiba ordered that the Meitei script be replaced by the Bengali-Assamese script . In 1725 CE, Pamheiba wrote Parikshit , possibly the first piece of Meitei-language Hindu literature , based on the story of the eponymous king Parikshit of the Mahabharata . The majority of Meitei speakers, about 1.5 million live in the Indian state of Manupur. Meitei
4260-412: The skin and hair is caused by the absence of pigment-producing cells called melanocytes . Some coat colors are characterized by light or white-like coats and even pinkish skin, however these white-like coats are not lacking melanocytes. Instead, white-like coat colors result from various changes in the ways melanocytes produce pigment . Gray horses have the most common "white-like" coat color. However,
4331-423: The souls of living beings, keep them as beads are strung together; you are the highest of all goddesses and the most munificent in bestowing blessings...both the striped tiger and the white horse are your chargers; you can gallop on tall grass tops without even leaving a trace... you are born of the noblest royal family, are unmindful of your brothers and parents, as disposed to doing only what pleases you... you are
SECTION 60
#17328519434834402-399: The stricken field, you shine more than the glories of all divine beings put together... you emerged with the flash of summer lightning before dew-drops got condensed in the sky, before sound itself could be audible and before the azure welkin could yet cover its vast expanse... you are effulgent in the open sky like one thousand suns... all the divine beings emanate from you... the wide universe
4473-481: The structure of tyrosinase in melanocytes which are otherwise normal." This definition of albinism in mice – the inability to make tyrosinase – is extended to other mammals. While mammals derive their pigments only from melanins, fish, reptiles and birds rely on a number of pigments apart from melanins: carotenoids, porphyrins, psittacofulvins, pterins, etc. Most commonly, reptiles with a condition homologous to human OCA1A retain their reddish and orangish hues. As
4544-452: The third place among the fastest growing languages of India , following Hindi and Kashmiri . Meitei is not endangered : its status has been assessed as safe by Ethnologue (where it is assigned to EGIDS level 2 "provincial language"). However, it is considered vulnerable by UNESCO. The Manipuri language is associated with the Ningthouja dynasty ( Mangangs ), the Khuman dynasty ,
4615-414: The very embodiment of beauty but still indulge in constant baths at every fount and embellish your tender body, use all the fruits of the Langmai Hills as unguents , always neatly comb your tresses of hair, skitter lightly with your drapery loosely hung on your full blossomed body; your teeth are like pearls, your lips are as red as the wild fruit tayal in the bamboo grove; your fingers are soft as those of
4686-420: Was a codification of the proto-constitution drafted by King Naophangba in 429 CE. Before 1675 CE, the Meitei language experienced no significant influence from any other languages. Beginning in the late 17th century, Hindu influence on Meitei culture increased, and the Meitei language experienced some influences from other languages, on its phonology , morphology (linguistics) , syntax and semantics . At
4757-411: Was constructed with iron poles as its supports, silver plates were used as the planks and gold rods were used as the side rails. Despite the marriage was a grandeur, Panthoipi turned out to be contrasting. She didn't want to live in the way of life of a normal married women. Instead of it, she would always stay outdoors. She kept herself busy in wandering around the open meadows and bathing and sporting in
4828-553: Was mapped to the MATP gene in 2003 (now known as SLC45A2 ). This gene is sometimes called the OCA4 gene, because one mutation on SLC45A2 is associated with Oculocutaneous albinism type 4. However, other mutations in SLC45A2 are responsible for normal variations in skin, hair, and eye color in humans and . Although SLC45A2 is not the "albino gene"; one of many mutations of the human SLC45A2
4899-953: Was predominant, and received heavy influences from the speech forms of the other groups. Meitei is one of the advanced literary languages recognised by Sahitya Akademi , India's National Academy of Letters. Meitei belongs to the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages. During the 19th and 20th centuries, different linguists tried to assign Meitei to various sub-groups. Early classifier George Abraham Grierson (1903–1924) put it in Kuki-Chin , Vegelin and Voegelin (1965) in Kuki-Chin-Naga, and Benedict (1972) in Kuki-Naga. Robbins Burling has suggested that Meitei belongs to none those groups. Current academic consensus agrees with James Matisoff in placing Manipuri in its own subdivision of
4970-459: Was the court language of the historic Manipur Kingdom , and before it merged into the Indian Republic. The Sahitya Akademi , India's National Academy of Letters, recognised Meitei as one of the major advanced Indian literary languages in 1972, long before it became an official language in 1992. In 1950, the Government of India did not include Meitei in its list of 14 official languages. A language movement , spearheaded by organisations including
5041-523: Was used in religious and coronation ceremonies of Kangleipak . It may have existed before the Common Era . Numit Kappa ( Meitei : ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯀꯥꯞꯄ , transl: The Shooting of the Sun), a religious epic that tells the tale of how the night was divided from the day, was also composed in the first century. Poireiton Khunthok ( Meitei : ꯄꯣꯢꯔꯩꯇꯣꯟ ꯈꯨꯟꯊꯣꯛ , transl: The Immigration of Poireiton)
#482517