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71-687: This Council is similar in structure and role to the Cabinet of Malaysia , while being smaller in size. As federal and state responsibilities differ, there are a number of portfolios that differ between the federal and state governments. Members of the Council are selected by the Menteri Besar, appointed by the Sultan. The Council has no ministry, but instead a number of committees; each committee will take care of certain state affairs, activities and departments. Members of

142-617: A liberal reformer and intellectual , has advocated for Islamic democracy and has stated he hopes Malaysia will become an example of democratic practices in the Muslim world . He supports the Islamic concept of Ummah as a framework for democracy in Muslim countries and calls for judicial independence , good governance and rejection of authoritarianism . While he supported initially supported affirmative action policies for Malays due to concerns about

213-583: A DNA chemist, testified during the trial that DNA taken from 10 of 13 semen stains on the mattress matched Anwar's DNA. The defence team implied that DNA samples may have been taken from Anwar, while unconscious, after his beating in police custody, to create false forensics evidence to frame Anwar; however, High Court Judge Augustine Paul accepted that DNA evidence. The High Court eventually handed down its decision in April 1999, sentencing Anwar to six years' imprisonment for corruption and sodomy. Two months later, he

284-575: A Distinguished Senior Visiting Fellow, and in 2005–2006 as a visiting professor at the Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University . In March 2006 he was appointed as Honorary President of the London-based organisation AccountAbility (Institute of Social and Ethical AccountAbility) . In July 2006, Anwar was elected Chair of

355-401: A bid to deny Anwar's plans for a return to Parliament. In response, Anwar's wife, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail , declared that she would step down should she retain her Permatang Pauh parliamentary seat to force a by-election in which Anwar himself would contest. When asked about the possibility of Anwar becoming the next Prime Minister, former leader Tun Dr Mahathir reacted by saying, "He would make

426-516: A good Prime Minister of Israel". On 14 April 2008, Anwar celebrated his official return to the political stage, as his ban from public office expired a decade after he was fired as deputy prime minister. The opposition seized a third of parliamentary seats and five states in the worst-ever showing for the Barisan Nasional coalition that has ruled for half a century, with Anwar at the helm. A gathering of more than 40,000 supporters greeted Anwar in

497-661: A new alliance named Pakatan Rakyat (PR). In 1999, Anwar brought suit against Prime Minister Mahathir for defamation for allegedly uttering accusations of immoral acts and calling Anwar a homosexual at a news conference in Malaysia. The sodomy verdict was partially overturned in 2004, resulting in Anwar's release from prison as he had already served his sentence for the corruption offence. Anwar successfully sued Khalid Jafri for his "50 Dalil Kenapa Anwar Tidak Boleh Jadi PM" book, but Khalid died in 2005 of complications from diabetes before

568-516: A parliamentarian, Anwar announced: "I'm glad to be back after a decade. The prime minister has lost the mandate of the country and the nation." At that time Anwar needed 30 government lawmakers to defect to the Opposition to form the next government. On 26 August 2008, Anwar won re-election in the Permatang Pauh by-election and returned to Parliament as Leader of the Opposition . He has stated

639-455: A person is banned from political activities for five years after the end of his sentence. Success in this appeal would have allowed him to return to politics immediately. On 7 September, the court agreed to hear Anwar's appeal. However, on 15 September, the Court of Appeal ruled unanimously that its previous decision to uphold a High Court ruling that found Anwar guilty was in order, relegating Anwar to

710-587: A person who is a member of State Legislative Assembly to continue to serve even while serving as a minister or deputy minister in the cabinet. Ministers other than the Prime Minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong , unless the appointment of any Minister shall have been revoked by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister but any Minister may resign from office. In practice,

781-588: A rally welcoming his return to politics. Police interrupted Anwar after he had addressed the rally for nearly two hours and called for him to stop the gathering since there was no legal permission for the rally. On 29 April 2008, after 10 years of absence, he returned to the Parliament, albeit upon invitation as a spouse guest of Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, People's Justice Party and the first female opposition leader in Malaysian Parliament's history. Anwar Ibrahim

