Panfilovskaya ( Russian : Панфиловская ) is a station on the Moscow Central Circle of the Moscow Metro . The station opened in November 2016 and was the 31st and final station to open on the line.
69-521: The station is named for the street on which it is situated, Ulitsa Panfilova. Ulitsa Panfilova is named for Ivan Panfilov , a Soviet general at the Battle of Moscow in World War II . During construction, the station's name was slated to be Khodynka; however, prior to the line's opening, the city changed the name, citing resident requests. Panfilovskaya offers out-of-station transfers to Oktyabrskoye Pole on
138-459: A national liberation movement that sought to end foreign rule over the Central Asian territories then known as Turkestan, and also the protectorates of Khiva and Bokhara. It is suggested that "basmacı" is a Turkic word which refers to a bandit or marauder, such as the bands of thieves that preyed on caravans in the region, derived from the word basmak - to raid, to press. The term Basmachi
207-649: A coalition, but it fell apart after the October Revolution, when the Jadids lent their support to the Bolsheviks who had seized power. The Tashkent Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies , an organization dominated by Russian railway workers and colonial proletarians, rejected Muslim participation in government. Stung by this apparent reaffirmation of colonial rule, the Shura-i Islam reunited with Ulema Jemyeti to form
276-583: A double strategy to crush the rebellion: political reconciliation and cultural concessions along with overwhelming military power. Religious concessions reinstated Sharia law, while Koran schools and waqf lands were restored. Moscow sought to indigenize the fight with the creation of a volunteer militia composed of Muslim peasants, called the Red Sticks , and it is estimated that 15-25 percent of Soviet troops in this region were Muslim. The Soviets primarily relied on thousands of regular Red Army troops, veterans of
345-564: A mass scale in Central Asia, and it set the stage for native resistance after the fall of Tsar Nicholas II in the following year. The suppression of the rebellion was a deliberate campaign of annihilation against the Kazakh and Kyrgyz tribes on the part of the Russian soldiers and settlers. Hundreds of thousands of Kazakh and Kyrgyz people were killed or expelled. The ethnic cleansing had its roots in
414-541: A number of raids into the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in 1929. Ibrahim Bek led a brief resurgence of the movement when collectivization fuelled resistance and succeeded in delaying the policy until 1931 in Turkmenistan, but he was soon caught and executed. The movement then largely died out. The last major Basmachi combat operation occurred In October 1933, when Junaid Khan 's forces were defeated in
483-609: A part of the Mozhaisk fortified line . On 15 October, the Germans attacked the region. After two weeks of fighting, the 316th was abandoned by the other defenders. Together with the rest of the Sixteenth Army, the division retreated towards Moscow. In spite of suffering heavy casualties, the 316th managed to significantly delay the German advance on the capital, buying time for the defenders of
552-665: A son, Vladlen. After graduating in September 1923, he was posted to the 52nd Yaroslavl Infantry Regiment with the rank of company commander. In March 1924 Panfilov volunteered for the campaign against the Basmachi and traveled to the Turkestan Military District . In April he was given command of a company in the 1st Turkestan Rifle Regiment. In October he was transferred to head the Regimental School. In August 1925 he
621-737: The Armenian genocide , arrived in Bukhara to assist the Soviet war effort. Enver Pasha had been an advocate of a Turkish-Soviet alliance against the British, and gained the trust of the Soviet authorities. Soon, however, he defected and became the single most important Basmachi leader, centralizing and revitalizing the movement. Enver Pasha intended to create a pan-Turkic confederation encompassing all of Central Asia, as well as Anatolia and Chinese lands. His call for jihad attracted much support, and he managed to transform
690-468: The Central Asian revolt of 1916 , centered in modern-day Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan , which was put down by martial law. Tensions between Central Asians (especially Kazakhs) and Russian settlers led to large-scale massacres on both sides. Thousands died, and hundreds of thousands fled, most into the neighbouring Republic of China . The Central Asian revolt of 1916 was the first anti-Russian incident on
