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42-429: The palatine bones are situated at the back of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone . They contribute to the walls of three cavities: the floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the orbits. They help to form the pterygopalatine and pterygoid fossae , and the inferior orbital fissures . Each palatine bone somewhat resembles

84-417: A fully comprehensive account of the anatomical medical understanding available at the time of publication. The explosion of medical knowledge in the 20th century led to a vast expansion of the book, which threatened to collapse under its own weight metaphorically and physically. From the 35th edition onward, increased efforts were made to reverse this trend and keep the book readable by students. Nevertheless,

126-529: A mobile articulation with the cranium . There are numerous variations amongst mammals, amphibians and other species. For example, the palatine bone in many amphibians such as the rough-skinned newt manifests as a distinct V-shaped structure. In the case of cat species, the horizontal and a vertical elements join at a 45-degree angle. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 166 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) Nasal cavity The nasal cavity

168-451: A readership of medical students and physicians in mind, especially surgeons . For many decades however, precisely because Gray's textbook became such a classic, successive editors made major efforts to preserve its position as possibly the most authoritative text on the subject in English. Toward this end, a long-term strategy appears to have been to make each edition come close to containing

210-399: Is a large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face . The nasal septum divides the cavity into two cavities, also known as fossae . Each cavity is the continuation of one of the two nostrils . The nasal cavity is the uppermost part of the respiratory system and provides the nasal passage for inhaled air from the nostrils to the nasopharynx and rest of

252-401: Is divided into two segments: the respiratory segment and the olfactory segment. There is a rich blood supply to the nasal cavity. Blood supply comes from branches of both the internal and external carotid artery , including branches of the facial artery and maxillary artery . The named arteries of the nose are: Innervation of the nasal cavity responsible for the sense of smell is via

294-417: Is formed in its upper third to one half by the nasal bone and more inferiorly by the junctions of the upper lateral cartilage and nasal septum. Connective tissue and skin cover the bony and cartilaginous components of the nasal dorsum . The floor of the nasal cavities, which also form the roof of the mouth, is made up by the bones of the hard palate: the horizontal plate of the palatine bone posteriorly and

336-440: Is the 42nd edition. The more popular 41st edition of Gray's Anatomy was published on 25 September 2015 by Elsevier in both print and online versions, and is the first edition to have enhanced online content including anatomical videos and a bonus Gray's imaging library. The 41st edition also has 24 specially invited online commentaries on contemporary anatomical topics such as advances in electron and fluorescent microscopy ;

378-621: The Anatomy Act of 1832, the two worked for 18 months on what would form the basis of the book. Their work was first published in 1858 by John William Parker in London. It was dedicated by Gray to Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet . An imprint of this English first edition was published in the United States in 1859, with slight alterations. Gray prepared a second, revised edition, which

420-988: The Second American Edition (February 1862); the New Third American from the Fifth English Edition (May 1870); the New American from the Eighth English Edition (July 1878); and the New American from the Tenth English Edition (August 1883). W. W. Keen edited the next two editions, namely: the New American from the Eleventh English Edition (September 1887); and the New American from the Thirteenth English Edition (September 1893). In September 1896, reference to

462-432: The esophagus and is digested in the stomach. The nasal cavity also houses the sense of smell and contributes greatly to taste sensation through its posterior communication with the mouth via the choanae . Diseases of the nasal cavity include viral , bacterial and fungal infections, nasal cavity tumors , both benign and much more often malignant, as well as inflammations of the nasal mucosa . Many problems can affect

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504-457: The labyrinth of ethmoid and the inferior concha . The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity through small orifices called ostia . Most of these ostia communicate with the nose through the lateral nasal wall, via a semi-lunar depression in it known as the semilunar hiatus . The hiatus is bound laterally by a projection known as the uncinate process . This region is called the ostiomeatal complex . The roof of each nasal cavity

546-407: The lateral nasal cartilage , and posteriorly by the nasal sill. The internal nasal valve is bounded laterally by the caudal border of the lateral nasal cartilage, medially by the dorsal nasal septum , and inferiorly by the anterior border of the inferior turbinate . The internal nasal valve is the narrowest region of the nasal cavity and is the primary site of nasal resistance. The nasal cavity

588-431: The mucous glands is carried on postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers originating from the facial nerve . The two nasal cavities condition the air to be received by the other areas of the respiratory tract . Owing to the large surface area provided by the nasal conchae (also known as turbinates), the air passing through the nasal cavity is warmed or cooled to within 1 degree of body temperature . In addition,

630-401: The nostrils of the vestibule are the nasal hair , which filter dust and other matter that are breathed in. The back of the cavity blends, via the choanae , into the nasopharynx . The nasal cavity is divided in two by the vertical nasal septum . On the side of each nasal cavity are three horizontal outgrowths called nasal conchae (singular "concha") or turbinates. These turbinates disrupt

