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39-500: According to the story of Kidung Pamacangah and Babad Arya Tabanan it was said that a figure from Kediri named Arya Damar who was a "regent of Palembang" joined Gajah Mada , ruler of Majapahit in conquering Bali in 1343. Historian C.C. Berg thought that Arya Damar was identical to Adityawarman . The name Palembang was also mentioned in Nagarakretagama as one of the conquered lands of Majapahit . Gajah Mada also mentioned

78-463: A new place at Kraton Beringin Janggut (now the site is located at Pasar 16 Ilir). During the reign of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I (1724–1758), the kraton was moved again to Kraton Kuto Lama. Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I had a plan to build the fourth kraton. The construction of the fort only started decades later in 1780, during the reign of Muhammad Bahauddin (1776–1803). The construction was supervised by

117-716: A new site called Beringin Janggut. After the Kuto Gawang was destroyed by the Dutch East India Company forces in 1659, Susuhunan Abdurrahman ordered the court to move to the new Kraton, the Beringin Janggut , which was located in the vicinity of the Old Mosque (now Jalan Segaran). There is no written record of how is the shape, size, or existence of Beringin Janggut. The area of the Kraton Beringin Janggut

156-774: Is a structure, possibly a mosque, located to the west of the Rengas River. The Kraton was described to also have three stone bastions . Foreigners (e.g. the Chinese and Portuguese) were known to settle on the banks of the Musi River opposite of the Kraton, to the west of the mouth of the Komering River. In 1659, the Dutch of the Dutch East India Company attacked and razed Kraton Kuto Gawang. The Susuhunan (king) Abdurrahman later moved his court to

195-518: Is an 18th-century kraton (Indonesian forted palace) in Palembang , South Sumatra . Kuto Besak was the center of the Sultanate of Palembang before its abolition by the Dutch colonial government. The fort was constructed in 1780 and took seventeen years to complete. Kuto Besak was inaugurated in 1797, marked by the transfer of the royal residence from the older Kuto Lamo to Kuto Besak. Before Kuto Besak,

234-477: Is now Plaju and Pulau Kemaro, a small island located in the middle of the Musi River. The Kraton of Kuto Gawang was sketched by Joan van der Laen in 1659. The sketch shows a fortified city facing the Musi River with the Rengas River running through the middle part of the city from north to south. The Taligawe River is located to the east of Kuto Gawang, while to the west is the Buah River. In the middle of Kuto Gawang

273-600: Is now the Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II museum. During the reign of Sultan Muhamad Bahaudin (1776–1803), the Kraton Kuto Besak ( lit.   ' great palace ' ) was built, and was completed in 1797. It is the largest kraton the Palembang Sultanate had built and the only remaining kraton today. Renovations over time have altered the appearance of the kraton. Kuto Besak was located to the west of

312-415: Is now the complex of PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja, a state-run fertilizer manufacturer. The Kraton of Kuto Gawang was surrounded by a square-shaped fortification made of 30 centimetres (12 in) thick ironwood and ulin wood . It is described to be about 290 Rijnlandsche roede (1093 meters) in length and width. The height of the wooden ramparts is more than 24 feet (7.3 m). The Kraton stretches between what

351-627: Is the main gate, known as Lawang Kuto. The secondary portals are known as Lawang Buratan, one portal still exists to the west of the Kuto Besak in present time. Following the Palembang War of 1821 and the dissolution of the Sultanate on 7 October 1823, the Kuto Tengkuruk was demolished. Following the deconstruction Kuto Tengkuruk, under the order of van Sevenhoven, a new building was constructed and

390-521: The British installed government of Indonesia.(which was not formally recognized by much of Indonesia, including Palembang) Specific Conflicts include the 1811 attack on a Dutch Fort garrison off the cost of the Musi River led by Sultanate forces. There was an investigation carried out by Dutch officials to determine whether British official Thomas Stamford Raffles coordinated with Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II to conduct

429-546: The Chinese using native and Chinese laborers. Construction took seventeen years and in 1797 the new fort was completed. Sultan Mahmud Bahauddin officially inaugurated the new fort on February 21, 1797. At the same time, the royal family and the government administration of the Sultanate moved to the new fort. At its completion, the fort was one of the four kratons of the Palembang Sultanate; the other kratons were Kraton Kuto Gawang, Kraton Beringin Janggut, and Kraton Kuto Batu/Kuto Lama, which together acted as administrative centers of

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468-571: The Dutch government. Regional control and influence of the Sultanate and its officials would decrease over time and be directly influenced by Dutch decisions and policy. Ports were to be opened and improved to promote trade to other countries as the Sumatra region hosted a center for peppers. There would be an increase to the immigration as a result, primarily Chinese and Arab merchants. The Dutch oil company Shell moved into Palembang in 1904 to begin production. Currently, there are two separate claimants to

507-531: The Kapuran to the north. The Tengkuruk stream was buried and converted into a street in 1928. The street is now Jalan Lintas Timur Sumatera, the street that leads to the Ampera Bridge . Inside the kraton were buildings used by the Palembang Sultanate's royal family. The palace proper, known as the dalem , stood inside a square and had a yard where two small sawo trees grew. The dalem was divided into two parts. One

