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30-557: The languages are spoken by the ethnically related Naga people of Nagaland , the Chin people of Myanmar , and the Kuki people . The larger among these languages have communities of several tens of thousands of native speakers, and a few have more than 100,000, such as Mizo (674,756 in India as of 2001), Thadou (350,000) or Lotha language (180,000). "Kuki" and "Chin" are essentially synonyms, whereas

60-722: A number of factors including the quest for upward mobility in the society of Nagaland, and the desire to establish a common purpose of resistance against dominance by other groups. In this way, the "Naga" identity has not always been fixed. Nagas population are spread across all Northeast Indian States except Tripura and are listed as scheduled tribes in 6 Northeastern States: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland. Nagas in Myanmar are mostly found in Sagaing Division and Kachin state . The Naga territory in Myanmar

90-551: A particular agricultural cycle. The early Western missionaries opposed the use of folk songs by Naga Christians as they were perceived to be associated with spirit worship, war, and immorality. As a result, translated versions of Western hymns were introduced, leading to the slow disappearance of indigenous music from the Naga hills. Folk dances of the Nagas are mostly performed in groups in synchronized fashion, by both men and women, depending on

120-626: A period of less than thirty years it was again occupied by Burma from 1771 to 1775. Finally Möngkawng was annexed by the Ava Kingdom in 1796. After becoming part of Burma Möngkawng was ruled by administrators named wuns . During British rule in Burma it became part of the Myitkyina District of the Mandalay Division . In Chinese chronicle Ming Shilu , the state was known as Mengyang and

150-491: A story to Hso Khan Hpa that Samlongpha was conspiring with the king of Mong Wehsali Long to dethrone Hso Khan Hpa, Hso Khan Hpa believed the story and sent poison food to Samlongpha and he died at Mogaung. Möngkawng (Mong Yang) was occupied by China between 1479 and 1483, after regaining independence it was again briefly occupied by China in 1495. From 1651 to 1742 the state was occupied by the Ava -based Kingdom of Burma and following

180-573: Is highly populated by the considered lost tribes ( Red Shans ). But Kukis , Burmese , Chinese and Indians are also found there. Hkamti township is populated altogether by all the Naga tribes majority and with a number of Burmese, Shans , Chinese and Indians. Tanai in Kachin state of Myanmar is inhabited by the Tangshang Nagas among the Kachin people . The Naga languages are either classified under

210-582: Is marked by Kabaw valley in the south bordering to the Chin state , the Kachin on the north and the Burmese on the east. The Major Naga ethnic groups in Myanmar are : Some other minor Naga groups are Anāl , Lamkang , Moyon , Koka (sometimes spelt as Goga or Koki), Longphuri , Paung Nyuan (Makhyam), etc The townships which are inhabited by the Nagas are : Anāl and Moyon are mainly found in Tamu township on

240-680: Is perhaps closest to (or one of) the Tangkhulic languages , and the other three may belong together. Scott DeLancey (2015) considers Kuki-Chin–Naga to be part of a wider Central Tibeto-Burman group. The following is a preliminary internal classification of the Kuki-Chin–Naga languages by Hsiu (2021). Reconstructions Naga people Nagas ( Burmese : နာဂလူမျိုး ) are various Southeast Asian Tibeto-Burman ethnic groups native to northeastern India and northwestern Myanmar . The groups have similar cultures and traditions, and form

270-812: The Assamese language , is a widely spoken language. Every community has its own mother tongue but communicates with other communities in either Nagamese or English . However, English is the predominant spoken and written language in Nagaland. Hindi is also taught along with English in most schools and most Nagas prefer to use Hindi to communicate with the migrant workers of the state, that primarily comes from Bihar, UP and Madhya Pradesh. Since 2022, Hindi in Northeastern India has been taught in school until class 10. Mongkawng Mogaung ( Burmese : မိုးကောင်း ) or Möngkawng ( Tai Nüa : ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥩᥒᥰ ; Chinese : 孟拱 )