672-417: The olfactory nerve , which sends microscopic fibers from the olfactory bulb through the cribriform plate to reach the top of the nasal cavity. General sensory innervation is by branches of the trigeminal nerve (V 1 and V 2 ): The nasal cavity is innervated by autonomic fibers. Sympathetic innervation to the blood vessels of the mucosa causes them to constrict , while the control of secretion by

714-409: The respiratory tract . The paranasal sinuses surround and drain into the nasal cavity. The term "nasal cavity" can refer to each of the two cavities of the nose, or to the two sides combined. The lateral wall of each nasal cavity mainly consists of the maxilla . However, there is a deficiency that is compensated for by the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone , the medial pterygoid plate ,

756-526: The 14th, 15th and 16th editions. Then the American numbering crept ahead, with the 17th American edition published in 1908, while the 17th British edition was published in 1909. This increased to a three-year gap for the 18th and 19th editions, leading to the 1913 publication of the New American from the Eighteenth English , which brought the numbering back into line. Both 20th editions were then published in

798-479: The 25th (August 1948), 26th (July 1954), 27th (August 1959), 28th (August 1966), and 29th (January 1973). Carmine D. Clemente edited and extensively revised the 30th edition (October 1984). With the sale of Lea & Febiger in 1990, the 30th edition was the last American Edition. Sometimes separate editing efforts with mismatches between British and American edition numbering led to the existence, for many years, of two main "flavours" or "branches" of Gray's Anatomy :

840-425: The 38th edition contained 2,092 pages in large format – the highest page count of any and an increase from the 35th edition, which had 1,471 pages. The 41st edition has 1,584 pages. Newer editions of Gray's Anatomy – and even several recent older ones – are still considered to be the most comprehensive and detailed textbooks on the subject. Despite previous efforts to keep Gray's Anatomy readable by students, when

882-524: The 39th edition acknowledged the validity of both approaches but switched to regional anatomy by popular demand. Older, out-of-copyright editions of the book continue to be reprinted and sold, particularly on the internet. However it is not always clear which (British or American) edition these books are republications of. Many seem to be reprints of the 1901 (probably U.S.) edition. Additionally, there are several sites where various older versions can be read online. Henry Gray wrote Gray's Anatomy with

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924-670: The English edition was dropped and it was published as the Fourteenth Edition , edited by Bern B. Gallaudet, F. J. Brockway, and J. P. McMurrich, who also edited the Fifteenth Edition (October 1901). There is also an edition dated 1896 which does still reference the English edition stating it is "A New Edition, Thoroughly Revised by American Authorities, from the thirteenth English Edition" and edited by T. Pickering Pick , F.R.C.S. and published by Lea Brothers & Co., Philadelphia and New York. The Sixteenth Edition (October 1905)

966-792: The Human Body and Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Applied , but the book's name is commonly shortened to, and later editions are titled, Gray's Anatomy . The book is widely regarded as an extremely influential work on the subject. The English anatomist Henry Gray was born in 1827. He studied the development of the endocrine glands and spleen and in 1853 was appointed Lecturer on Anatomy at St George's Hospital Medical School in London . In 1855, he approached his colleague Henry Vandyke Carter with his idea to produce an inexpensive and accessible anatomy textbook for medical students. Dissecting unclaimed bodies from workhouse and hospital mortuaries through

1008-497: The J.W. Parker publishing business. This coincided with the publication date of the third British edition of Gray's Anatomy. Successive British editions of Gray's Anatomy continued to be published under the Longman, and more recently Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier imprints, reflecting further changes in ownership of the publishing companies over the years. The full American rights were purchased by Blanchard and Lea, who published

1050-465: The U.S. and the British one. This can easily cause misunderstandings and confusion, especially when quoting from or trying to purchase a certain edition. For example, a comparison of publishing histories shows that the American numbering kept roughly apace with the British up until the 16th editions in 1905, with the American editions either acknowledging the English edition, or simply matching the numbering in

1092-401: The air is humidified, and dust and other particulate matter is removed by nasal hair in the nostrils. The entire mucosa of the nasal cavity is covered by a blanket of mucus, which lies superficial to the microscopic cilia and also filters inspired air. The cilia of the respiratory epithelium move the secreted mucus and particulate matter posteriorly towards the pharynx where it passes into

1134-406: The airflow, directing air toward the olfactory epithelium on the surface of the turbinates and the septum. The vomeronasal organ is located at the back of the septum and has a role in pheromone detection. The nasal cavity has a nasal valve area that includes an external nasal valve and an internal nasal valve . The external nasal valve is bounded medially by the columella , laterally by

1176-402: The body the structures are located in – e.g. the anatomy of the bones, blood vessels and nerves, etc. of the upper extremity is described in one place). All editions of Gray's Anatomy previous to the 39th were organized by systemic anatomy (i.e., there were separate sections for the body's entire skeletal system , entire circulatory system and entire nervous system , etc.). The editors of

1218-428: The first of twenty-five distinct American editions of Gray's Anatomy in 1862, and whose company became Lea & Febiger in 1908. Lea & Febiger continued publishing the American editions until the company was sold in 1990. The first American publication was edited by Richard James Dunglison, whose father Robley Dunglison was physician to Thomas Jefferson . Dunglison edited the next four editions. These were:

1260-430: The floor of the nasal cavity; anteriorly, they join with the maxillae. The two horizontal plates articulate with each other at the posterior part of the median palatine suture and more anteriorly with the maxillae at the transverse palatine suture. The human palatine articulates with six bones: the sphenoid , ethmoid , maxilla , inferior nasal concha , vomer and opposite palatine. There are two important foramina in

1302-421: The lesser palatine nerve and blood vessels to the soft palate and tonsils. Both foramina are openings of the pterygopalatine canal that carries the descending palatine nerves and blood vessels from the pterygopalatine fossa to the palate. The sphenopalatine foramen is the opening between the sphenoid bone and orbital processes of the palatine bone; it opens into the nasal cavity and gives passage to branches from

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1344-410: The letter L, and consists of a horizontal plate , a perpendicular plate , and three projecting processes—the pyramidal process , which is directed backward and lateral from the junction of the two parts, and the orbital and sphenoidal processes , which surmount the vertical part, and are separated by a deep notch, the sphenopalatine notch. The two plates form the posterior part of the hard palate and

1386-400: The midline of the mouth. This forms the rear of the hard palate , separating the oral and nasal cavities, and making it easier to breathe while eating. A parallel development has occurred to varying degrees in many living reptiles, reaching its greatest extent in crocodilians . In birds , the palatine bones remain separate, long the sides of the rear part of the upper jaw, and typically have

1428-549: The neurovascular bundles of the prostate ; stem cells in regenerative medicine ; the anatomy of facial aging; and technical aspects and applications of diagnostic radiology . The senior editor of this book and accompanying website on ExpertConsult is Professor Susan Standring , who is Emeritus Professor of Anatomy at King's College London . The three most recent editions differ from all previous editions in an important aspect: they present anatomical structures by their regional anatomy (i.e., ordered according to what part of

1470-454: The nose, including: Gray%27s Anatomy Gray's Anatomy is a reference book of human anatomy written by Henry Gray , illustrated by Henry Vandyke Carter and first published in London in 1858. It has had multiple revised editions, and the current edition, the 42nd (October 2020), remains a standard reference, often considered "the doctors' bible ". Earlier editions were called Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical , Anatomy of

1512-417: The palatine bones that transmit nerves and blood vessels to this region: the greater and lesser palatine. The larger greater palatine foramen is located in the posterolateral region of each of the palatine bones, usually at the apex of the maxillary third molar. The greater palatine foramen transmits the greater palatine nerve and blood vessels. A smaller opening nearby, the lesser palatine foramen , transmits

1554-401: The palatine process of the maxilla anteriorly. The most anterior part of the nasal cavity is the nasal vestibule . The vestibule is enclosed by the nasal cartilages and lined by the same epithelium of the skin (stratified squamous, keratinized). Within the vestibule, this changes into the typical respiratory epithelium that lines the rest of the nasal cavity and respiratory tract . Inside

1596-403: The pterygopalatine ganglion and the sphenopalatine artery from the maxillary artery. In bony fish , the palatine bone consists of the perpendicular plate only, lying on the inner edge of the maxilla. The lower surface of the bone may bear several teeth, forming a second row behind those of the maxilla; in many cases, these are actually larger than the maxillary teeth. Although a similar pattern

1638-470: The same year (1918). Thereafter, it was the British numbering that pushed ahead, with the 21st British edition in 1920, and the 21st American edition in 1924. This discrepancy continued to increase, so that the 30th British edition was published in 1949, while the 30th and last American edition was published in 1984. The current editions also contain histology , embryology , and pathology subjects that complements anatomical knowledge. The newest edition

1680-805: Was edited by J. C. DaCosta, and the Seventeenth (September 1908) by DaCosta and E. A. Spitzka . Spitzka edited the Eighteenth (Oct. 1910) and Nineteenth (July 1913) editions, and in October 1913, R. Howden edited the New American from the Eighteenth English Edition . The "American" editions then continued with consecutive numbering from the Twentieth onwards, with W. H. Lewis editing the 20th (September. 1918), 21st (August 1924), 22nd (August 1930), 23rd (July 1936), and 24th (May 1942). Charles Mayo Goss edited

1722-404: Was present in primitive tetrapods , the palatine bone is reduced in most living amphibians , forming, in frogs and salamanders , only a narrow bar between the vomer and maxilla. Early fossil reptiles retained the arrangement seen in more primitive vertebrates, but in mammals , the lower surface of the palatine became folded over during evolution, forming the horizontal plate, and meeting in

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1764-515: Was published in the United Kingdom in 1860, also by J.W. Parker. However, Gray died the following year, at the age of 34, having contracted smallpox while treating his nephew (who survived). His death had come just three years after the initial publication of his Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical . Even so, the work on his much-praised book was continued by others. Longman 's publication reportedly began in 1863, after their acquisition of

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