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852-518: A student, Anwar was the president of the National Union of Malaysian Muslim Students. Around the same time, he was also the president of the University of Malaya Malay Language Society ( Malay : Persatuan Bahasa Melayu Universiti Malaya (PBMUM)). In 1971, he was a member of the pro tem committee of Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM) or Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia, which he co-founded. At

923-515: A third candidate had 92 votes. On 28 August 2008, Anwar, dressed in a dark blue traditional Malay outfit and black songkok hat, took the oath at the main chamber of Parliament house in Kuala Lumpur , as MP for Permatang Pauh at 10.03 am before Speaker Tan Sri Pandikar Amin Mulia. He formally declared Anwar the leader of the 3-party opposition alliance. With his daughter Nurul Izzah Anwar , also

994-555: A top-four finance minister and in 1996 Asiamoney named him Finance Minister of the Year . In the midst of the 1997 Asian financial crisis , Anwar, as a deputy prime minister and finance minister, was hailed for guiding Malaysia through the period of instability. Anwar backed free-market principles and highlighted the proximity of business and politics in Malaysia. He advocated greater accountability, refused to offer government bail-outs and instituted widespread spending cuts. In March 1998, Anwar

1065-451: A two-month working holiday. In Mahathir's absence, Anwar had independently taken radical steps, which directly conflicted with Mahathir's policies, to change the country's governing mechanisms. Issues such as how Malaysia would respond to a financial crisis were often at the forefront of this conflict. Towards the end of the 1990s, his relationship with Mahathir began to deteriorate, triggered by their conflicting views on governance. During

1136-526: A year earlier than previously promised. On 24 October 2008, Anwar admitted problems with his stalled bid to topple the UMNO's majority, saying that Pakatan Rakyat is running out of options to create a majority. His "credibility among ordinary Malaysians has been somewhat dented after Sept 16 and the new promise of forming the Government has not generated the sort of anticipation or excitement as before." Media within

1207-476: Is no question of any bailout. The banks will be allowed to protect themselves and the government will not interfere." Anwar advocated a free-market approach to the crisis, including foreign investment and trade liberalisation. Mahathir blamed currency speculators like George Soros for the crisis and supported currency controls and tighter regulation of foreign investment. In 1998 the Newsweek magazine named Anwar

1278-448: The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis , Anwar supported the IMF plan as a finance minister. He also instituted an austerity package that cut government spending by 18%, cut ministerial salaries and deferred major projects. "Mega projects", despite being a cornerstone of Mahathir's development strategy, were greatly curtailed. Although many Malaysian companies faced bankruptcy, Anwar declared: "There

1349-646: The dominance of Malaysian Chinese in businesses as a youth activist in the 1960s, after leaving prison he considered " Ketuanan Melayu " a major problem and called for transitioning to "affirmative-action policies premised on need instead of race" and providing government support to those living in poverty . Many people and scholars have described him as a " uniting figure " for the opposition in Malaysia during his imprisonment and trials . As prime minister, he has emphasized implementing measures such as diesel subsidy cuts for fiscal responsibility . Anwar bin Ibrahim

1420-564: The "Asian of the Year" in spite of being beaten by the then Inspector General of Police. However, in that year, matters between Anwar and Mahathir came to a head around the quadrennial UMNO General Assembly. The Youth wing of UMNO, headed by Anwar's associate Ahmad Zahid Hamidi , gave notice that it would initiate a debate on "cronyism and nepotism". At the General Assembly, a book by Khalid Jafri, "50 Dalil Kenapa Anwar Tidak Boleh Jadi PM" ("50 Reasons Why Anwar Cannot Become Prime Minister")

1491-728: The "murder of Muslims in Palestine." He further claims to have given proof to a disciplinary committee of the Malaysian parliament, investigating his comments, that APCO is a front for the Israeli government. On another occasion, Anwar, speaking from the parliament, claimed that the firm was controlled by Jews and working on behalf of the American government to influence Malaysian foreign policy. He further implied that changes in Malaysian foreign policy could only be explained if Jews were manipulating Malaysia for

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1562-451: The 1990s and was prominent in Malaysia's response to the 1997 Asian financial crisis . In 1998, he was removed from all posts by prime minister Mahathir Mohamad and went on to spearhead the Reformasi movement against the government. Anwar was jailed in April 1999 on charges of corruption and sodomy until his release in 2004 after his conviction was overturned. He made a comeback as leader of