759-761: The First World War , Panfilov was drafted into the Imperial Russian Army and stationed in the 638th Olpinsk Infantry Regiment. Afterwards, he was transferred to the Southwestern Front , where he was promoted to sergeant. During 1917, following the February Revolution , Panfilov was elected by his fellow soldiers to be a member of the Regimental Soviet . After the October Revolution and
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#1732854817275828-573: The Israeli Defense Forces , the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces , China's People's Liberation Army , and East Germany's National People's Army . Volokolamsk Highway served as one of the settings for an eponymous series of five plays by Heiner Müller , written from 1984 to 1987. The first part, "Russian Opening", was based on Heinrich von Kleist 's The Prince of Homburg . In Müller's reinterpretation, Momyshuly assumes
897-578: The Russian Civil War began. Turkestani Muslim political movements attempted to form an autonomous government in the city of Kokand , in the Fergana Valley . The Bolsheviks launched an assault on Kokand in February 1918 and carried out a general massacre of up to 25,000 people. The massacre rallied support to the Basmachi who waged a guerrilla and conventional war that seized control of large parts of
966-519: The Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line , 700 metres (2,300 ft) away. This article about a Russian railway station is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Moscow Metro-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ivan Panfilov Ivan Vasilyevich Panfilov ( Russian : Иван Васильевич Панфилов ; 1 January [ O.S. 20 December 1892] 1893 – 18 November 1941)
1035-605: The Whites . Politically and militarily weak, the Muslim government began looking around for protection. To this end, a band of armed robbers led by Irgash Bey were amnestied and recruited to defend Kokand. This force, however, was unable to resist an attack on Kokand by the forces of the Tashkent Soviet. In February, 1918 the Red Army soldiers thoroughly pillaged Kokand, and carried out what
1104-452: The 16th, twenty-eight soldiers from the division's 1075th Regiment destroyed eighteen German tanks while fighting to the last man, though an investigation by a Soviet military judge in 1948 revealed the tale was exaggerated. The threat to Rokossovsky's flank prompted the Stavka to send in the reserve 78th Siberian Rifle Division . The 78th's soldiers were forced to retreat after three days, but
1173-727: The 9th Red Banner Mountain Infantry Regiment. From 1935 Panfilov served in an instruction post in the Vladimir Lenin Red Banner Military Academy in Tashkent . In September 1937 he was designated the Central Asian Military District's chief of staff. In October 1938 he was assigned as the military commissar of the Kyrgyz SSR , and promoted to Combrig on 26 January 1939. On 4 June 1940 he received
1242-497: The Basmachi as potential enemies due to the Pan-Turkist and Pan-Islamist ideologies that some of their leaders ascribed to. However, some Basmachi groups received support from British and Turkish intelligence services and in order to cut off this outside help, special military detachments of the Red Army masqueraded as Basmachi forces and successfully intercepted supplies. Although many fighters were motivated by calls for jihad ,
1311-403: The Basmachi declined. Resistance to Soviet leadership did flare up again, to a lesser extent, in response to collectivization campaigns in the pre- WWII era. The term "Basmachi" is of Uzbek origin and means "Bandit" or "Robber" which probably derived from "baskinji" meaning "Attacker". The Russians used the term for the Central Asian resistance fighters, and it was widely used throughout
1380-481: The Basmachi drew support from many ideological camps and major sectors of the population. At some point or another the Basmachi attracted the support of Jadid reformers, pan-Turkic ideologues and leftist Turkestani nationalists. Peasants and nomads, long opposed to Russian colonial rule, reacted with hostility to anti-Islamic policies and Soviet requisitioning of food and livestock. The fact that Bolshevism in Turkestan