546-653: The Second Expedition was successful. The political result would be the transfer of power from the Sultanate to the Dutch Colonial Government and in 1823, the dissolvement of the Sultanate in total. Dutch rule would last from June 1821 to December 27, 1949. Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II would be removed from his position by Dutch authority and replaced by his son, Sultan Ahmad Najamuddin III, who would maintain slight political power for 4 years until his status as Sultan

585-550: The Sultanate. On June 25, 1821, the Palembang Sultanate fell to the Dutch colonial government. The kraton Kuto Besak was officially taken over by the Dutch colonial government on July 1, 1821. Before the kraton was taken over by force, the Sultan ordered the destruction of all the valuables inside the kraton. When the Dutch entered the kraton, they discovered only books, several coins and gold, and 74 cannons. On July 13, 1821, Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II and his relatives were exiled from

624-512: The center of the Sultanate of Palembang was located at Kraton Kuto Gawang, located at what is now the headquarters of the Pupuk Sriwidjaja, a state-owned fertilizer company. In 1651, the kraton was attacked by the Dutch East India Company who wanted to monopolize the trade in Palembang. The attack devastated the fortified palace of Kuto Gawang and as a result, the royal palace was transferred to

663-572: The clearing of the jungle and founding of a new settlement in Besuki (East Java), while the Babad Dipanegara relates the events connected with the insurrection of Diponegoro . Kakawin are long epic poems in a defined metre inherited from Sanskrit poetic forms. Kidung are epic poems in Javanese metres . Kuto Besak Kuto Besak , also Benteng Kuto Besak (Indonesian "Kuto Besak Fortress")

702-404: The fifty-hectares wide Kraton Kuto Tengkuruk or Kuto Lamo ( lit.   ' old palace ' ) became the main center of the Palembang Sultanate. Kraton Kuto Tengkuruk was bordered with Kapuran River (now Pasar Cinde) to the north, Tengkuruk River to the east (in what is now the complex of Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang), River Musi to the south, and Sekanak River (now Lambidaro River in 36 Ilir) to

741-464: The how and why of certain circumstances. These texts are important for the knowledge of Javanese perspectives on the past. Scholars of Javanese history have paid much attention to theoretical questions, aiming at a balanced evaluation of Javanese historiography next to Western historiography. In doing so they focused on Old and Modern Javanese sources, drawing both on written sources and archaeological and epigraphic material. The debate continues up to

780-464: The inner buildings of the 18th-century fort degraded slowly, despite its former might and importance. The fort is still closed to the public. Kraton Kuto Besak was strategically located overlooking the River Musi as part of the defensive strategy of the Sultanate at that time. It was surrounded by a roughly 30 feet (9.1 m) high white-washed brick wall. Bricks are mainly used for the construction of

819-514: The invasion of Portuguese Controlled Melaka . In 1596, Palembang was attacked and razed by the Dutch East India Company . In 1659, the name Sri Susuhunan Abdurrahman was recorded as sovereign of the Palembang Sultanate. Records of connection with the VOC have been mentioned since the year 1601. At the beginning of the 17th century, Palembang became one of the centers of Islam in Indonesia. The precursor of

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858-547: The kraton to the island of Ternate , Maluku . Mahmud Badaruddin stayed in Ternate until his death on September 26, 1852. The kraton was then re-purposed as the residence for Resident R. Keer and mess halls for 400 Dutch soldiers. Today Kuto Besak is used as the headquarters of the defense command Kodam II/Sriwijaya , a legacy from the colonial era which the Indonesian government did not manage to change. With very little maintenance,

897-466: The name Palembang in Pararaton as one of the regions that he conquered. A Chinese chronicle Chu-fan-chi written in 1178 by Chou-Ju-Kua recorded the name Pa-lin-fong , a reference to Palembang. Around 1513, Tomé Pires an adventurer from Portugal mentioned Palembang , a kingdom which is led by a patron who was appointed from Java and was then referred to as the Sultanate of Demak and participated in

936-507: The northwest is shaped like a pentagon. The main gate of the fort is known as lawang kuto , located facing the Musi River. The other two gates, the lawang borotan is located in the west side and the east side of the fort. When the kraton was completed in late 18th-century, the kraton was surrounded by Palembang's many crisscrossing streams: the Sekanak to the west, the Tengkuruk to the east, and

975-416: The operation. Results found copies letters between Raffles and Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II but without unquestionable evidence. The First Expedition to Palembang in 1819 resulted in the defeat of Dutch forces invading Palembang in 1819. Leaders of the conflict included Constantijn Johan Wolterbeek and Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II . Accounts from Johan Wolterbeek mention that the heavily fortified coasts of

1014-421: The present. Babads as a genre belong to the traditional literature. A characteristic of this kind of literature is that it is written in metrical form and is governed by a set of strict conventions. In traditional Javanese society, prose ( gancaran ) was not considered to be belles letters but was considered to be merely sets of notes or aide-mémoires . This approach reflected the way in which literature