300-644: The Chin-Naga languages or the Sal languages . Nagas have more language diversity than any other ethnic group or states in India. Naga people speak over 89 languages and dialects, mostly unintelligible with each other. However, there are many similarities among the languages spoken by them. The diversity of languages and traditions of the Nagas results most likely from the multiple cultural absorptions that occurred during their successive migrations. According to legend, before settling in

330-546: The 19th century, the British attempted to subjugate the Naga tribes and abolish traditional Naga practices such as headhunting and intertribal violence. After India became independent from British rule in 1947, the Naga became Indian citizens , though an ongoing ethnic conflict exists in the region since 1958. According to the Burmese chronicles Tagung Yazawin , the first Chaopha of Mongkawng Samlongpha (1150–1201 CE) with

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360-518: The Geographical Registry of India for Geographical Indication . Naga cuisine is characterized by smoked and fermented foods. Folk songs and dances are essential ingredients of the traditional Naga culture. The oral tradition is kept alive through the media of folk tales and songs. Naga folk songs are both romantic and historical, with songs narrating entire stories of famous ancestors and incidents. Seasonal songs describe activities done in

390-463: The Government of Nagaland has organized the annual Hornbill Festival since 2000. Another inter-ethnic festival is Lui Ngai Ni . The group-specific festivals include: The word Naga originated as an exonym . Today, it covers a number of ethnic groups that reside in Nagaland, Manipur, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh states of India, and also in Myanmar. Before the arrival of the British, the term "Naga"

420-459: The Naga speak languages belonging to several Sino-Tibetan branches. The established branches are: The Konyak languages of Nagaland, also spoken by ethnic Naga , are not grouped within Kuki-Chin–Naga, but rather within Brahmaputran ( Sal ). Ethnologue adds Koki , Long Phuri , Makuri , and Para , all unclassified, and all distant from other Naga languages they have been compared to. Koki

450-400: The common features of Naga shawls is that three pieces are woven separately and stitched together. Weaving is an intricate and time consuming work and each shawl takes at least a few days to complete. Designs for shawls and wraparound garments (commonly called mekhala ) are different for men and women. Among many groups the design of the shawl denotes the social status of the wearer. Some of

480-621: The commonly accepted nomenclature, and was also used by the British. According to the Burma Gazetteer, the term 'Naga' is of doubtful origin and is used to describe hill tribes that occupy the country between the Chins in the south and Kachins ( Singphos ) in the Northeast. Aside from developing contacts with the Ahom kingdom , the Nagas generally lived an isolated existence from the outside world. During

510-417: The headgear that both sexes design. Clothing patterns are traditional to each group, and the cloths are woven by the women. They use beads in variety, profusion and complexity in their jewelry, along with a wide range of materials including glass, shell, stone, teeth or tusk, claws, horns, metal, bone, wood, seeds, hair, and fibre. According to Dr. Verrier Elwin , these groups made all the goods they used, as

540-494: The kingdom was founded in 1215 by a saopha named Sam Long Hpa who ruled over an area stretching from Hkamti Long to Shwebo , and extending into the country of the Nagas and Mishmis . Samlongpha built his capital at Nam Kawng river (present-day Mogaung river) and established it as a tributary state to Mong Mao . According to Hsweni state chronicle, the two generals Tao Sen Yen and Tao Sen Hai Khai sent with Samlongpha sent

570-613: The main town in Mogaung captured Naga country in the early 1200s. In the chronicle Naga country is named as "Khang Se". In Yan-aung-myin Pagoda inscription found in Pinya of Myanmar mentions that the Kingdom of Ava under Minkhaung I (1400–1421) in the early 1400s extended till the territories of the Nagas. The Naga people love colour, as is evident in the shawls designed and woven by women, and in

600-565: The majority of population in the Indian state of Nagaland and Naga Self-Administered Zone of Myanmar (Burma); with significant populations in Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in India ; Sagaing Region and Kachin State in Myanmar. The Nagas are divided into various Naga ethnic groups whose numbers and populations are unclear. They each speak distinct Naga languages often unintelligible to

