This is a complete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1832 .
39-466: The Anatomy Act 1832 ( 2 & 3 Will. 4 . c. 75) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that gave free licence to doctors , teachers of anatomy and bona fide medical students to dissect donated bodies . It was enacted in response to public revulsion at the illegal trade in corpses . The 19th century ushered in a new-found medical interest in detailed anatomy thanks to an increase in
78-602: A change in the law. In 1831 public outcry at the activities of the London Burkers caused further pressure for a Bill. Public sentiment notwithstanding, there was substantial opposition to the Bill. Henry Hunt , the MP for Preston , criticised the proposals, recommending instead "that the bodies of all our Kings be dissected, instead of expending seven or eight hundred thousand pounds of the public money for their interment." They tell us it
117-558: A means of obtaining corpses for medical study. Mobs continued to protest against the Act into the 1840s, in the belief that it still failed to prevent the sale of paupers' bodies for medical research without their consent. An anatomical theatre in Cambridge was vandalised late in 1833 "by an angry mob determined to put a stop to the dissection of a man; this wave of popular protest alarmed the medical profession who resolved to hide its activities from
156-418: A person, following the example of Jeremy Bentham , left their own body for dissection in the name of the advancement of science; but even then, if the person's relatives objected, it was not received. Before the Act, anatomical research was difficult; for example, the anatomy of the nervous system was poorly understood. The Act was effective in ending the practice of resurrectionists , who robbed graves as
195-653: Is unamended. Many repeals were under the Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act 1997 (a consolidation act) or the Criminal Law Act 1997 (which abolished penal servitude and the felony – misdemeanour distinction). See the Criminal Justice Act 2003 for further provisions about sentencing for manslaughter and for offences under sections 4 and 16 to 47 of this act. Sections 1 to 3 dealt with
234-557: The 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom , which met from 6 December 1831 until 16 August 1832. This session was also traditionally cited as 2 & 3 W. 4 or 2 & 3 Wm. 4 . Offences against the Person Act 1861 The Offences against the Person Act 1861 ( 24 & 25 Vict. c. 100) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . It consolidated provisions related to offences against
273-691: The Irish Statute Book as of 2022. The Act was repealed by the Anatomy Act 1984 , which was in turn repealed by the Human Tissue Act 2004 . Access to corpses for the purposes of medical science is now regulated by the Human Tissue Authority . The Act was repealed by the Anatomy (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 , itself later repealed. 2 %26 3 Will. 4 Note that the first parliament of
312-668: The Offences against the Person Act 1828 . Section 10 was first enacted in 1728/29 by the Murder Act 1728 ( 2 Geo. 2 . c. 21). See also section 72 of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 . Sections 11 to 15 dealt with attempts to murder and have been repealed. See now the Criminal Attempts Act 1981 . Section 11 – Administering poison or wounding or causing grievous bodily harm with intent to murder This section replaced section 2 of
351-599: The Offences against the Person Act 1837 ( 7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict. c. 85). Section 12 – Destroying or damaging a building with gunpowder with intent to murder This section replaced section 2 of the Arson Act 1846 ( 9 & 10 Vict. c. 25) (Malicious injuries by fire) Section 13 – Setting fire to or casting away a ship with intent to murder Section 14 – Attempting to administer poison, or shooting or attempting to shoot, or attempting to drown, suffocate or strangle with intent to murder This section replaced section 3 of
390-427: The Offences against the Person Act 1837 . Section 15 – Attempting to commit murder by any other means Section 16 The making of a threat to kill is an offence wherein the defendant intends the victim to fear it will be carried out. It is immaterial whether it is premeditated or said in anger. Although the normal maximum sentence is ten years, offenders deemed to present a "significant risk" of "serious harm" to
429-428: The Offences against the Person Act 1861 . The Anatomy Act provided for the needs of physicians , surgeons , and students by giving them legal access to corpses that were unclaimed after death – in particular, corpses of those who had died in hospital , prison , or a workhouse . Further, a person could donate the corpse of a next of kin in exchange for burial at the expense of the anatomy school. Occasionally
SECTION 10
#1732852672635468-539: The Act was section 7, which stipulated that a person having lawful possession of a body could permit it to undergo "anatomical examination" (dissection) provided that no relative objected. Most of the other sections were subsidiary, detailing the methods for carrying section 7 into effect. Also, section 16 repealed parts of sections 4 and 5 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1828 , which had consolidated several provisions from several earlier statutes and had retained
507-668: The Person Act 1828 . Section 9 gives the courts in England, Wales and Ireland extra-territorial jurisdiction over homicides committed by British subjects overseas. At the time of passing this was a more expansive definition, including the Dominions, but was restricted to just British subjects linked to the United Kingdom and its colonies by section 3 of the British Nationality Act 1948 .) Section 10 gives these courts jurisdiction over fatal acts committed by British subjects overseas where