1449-575: The Basmachi guerillas into an army of 16,000 men. By early 1922, a considerable part of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic , including Samarkand and Dushanbe, was under Basmachi control. Meanwhile, Dungan Muslim Magaza Masanchi formed the Dungan Cavalry Regiment to fight for the Soviets against the Basmachi. Now fearing the total loss of Turkestan, the Soviet authorities once again adopted
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#17328548172751518-787: The Basmachi movement in the Khorezm Region was born. Before the end of the year, the Soviets deposed the Young Khivans government, and the Muslim nationalists fled to join Junaid, strengthening his forces considerably. In August of that year, the Emir of Bukhara was finally deposed when the Red Army conquered Bukhara . From exile in Afghanistan , the Emir directed the Bokhara Basmachi movement, supported by
1587-453: The Basmachis and their accomplices. The yurts in the river valley including the villages of Aq Tepe and 'Aliabad where Basmachis were based, and the Basmachi's properties, were burned down, although the local Afghan population remained untouched. The Basmachis and accomplices lost 839 people, whereas the Soviet army had one loss (from drowning) and two injuries. After the Basmachi movement
1656-508: The Battle of Kafrun. The Red Army began to drive the rebels eastwards, retaking considerable territory. Enver himself was killed in a failed last-ditch cavalry charge on August 4, 1922, near Baldzhuan (in present-day Tajikistan ). His successor, Selim Pasha, continued the struggle but finally fled to Afghanistan in 1923. In July to August 1923, a large Soviet offensive succeeded at forcing the Basmachi out of Garm . A Basmachi presence remained in
1725-504: The Civil War, now bolstered by air support . The strategy of concessions with airstrikes was successful, and when in May 1922 Enver Pasha rejected a peace offer and issued an ultimatum demanding that all Red Army troops be withdrawn from Turkestan within fifteen days, Moscow was well prepared for a confrontation. In June 1922 Soviet units led by General Kakurin ( ru ) defeated the Basmachi forces in
1794-484: The Fergana Valley and much of Turkestan . The group's notable leaders were Enver Pasha and, later, Ibrahim Bek . The fortunes of the movement fluctuated throughout the early 1920s, but by 1923 the Red Army's extensive campaigns had dealt the Basmachis many defeats. After major Red Army campaigns and concessions regarding economic and Islamic practices in the mid-1920s, the military fortunes and popular support of
1863-574: The Ferghana Valley until 1924, and fighters there were led by Korşirmat (or Kurshirmat), who had renewed the revolt in 1920. British intelligence reported that Kurshirmat possessed forces of 5,000-6,000 men. After years of war, however, popular support for the Basmachi cause was drying up. Peasants wanted to return to work, especially now that Soviet policies had made Turkestan livable again. Kurshirmat's forces shrank to around 2,000, many resorting to banditry, and he soon fled to Afghanistan. Turkestan
1932-522: The Ferghana Valley. Cotton price-fixing during the First World War made matters worse, and a large, landless rural proletariat soon developed. Muslim clergy decried the gambling and alcoholism that became commonplace, and crime rose considerably. Major violence in Russian Turkestan broke out in 1916, when the Tsarist government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service. This caused
2001-633: The Fifty-Second Army. On 2 September, it was consigned to the reserve, spending a month in the rear. On 7 October, after the Wehrmacht commenced Operation Typhoon , the division was sent to the Moscow region, where it arrived on the 10th. It was stationed in the left flank of General Konstantin Rokossovsky 's Sixteenth Army and tasked with defending a 41-kilometer long sector to the south of Volokolamsk ,
2070-711: The Karakum desert. The Basmachi movement had ended by 1934. Indigenous leaders began to cooperate with Soviet authorities and large numbers of Central Asians joined the Soviet Communist Party under Lenin and Stalin 's indigenization policy. Many gained high positions in the governments of the Uzbek, Tajik, Kyrgyz, Kazakh and Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republics , formed out of the Turkestani Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924. During