630-776: The more known shawls include Tsüngkotepsü and Rongsü of the Aos; Sütam, Ethasü, Longpensü of the Lothas; Süpong of the Sangtams, Rongkhim and Tsüngrem Khim of the Yimkhiungs; and the Angami Lohe shawls with thick embroidered animal motifs. Naga jewelry is an equally important part of identity, with the entire community wearing similar bead jewelry, specifically the necklace. The Indian Chamber of Commerce has filed an application seeking registration of traditional Naga shawls made in Nagaland with

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660-422: The others, but all are loosely connected to each other. The present day Naga people have historically been referred to by many names, like "Noga" or "Naka" by the inhabitants of the Ahom kingdom in what is now considered as Assam which means "people with pierced ears", "Hao" by Meitei people of Imphal Valley and "Nakas" by Burmese of what is now considered as Myanmar . However, over time "Naga" became

690-465: The region, these groups moved over vast zones, and in the process, some clans were absorbed into one or more other groups. Therefore, until recent times, absorptions were a source of many interclan conflicts. In 1967, the Nagaland Assembly proclaimed English as the official language of Nagaland and it is the medium for education in Nagaland. Other than English, Nagamese , a creole language form of

720-844: The ruler of Mong Mao fled after the destruction of Lu-chuan by the Chinese during the Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns (1436–49). In 1477, the Ava Kingdom marched against Mogaung and captured it. After their submission, the Burmese chronicle records the King of Ava taking the Sawbwa of Mogaung and giving him the town of Tagaung to rule over. The rulers of the state bore the title Saopha . born at Ava's palace Vacant 1777–1785 25°18′N 96°56′E  /  25.300°N 96.933°E  / 25.300; 96.933 This Burmese history article

750-547: The south and a few Somra Nagas are also found in and around Tamu bordering to Layshi jurisdiction. Makury , Para and Somra tribes are mainly found in Layshi township. Makury Nagas and a few Somra Nagas are also found in Homalin township . Lahe is highly populated by Konyak , Nokko , Lainong and Makury tribes. Nanyun on the north is the home of Tangshang tribe which comprises more than 54 sub-dialect groups. Homlin township

780-485: The type of dance. Dances are usually performed at festivals and religious occasions. War dances are performed mostly by men and are athletic and martial in style. All dances are accompanied by songs and war cries by the dancers. Indigenous musical instruments made and used by the people are tati , bamboo mouth organs, bamboo flutes, trumpets, drums made of cattle skin and log drums. The various Naga groups have their own distinct festivals. To promote inter-group interaction,

810-510: Was a Shan state in what is present-day Myanmar . It was an outlying territory, located away from the main Shan State area in present-day Kachin State . The state existed until 1796. The main town was Mogaung (Mong Kawng). According to legend a predecessor state named Udiri Pale had been established in 58 BC. The area was said to have been inhabited by the Tai Long . According to Tai chronicles

840-442: Was once common in many traditional societies: they have made their own cloth, their own hats and rain-coats; they have prepared their own medicines, their own cooking-vessels, their own substitutes for crockery. Craftwork includes the making of baskets, weaving of cloth, wood carving, pottery, metalwork, jewellery-making and bead-work. Weaving of colorful woolen and cotton shawls is a central activity for women of all Nagas. One of

870-489: Was under Yunnan as a pacification superintendency. In the same chronicle, the kingdom is said to extend to the east to Jinsha River in China, south to Ava-Burma , west to the territory of Da-Gula and to the north till Ganyai , a polity near Daying river . In 1408, the polity was occupied by Da-Gula. It is asserted that it was originally under the territory of Lu-chuan and it is to Mongkawng and Da-Gula where Si Jifa ,

900-418: Was used by Assamese to refer to certain isolated ethnic groups. The British adopted this term for a number of ethnic groups in the surrounding area, based on loose linguistic and cultural associations. The number of groups classified as "Naga" grew significantly in the 20th century: as of December 2015, 89 groups are classified as Naga by the various sources. This expansion in the "Naga" identity has been due to

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