546-490: The United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland ). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland . For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain . See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland . For acts of
585-614: The act had 79 sections. In England and Wales , 37 sections remain in force, namely sections 4, 5, 9, 10, 16 to 18, 20 to 38, 44, 45, 47, 57 to 60, 64, 65, 68 and 78. Of those, only sections 25, 34 to 36 and 78 have not been either partially repealed or otherwise amended. Different subsets of its provisions remain in force in Northern Ireland . In the Republic of Ireland , as of 12 December 2023 , sections 4, 5, 9, 10, 48, 57, 60 to 63, and 68 remain in force, of which only section 63
624-790: The act in 1866. In England and Wales and in Northern Ireland, the sexual offences under the act have all been repealed. For legislation referring to sexual offences, see the Sexual Offences Act 2003 and the Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 . In Northern Ireland, the 1861 Act was the basis for a ban on abortion until 2019 when it was amended by the Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019 . The act as originally drafted listed specific methods whereby harm might be caused. For example, section 18 originally included an offence of shooting which could be committed with any of
663-485: The commencement" of that order (art.5(3)). This section creates the offence of soliciting to murder . This section creates the offence of conspiracy to murder in the Republic of Ireland . The repeal of as much of this section as related to the offence of conspiracy to murder for England and Wales was consequential on the codification of conspiracy by Part I of the Criminal Law Act 1977 . The effect of this section, in relation to conspiracy to commit murder abroad,
702-460: The corresponding provision in section 3 of the Offences against the Person Act 1828 ( 9 Geo. 4 . c. 31) and section 4 of the corresponding Irish act, the Offences Against the Person (Ireland) Act 1829 ( 10 Geo. 4 . c. 34). This section provided that the body of every person executed for murder was to be buried within the precincts of the last prison in which he had been confined, and that his sentence
741-454: The death occurs in England, Wales or Ireland, and jurisdiction over fatal acts committed in England, Wales or Ireland by anyone, including aliens, where the death occurs abroad. (The word "criminally" in that section has been held to exclude fatal acts done by aliens overseas although the death occurs in England, Wales or Ireland, since such acts are not punishable under the criminal law.) Sections 9 and 10 respectively replace sections 7 and 8 of
780-489: The death penalty for murder and have been repealed. In the Republic of Ireland, the references to murder in these sections were changed to references to capital murder by section 15 of the Criminal Justice Act 1964 . They were repealed by section 9(1) of, and the second schedule to, the Criminal Justice Act 1990 . But the repeal of section 1 did not affect the operation of sections 64 to 68.(s.9(2)) This section replaced
819-546: The devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament , the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly , and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru ; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland . The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by
SECTION 20
#1732852672635858-502: The end were repealed by Part I of Tenth Schedule to the Criminal Justice Act 1948 . The other words were repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1892 . This means imprisonment for life: See section 1(2) of the Criminal Justice Act 1948 and section 1(2) of the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1953 and section 11(2) of the Criminal Law Act 1997 . Sections 6 to 8 have been repealed. They respectively dealt with
897-475: The form of the indictment for murder and manslaughter, with excusable homicide and with petty treason. Section 6 replaced section 4 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1851 ( 14 & 15 Vict. c. 100). This section was repealed for the Republic of Ireland on 22 August 1924. Section 7 replaced section 10 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1828 . Section 8 replaced section 2 of the Offences Against
936-504: The general public, and to a greater or lesser extent it has been doing so ever since". The original extent was specified as Great Britain and Ireland . The Act (less any amendments) remains in force in Scotland and the Republic of Ireland. The Act remains in force, with amendments, under the Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006 ; Scotland retains an Inspector of Anatomy. The Act remains in
975-447: The importance of surgery. In order to study anatomy, human cadavers were needed and thus ushered in the practice of grave robbing. Before 1832, the Murder Act 1752 stipulated that only the corpses of executed murderers could be used for dissection. By the early 19th century, the rise of medical science – coinciding with a reduction in the number of executions – had caused demand to outstrip supply. Around 1810, an anatomical society
1014-562: The last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number. All modern acts have a short title , e.g. the Local Government Act 2003. Some earlier acts also have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896 . The second session of