2139-575: The Kokand Autonomous Government. This was to be the nucleus of an autonomous state in Turkestan, governed by Sharia law. The Tashkent Soviet initially recognized the authority of Kokand , but restricted its jurisdiction to the Muslim old section of Tashkent, and demanded the final say in regional affairs. After violent riots in Tashkent, relations broke down, and despite the leftist leanings of many of its members, Kokand aligned itself with
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2208-906: The Red Army's counter-offensive which drove the Wehrmacht away from Moscow during December. The division ended the Second World War in Latvia, as part of the forces besieging the German pocket in Courland . On 12 April 1942, Panfilov was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. The general is buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery alongside two other Heroes of the USSR, Lev Dovator and Viktor Talalikhin . Panfilov's character gained recognition through
2277-521: The Sovietization of Central Asia, Islam became the focus of antireligious campaigns. The government closed most mosques, repressing Islamic clerics and targeting symbols of Islamic identity such as the veil. Uzbeks who remained practicing Muslims were deemed nationalist and often targeted for imprisonment or execution. Stalinist collectivization and industrialization proceeded as elsewhere in the Soviet Union. The Basmachi movement has been characterized as
2346-699: The Tsarist government policy of ethnic homogenization. In the aftermath of the February Revolution of 1917, Muslim political forces began to organize. Members of the All-Russian Muslim council formed the Shura -i Islam (Islamic Council), a Jadidist body that sought a federated, democratic state with autonomy for Muslims. More conservative religious scholars formed the Ulema Jemyeti (Board of Learned Men), more concerned with safeguarding Islamic institutions and Sharia law . Together, these Muslim nationalists formed
2415-474: The Wehrmacht's advance was slowed down due to the Soviets' resistance and the weather conditions, gradually grinding into a standstill. On 17 November, the People's Commissar of Defense passed a decree to grant the 316th the status of a Guards formation , renaming it the 8th Guards Rifle Division. On the 18th, a group of correspondents visited Panfilov's command post in the village of Guseniovo, and informed him of
2484-461: The age limit for civil servants in 65 years. He retained the position of the supervisor of the State Archive. Mironenko claimed that he left his post at his own request, in order to "focus on scientific work": "Do you really think that I would not fight if it was not my decision? ... There is nothing to worry about in my dismissal." The Russian Culture Minister was quoted saying "even if this story
2553-460: The angry populace and clergy. Fighters operated on behalf of the Emir and were under the command of Ibrahim Bey, a tribal leader. Basmachi forces operated with success in both Khiva and Bokhara for an extended period. The insurgency also began spreading to Kazakhstan , as well as the Tajik and Turkmen lands. In November 1921, Enver Pasha , former Turkish war minister and one of the key architects of
2622-511: The beginning of the Russian Civil War , Panfilov volunteered into the nascent Red Army in 1918, where he was stationed as a platoon commander in the 25th Rifle Division under the command of Vasily Chapayev . In March 1919, the division was sent to the Urals to confront the Cossack White army led by Alexander Dutov , a follower of Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak . In the autumn, Panfilov's regiment
2691-424: The book trilogy authored by Alexander Bek , which described the fighting around Moscow through the eyes of Baurzhan Momyshuly , Kazakh officer who served under Panfilov in the 316th Division. The books – Volokolamsk Highway , Several Days , and General Panfilov's Reserve – were popular both in the USSR and abroad. In particular, Volokolamsk Highway had wide influence as a tactical and motivational text within
2760-401: The city of Mazar-i-Sharif and Tashqurghan . During the Soviet operation the Basmachi continued raiding across the border, capturing Kalai-Liabob on 20 April, and on 21 April capturing Nimichi, 35 kilometres east of Garm, after an intense battle. Between 20 and 22 April, further Basmachi units crossed into the Soviet Union, one of which made it as far as Tavildara before being turned back by