1633-1428: The Cabinet are as follows: 23 cabinets have taken place in Malaysia since 1957 headed by nine Prime Ministers. The current cabinet, led by Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim , succeeds the Ismail Sabri cabinet . Anwar formed his cabinet following the 2022 General Election . As of 12 December 2023, the makeup of the current Cabinet is as follows: ( Law and Institutional Reform ) ( Religious Affairs ) ( Federal Territories ) Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Ministry of Communications Ministry of Digital Ministry of Domestic Trade and Costs of Living Ministry of Economy Ministry of Energy Transition and Water Transformation Ministry of Entrepreneur Development and Co-operatives Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Finance Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Human Resources Ministry of Investment, Trade and Industry Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities Ministry of Rural and Regional Development Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Tourism Ministry of Local Government Development Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development Ministry of Works Ministry of Youth and Sports Ministry of Health Minister in

1704-424: The Cabinet. The Cabinet meets weekly, every Wednesday. After the position of Parliamentary Secretary was removed and partial live telecasts of Parliament proceedings began in 2008, Cabinet meetings were moved to Fridays whenever Parliament sat, so as to allow Ministers to personally answer questions during Question Time in Parliament. The composition of the Cabinet, and the number of portfolios depends mainly on

1775-405: The Cabinet. The position of Deputy Minister was created by constitutional amendment in 1960. The office of parliamentary secretary for each ministry exists but none were appointed after the 2008 Malaysian general election . Parliamentary secretaries were provided for by an amendment in 1963. Deputy ministers and parliamentary secretaries are also appointed from members of Parliament, and deputise for

1846-516: The Council are always the chair of a committee. Members since 28 November 2022 have been : Members from 15 May 2018 to 28 November 2022 were : Cabinet of Malaysia [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Race and politics The Cabinet of Malaysia ( Malay : Jemaah Menteri Malaysia ) is the executive branch of the Government of Malaysia . Led by the Prime Minister ,

1917-452: The High Court found that he had committed libel and awarded Anwar millions of ringgit in compensation. The Federal Court on 8 March 2010 ruled that the 1998 dismissal of Anwar from his Cabinet posts by Mahathir was constitutional and valid, meaning Anwar had failed in his bid to challenge his sacking. An appeal on the corruption charges was heard on 6 September 2004. Under Malaysian law,

1988-530: The House of Representatives referred Anwar's case to the Rights and Privileges Committee which will recommend a punishment for approval by the full chamber. Such punishment could include being banned from parliament. However Anwar retaliated against the Malaysian government attacks by producing two documents to support his claims of links between APCO and 1Malaysia. Anwar has missed several deadlines he personally set for

2059-505: The ISA and three other laws. Some members of the opposition did not view this in a positive way. Anwar has made numerous remarks about a supposed conspiracy among the Malaysian government, APCO (a public relations firm retained by the Malaysian government), Israel, and the United States. Anwar condemned the Malaysian government for seeking advice from APCO. He claims that the firm is linked to

2130-508: The National Union of Malaysian Muslim Students as well as Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM) or Muslim Youth Union of Malaysia before joining the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) then the dominant party in the long-ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition. Anwar held several cabinet positions in successive governments in the 1980s and 1990s. He was the deputy prime minister as well as finance minister during

2201-456: The Prime Minister's Department Others Anwar Ibrahim [REDACTED] Anwar bin Ibrahim ( Jawi : انور بن ابراهيم ‎ , IPA: Malay pronunciation: [anwar ɪbrahɪm] ; born 10 August 1947) is a Malaysian politician who has been the 10th and current Prime Minister of Malaysia since 2022. He served as the 12th and 16th Leader of the Opposition from 2008 to 2015, and again from 2020 to 2022. He has been

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2272-516: The USA (founded in 1981). Anwar has been one of four acting directors, a board member of IIIT and a trustee. He was also a chancellor of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) between 1988 and 1998. In 1982, Anwar, who was the founding leader and second president of the Islamic youth organisation Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM), joined the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), which

2343-469: The United States. On 22 April 2010 Anwar was censured by Malaysia's parliament for remarks he made during a press conference in parliament on 30 March 2010. During the press conference, Anwar claimed to have documents linking 1Malaysia with One Israel and the public relations firm APCO but refused to allow access to the documents when challenged. The Malaysian government and APCO have both strongly denied Anwar's allegations. The censure motion passed by