1053-458: The rivers of Palembang prevented Naval assault, thus halting the expedition. Neither side of the conflict obtained casualties in direct relation to combat on either side. The Second Expedition to Palembang in 1821 resulted in the defeat of the Sultanate of Palembang defending against Dutch forces. Leaders of the conflict included Hendrik Merkus de Kock and Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II . In collaboration with information gathered by Wolterbeek ,

1092-403: The site of old Kuto Tengkuruk. The site of Kuto Besak has a length of 288.75 meters, width of 183.75 meters, wall heightof 9.99 meters, and wall thickness of 1.99 meters which ran long east–west direction (upstream-downstream Musi). In every corner of the fortification wall are bastions, and the portal to the fortified city is located on the eastern, southern, and western sides. The southern portal

1131-628: The sultanate in Palembang was founded by Ki Gede ing Suro , a nobleman from the Demak Sultanate , who took refuge in friendly Palembang during the troubles following the death of Trenggana of Demak. On the north bank of the Musi River , he and the nobilities established a kraton , the Kuto Gawang . It was located quite strategically on the riverfront of the Musi , in the present 2-Ilir District, within what

1170-566: The sultanate, each running their own courts. In 2003, the Palembang Sultanate Custom Community Council ( Indonesian : Majelis Adat Kesultanan Palembang Darussalam ) recognized Raden Haji Muhammad Syafei Prabu Diradja, a retired police officer, as a descendant of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II and proceeded to elect him as Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin III. The coronation took place in Lawang Kidul Mosque, near

1209-460: The tomb of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I (reigned 1724–1756). The elderly Mahmud Badaruddin III later died on 8 September 2017, and was succeeded by his youngest son and heir apparent Raden Muhammad Fauwaz Diradja, who reigned as Mahmud Badaruddin IV. In 2006, Haji Raden Mahmud Badaruddin, chairman of Palembang Sultanate Lineage Association ( Indonesian : Himpunan Zuriat Kesultanan Palembang Darussalam ),

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1248-400: The wall. The bonding adhesive used for the bricks is a mixture of egg white and limestone taken from the upstream region of Ogan River. The brick wall surrounds the kraton, which is rectangular in shape of 288.75 metres (947.3 ft) long and 183.75 metres (602.9 ft) wide. The wall is equipped with bastions, three bastions at the east, south, and west are trapezoid-shaped, while the one on

1287-414: The west. The landmarks of Kraton Kuto Tengkuruk were the domed Great Mosque and the palace proper of Kuto Batu / Kuto Tengkuruk. Sultan Muhammad Bahauddin (reigned 1776–1803) had Kuto Besak's palace built. In 1821, the Dutch attacked Palembang again and annexed the city. The sultanate is dissolved and the fort of Kuto Tengkuruk, deconstructed. The Dutch have built in its place an administrative residence which

1326-525: Was crowned Sultan Iskandar Mahmud Badaruddin following an adat deliberation. He is a direct male-line descendant of Prince Purboyo, son of Sultan Muhammad Mansyur, and the daughter of Mahmud Badaruddin I. The Palembang Sultanate was formally abolished in 1825, the sultans hold no authority beyond cultural and customary duties. Babad Javanese literature has a very large historical component. In all sorts of texts, such as laudatory poems , chronicles , and travelogues , writers have interpreted

1365-602: Was established as the residence of the Regeering Commissaris . The building is now Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Museum . The Sultanate of Palembang was involved in skirmishes with the Dutch Colonial Empire and the private joint-stock companies such as the Dutch East India Company . After losing control of Palembang following a series of skirmishes and ambushes with Sultanate forces, the Dutch gave way briefly to

1404-538: Was known to be surrounded by a network of canals: the Musi River to the south, the Tengkuruk River to the west, Penedan canal to the north, and Rendang or Karang Waru River to the east. The Penedan Canal was connected with the Kemenduran, Kapuran, and Kebon Duku canals. The network of canals was the main mode of transportation for people during this period of the Sultanate. During the reign of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I,

1443-401: Was presented: text was not usually read in silence but, rather, was recited or sung to an audience. Every metre had its own particular melody or melodies to which it was sung, in harmony with the contents of the story. The word babad means 'a story about past events', 'text on the clearing of (the land...)', i.e. 'story about the origin of this or that settlement'. The Babad Basuki relates

1482-477: Was revoked by Dutch officials after he had attempted to escape to the Bengkulu region . In 1821 the Dutch implemented a Bureaucracy with an appointed governor and regional heads of authority to manage assigned districts of the area. They were considered a higher power than of that of the Sultan. Islamic religious courts were not altered. When the Sultanate was abolished, so was the allowance given to Palembang nobles by

1521-516: Was the sultan's private quarters separated from other parts by a wall. The other parts of the dalem was a building for the noble women. The kraton also had a pond with small boats, surrounded with garden of fruit trees, a typical feature in the kraton of Indonesia. Many buildings are established outside the wall of the Kraton Kuto Besak e.g. Pemarekan Building (building used to welcome guests of honor) and Pendopo Pemarekan, both are located to

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