2829-479: The city. On 11 November, Panfilov was awarded his third Order of the Red Banner for the personal courage he displayed during the fighting. According to historian Richard Overy , Marshal Georgy Zhukov told Panfilov that he would be shot if he were to retreat. The 316th Division's new line of defense, near the village of Dubosekovo, was overrun by the Germans on 15–16 November; Soviet newspapers later claimed that on
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2898-710: The countryside surrounding Tashkent. Irgash Bey faced rival commanders such as Madamin Bey , who was supported by more moderate Muslim factions, but he secured formal, nominal leadership of the movement at a council in March 1919. With the Tashkent Soviet in a vulnerable military position, the Bolsheviks left Russian settlers to organize their own defense by creating the Peasant Army of Fergana . This often involved brutal reprisals for Basmachi attacks by Soviet forces and Russian farmers both. The harsh policies of War Communism , however, caused
2967-530: The end of March 1929. In mid-March 1929, two raids were undertaken by the Afghan Basmachi into the Soviet Union, the first into Amu Darya, south-west of Kulyab , and the second was undertaken by Kurbashi Kerim Berdoi with 100 Basmachi troops. Both incursions were defeated. Further incursions were repelled on 17 March and 7 April. On 12 April, Basmachi insurgents successfully crossed the Panj River and captured
3036-495: The faithful won recognition by the clergy of the Ferghana Valley , and he soon controlled a sizable fighting force. Widespread nationalization campaigns carried out from Tashkent had caused economic collapse, and the Ferghana Valley faced famine in absence of grain imports. All these factors drove people to join the Basmachi. The Tashkent Soviet was unable to contain the insurgency, and the end of 1918 decentralized bands of fighters, totaling roughly 20,000, controlled Ferghana and
3105-430: The fighting, Panfilov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in 1921. Afterwards, Panfilov joined the 183rd Border Battalion in Ukraine and took part in counter-insurgency operations against local guerrillas. In November 1921, he entered the Sergey Kamenev Infantry School in Kiev . In the same year, he married Maria Kolomietz, with whom he had five children: four daughters – Valentina, Evgenia, Galina and Maya – and
3174-412: The guards there on 30 April. On 22 April, the Basmachi captured Garm, which the Soviets recaptured either the same day or the next day. On 24 April, the Soviets began a large counteroffensive, and recaptured Kalai-Liabob that same day. On 3 May, the last Basmachi units retreated into Afghanistan. The Red Army had planned to head for Kabul to take it back from the Saqqawists to Amanullah Khan. However
3243-411: The leftist Young Bukharans faction led by Fayzulla Xoʻjayev . Russian troops were repulsed by the Bukharan populace after a period of looting, and the Emir retained his throne for the time-being. In the Khanate of Khiva , Basmachi leader Junaid Khan overthrew the Russian puppet and suppressed the modernizing movement of the leftist Young Khivans . Irgash Bey 's claims to leadership of an army of
3312-405: The operation was halted after Moscow heard that Amanullah Khan had fled to the British Raj in exile on 23 May. In addition, international resentment (at a time the Soviet Union attempted to gain international recognition) was also cited as a reason for canceling the operation. The last Soviet unit crossed back from Afghanistan in June 1929. After the Saqqawists lost the civil war and Kalakani
3381-432: The peasants' army to sour on the Tashkent Soviet. In May 1919, Madamin Bey formed an alliance with the settlers, entailing a non-aggression pact and a coalition army. The new allies made plans for establishing a joint Russian-Muslim state, with power sharing arrangements and cultural rights for both groups. Disputes over the Islamic orientation of the Basmachi led to the break-up of the alliance, however, and both Madamin and
3450-437: The rank of Major General. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 Panfilov began mobilizing reserves to be sent to the front. On 12 July he was assigned as the commander of the 316th Rifle Division , a new unit being formed in Alma Ata. The division consisted mainly of reservists from the Kazakh and Kyrgyz Soviet Republics. On 27 August 1941, the division arrived in Borovichi , near Leningrad , and joined