1053-489: The law. It is essentially a revised version of an earlier consolidation act, the Offences Against the Person Act 1828 (and the equivalent Irish Act), incorporating subsequent statutes. Although it has been substantially amended, it continues to be the foundation for prosecuting personal injury, short of murder, in the courts of England and Wales . The act was also adopted in British possessions . For example, New Zealand adopted
1092-494: The person (an expression which, in particular, includes offences of violence) from a number of earlier statutes into a single Act. For the most part these provisions were, according to the draftsman of the Act, incorporated with little or no variation in their phraseology. It is one of a group of Acts sometimes referred to as the Criminal Law Consolidation Acts 1861 . It was passed with the object of simplifying
1131-463: The proper treatment of all bodies dissected in the building for which their licence was granted. Regulating these licensed teachers, and receiving constant reports from them, were four inspectors of anatomy, one each for London, the rest of England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, who reported to the Home Secretary, and knew the whereabouts of every body being dissected. The principal provision of
1170-527: The provision of 1752 that the bodies of murderers were to be hung in chains or dissected after execution. Section 16 provided instead that such bodies were to be either hung in chains or buried within the precincts of the last prison in which the deceased had been confined. The provision for hanging in chains was repealed by the Hanging in Chains Act 1834 , and the whole section was repealed and replaced by section 3 of
1209-545: The public can now receive a life sentence under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 . Other threats of violence may be prosecuted summarily under section 4 of the Public Order Act 1986 . This section, as originally enacted, replaced the offence of sending, delivering or uttering a letter or writing threatening to kill or murder under section 1 of 10 & 11 Vict. c. 66 (1847); the other offences under that section being consolidated elsewhere. In Northern Ireland, this section
Anatomy Act 1832 - Misplaced Pages Continue
1248-585: The specified intents. Sections 11 to 15 specified various means by which a person might attempt to commit murder. In some cases, these reflected political issues then of great significance. For example, the Fenians were promoting their political case by leaving barrels of explosives in public places. Hence, sections 28 to 30 and 64 specifically address the problem, whether injury results or not. Similarly, children were throwing stones at passing railway trains, and these provisions remain in force. As originally enacted,
1287-493: The year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus "41 Geo. 3" rather than "41 Geo. III"). Acts of
1326-473: Was formed to impress upon the government the necessity for altering the law. Among its members were John Abernethy , Charles Bell , Everard Home , Benjamin Brodie , Astley Cooper , and Henry Cline . The efforts of this body gave rise in 1828 to a select committee to report on the question. The report of this committee led to the Bill. Public revulsion at the recent West Port murders swayed opinion in favour of
1365-548: Was introduced in 1832. Though strongly opposed by Hunt , Sadler , and Vyvyan , it was supported by Macaulay and O'Connell . It was passed by the House of Lords on 19 July 1832. The Act provided that anyone intending to practise anatomy had to obtain a licence from the Home Secretary . Usually, one or two teachers in each institution took out this licence and hence were known as licensed teachers. They accepted responsibility for
1404-558: Was necessary for science. Science? Why, who is science for? Not for poor people. Then if it is necessary for science, let them have the bodies of the rich, for whose benefit science is cultivated. In 1829 the Royal College of Surgeons petitioned against it, and it was withdrawn in the House of Lords owing to the opposition of the Archbishop of Canterbury William Howley . A new Anatomy Bill
1443-632: Was preserved by section 1(4) of that Act. The repeal of as much of this section as related to the offence of conspiracy to murder for Northern Ireland was consequential on the codification of conspiracy by Part IV of the Criminal Attempts and Conspiracy (Northern Ireland) Order 1983 ( SI 1983 /1120). This section now provides that a person convicted of manslaughter in English law is liable to imprisonment for life or for any shorter term. In England and Wales it now reads: The words "or to pay" to
1482-577: Was substituted by article 4 of the Criminal Law (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1977 ( SI 1977 /1249). In the Republic of Ireland, this section has been repealed and replaced by section 5 of the Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act 1997 . In the Republic of Ireland, sections 16 to 26 and 28 to 34 of this Act were repealed by section 31 of, and the Schedule to, the Non-Fatal Offences against
1521-466: Was to direct that this should happen. It replaced the corresponding provision in section 16 of the Anatomy Act 1832 (as amended by section 1 of the next mentioned Act) and replaced section 2 of the Hanging in Chains Act 1834 ( 4 & 5 Will. 4 . c. 26). The penalty for offences under this section was increased by article 5(1) of the Criminal Law (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1977 ( SI 1977 /1249) but not in relation to offences "committed before
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