3519-437: The region to denote them, in an attempt to persuade the public that the fighters were no more than criminals. Prior to World War I , Russian Turkestan was ruled from Tashkent as a Krai or Governor-Generalship. To the east of Tashkent, the Ferghana Valley was an ethnically diverse, densely populated region that was divided between settled farmers (often called Sarts ) and nomads (mostly Kyrgyz). Under Russian rule, it
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#17328548172753588-406: The resolution. While he briefed the journalists in the open, they came under a mortar attack. Panfilov was killed by a shell splinter. The Defense Commissar's edict was brought into effect on that day. On 23 November, the 8th Guards was awarded the sobriquet Panfilovskaya in honor of its fallen commander, and its soldiers were henceforth known as "Panfilov's Men" ( Panfilovtsy ). It took part in
3657-450: The role of the Great Elector . Momyshuly had himself turned to writing after the war, and discussed the battles near Volokolamsk in several works, like Moscow Is Behind Us and Our General, Ivan Panfilov. The director of Russia's State Archive of Socio-Political History Sergei Mironenko called the legend of Panfilov's 28 Guardsmen to be a deliberate falsification. On March 16, 2016, Sergei Mironenko left his post after he reached
3726-532: The settlers suffered defeats at the hands of the Muslim Volga Tatar Red Brigade. The inhabitants of the Ferghana Valley were exhausted after the punishing winter of 1919-20, and Madamin Bey defected to the Soviet side in March. Meanwhile, famine relief reached the region under the more moderate New Economic Policy , while land reform and amnesty placated Ferghana residents. As a result, the Basmachi movement lost control of most populated areas and shrank overall. The pacification of Ferghana did not last long. During
3795-433: The summer of 1920 the Soviets felt secure enough to requisition food and mobilize Muslim conscripts. The result was a renewed uprising and new Basmachi groups proliferated, fueled by religious slogans. Renewed conflict would see the Basmachi movement spread across Turkestan. In January 1920, the Red Army captured Khiva and set up a Young Khivan provisional government. Junaid Khan fled into the desert with his followers, and
3864-511: The town of Togmai. Soon after, this force then reached Dzafr and Kevron. On 13 April, the Basmachi captured Qal'ai Khumb . and a few days later, occupied Gashion, and on the 15th, they captured Vanch, which the Soviets recaptured the next day. Because of the Basmachi attacks, the Soviet Union dispatched a small force into Afghanistan from Termez on April 15, commanded by Vitaly Primakov , to support ousted Afghan King Amanullah Khan . This Red Army force of 700 to 1,000 eventually took control of
3933-399: Was a Soviet general and a posthumous Hero of the Soviet Union , known for his command of the 316th Rifle Division during the defense of Moscow at the Second World War . Panfilov was born in Petrovsk . After the death of his mother in 1904, the child was forced to quit school and started working in a local shop when he was eleven years old. His father died in 1912. In 1915, during
4002-418: Was an uprising against Imperial Russian and Soviet rule in Central Asia by rebel groups inspired by Islamic beliefs . The movement's roots lay in the anti-conscription violence of 1916 which erupted when the Russian Empire began to draft Muslims for army service in World War I . In the months following the October 1917 Revolution , the Bolsheviks seized power in many parts of the Russian Empire and
4071-452: Was at this point exhausted by war. 200,000 people had fled Tajik lands, leaving two-thirds of arable land abandoned. Lesser devastation could be observed in Ferghana. In January 1929, after coming to power in Afghanistan during the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929) , Habibullāh Kalakāni allowed Basmachi insurgents to operate in northern Afghanistan, who then had established themselves in Imanseiide, Khan Abad , Rostaq , Taloqan , Fayzabad by
4140-436: Was carefully controlled as to not "touch" the farms and property of locals as to not affect their nationalistic or religious feelings. This was relatively successful, as the Afghan locals were friendly and guided them. Ibrahim Bek initially wanted to fight but after hearing of the cavalry's strength and lack of local Afghan sympathy, he halted plans. As a result the Soviets did not face organized resistance and managed to eliminate
4209-424: Was converted into a major cotton -growing region. The resulting economic development brought some small-scale industry to the region, but several scholars suggest that native shop workers were worse off than their Russian counterparts, and the new wealth from cotton was spread unevenly; many farmers became indebted. Many criminals organized into bands, forming the basis for the early Basmachi movement when it began in
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#17328548172754278-462: Was described as a " pogrom ," in which as many as 25,000 people died. This massacre, along with the execution of many Ferghana peasants who were suspected of hoarding cotton and food, incensed the Muslim population. Irgash Bey took up arms against the Soviets, declaring himself "Supreme Leader of the Islamic Army", and the Basmachi rebellion started in earnest. Meanwhile, Soviet troops temporarily deposed Emir Sayeed Alim Khan of Bukhara in favor of
4347-498: Was destroyed as a political and military force, the fighters who remained hidden in mountainous areas conducted a guerrilla war. The Basmachi uprising had died out in most parts of Central Asia by 1926. However, skirmishes and occasional fighting along the border with Afghanistan continued until the early 1930s. Junaid Khan threatened Khiva in 1926, but was finally exiled in 1928. Two prominent commanders, Faizal Maksum and Ibrahim Bey, continued to operate out of Afghanistan and conducted
4416-403: Was dominated by Russian colonists in Tashkent made Tsarist and Soviet rule appear identical. The ranks of the Basmachi were filled with those left jobless by poor economic conditions, and those who felt that they were opposing an attack on their way of life. The first Basmachi fighters were bandits, as their name suggests, and they reverted to brigandage as the movement fizzled later on. Although
4485-415: Was executed, the Afghan prime minister Mohammad Hashim Khan on behalf of the new king, Mohammed Nader Shah , demanded Ibrahim Bek to lay down arms against the Soviet Union, but he refused. Afghanistan and Soviet Union agreed for another intervention, launched by the Red Army in June 1930 and commanded by Colonel Yakov Melkumov . The cavalry brigade advanced 50–70 km inland in northern Afghanistan and
4554-706: Was invented from start to finish, if there had been no Panfilov, if there had been nothing, this is a sacred legend that shouldn't be interfered with. People that do that are filthy scum." Ivan Panfilov has been depicted by the following actors in film and television productions: Basmachi movement Tens of thousands of civilians killed. Several hundred thousand Kazakh and Kyrgyz people killed or evicted with an unknown amount dying to famine according to Sokol. Alternative estimate: The Basmachi movement ( Russian : Басмачество , romanized : Basmachestvo , derived from Uzbek : Босмачи , romanized: Bosmachi , lit. 'bandits')
4623-418: Was often used in Soviet sources because of its pejorative meaning. The Soviets portrayed the movement as being composed of brigands motivated by Islamic fundamentalism , waging a counterrevolutionary war with the support of British agents. In reality, the Basmachi were a diverse and multi-faceted group that received negligible foreign aid. The Basmachi were not viewed favorably by Western Powers , who saw
4692-420: Was returned to the field and later commanded an outpost in the Pamir Mountains . In April 1928 he was promoted to command a regiment, a post he held for three years. His involvement in the quelling of the Basmachi revolt gained him his second Order of the Red Banner, awarded in 1929. In June 1931 Panfilov was appointed commander of the 8th Independent Rifle Battalion. In December 1932 he was transferred to head
4761-509: Was transferred to the southern city of Tsaritsyn , taking part in the battle against Anton Denikin 's forces. During the campaign, Panfilov contacted typhus and had to be evacuated to the rear. In April 1920, after recovering, he volunteered to return to active duty. He was assigned as a platoon commander to the 100th Infantry Regiment and fought in the Polish-Soviet War , joining the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in September (membership number: 0291274). For his performances during
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