2414-963: The Washington-based Foundation For the Future . In this capacity, he signed 1 October 2006 letter to Robin Cleveland of the World Bank , requesting the transfer of Shaha Riza from the US Department of State to the Foundation for the Future. This transaction led to Paul Wolfowitz's resignation as president of the organisation. He was one of the signatories of " A Common Word Between Us and You " in 2007, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders, calling for peace and understanding. In November 2006, Anwar announced he planned to run for Parliament in 2008 after his disqualification expired. Anwar

2485-681: The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is obliged to follow the advice of the Prime Minister on the appointment and dismissal of ministers. Members of the Cabinet must be members of either house of Parliament . Most ministers are appointed from the lower house, the Dewan Rakyat , although a few are appointed from the upper house, the Dewan Negara . The Prime Minister must be a member of the Dewan Rakyat. Although Deputy Ministers and Parliamentary Secretaries may be appointed to each portfolio, they are not included in

2556-486: The author of the book with malicious publishing of false news. The police were instructed to investigate the veracity of the claims. On 2 September 1998, Anwar was fired from the Cabinet, and many reports state that he was under investigation for sodomy , an act that is illegal in Malaysia. The following day, he was expelled from UMNO. In what the Sydney Morning Herald termed a blatantly political fix-up, Anwar

2627-635: The cabinet is a council of ministers who are accountable collectively to the Parliament . According to the Article 43 of the Federal Constitution , members of the Cabinet can only be selected from members of either houses of Parliament . Formally, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints all Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. The constitution is amended by repealing the Clause (8) of Article 43 , enabling

2698-688: The chairman of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition since 2020, the second President of the People's Justice Party (PKR) since 2018 and the Member of Parliament (MP) for Tambun since November 2022. He also served as Deputy Prime Minister and in many other Cabinet positions in the Barisan Nasional (BN) administration under former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad from 1982 to his removal in 1998. A University of Malaya graduate, Anwar served as president of

2769-495: The country have taken an increasingly hostile view towards Anwar's protestations and failed threats to assemble a majority government. In the 2013 general election (GE13), Anwar Ibrahim, as the Leader of the Opposition, led his Pakatan Rakyat coalition (comprising the three parties DAP , PAS , and PKR ) to contest in the election. On 25 February 2013, Pakatan Rakyat launched their manifesto titled The People's Manifesto: Pakatan

2840-452: The defection of 30 MPs. By 25 September, Anwar had still not amassed enough votes, creating doubts for Malaysians about whether he was really ready to take power, particularly in light of his failure to meet his own 16 September deadline for the transition of power. In the interim, UMNO had its own party meeting to broker Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi's step down from power in June 2009,

2911-457: The first time. Rahim was subsequently found guilty of assault and jailed for two months in 2000. He made a public apology to Anwar and paid undisclosed damages. During the trial, a mattress supposedly stained with Anwar's semen was presented to the court as DNA evidence of Anwar's sexual acts. Anwar denied having anything to do with the mattress, although the DNA tests came out positive. Lim Kong Boon,

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2982-438: The hope of the people , pledging to reduce their financial burden, among other promises. Anwar, who has taught at Oxford and Georgetown University , said he would return to academic life if he lost the next election to incumbent prime minister Najib Razak . Pakatan Rakyat did not achieve the regime change target in the election despite obtaining 50.9% of the popular vote compared to the 47.4% gained by Barisan Nasional. This

3053-467: The judiciary " and declared Anwar a prisoner of conscience , stating that he had been arrested in order to silence him as a political opponent. The Federal Court overturned his conviction and Anwar was finally released from solitary confinement on the 2nd of September 2004. Shortly after Anwar was dismissed as deputy prime minister, Anwar and his supporters initiated the Reformasi movement. It consisted of several mass demonstrations and rallies against

3124-418: The long-standing Barisan Nasional coalition government. Reformasi led to the formation of a new multiracial-based party named Parti Keadilan Nasional or National Justice Party (KEADILAN). In 1999, a general election was held. The new KEADILAN, Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), and Democratic Action Party (DAP) formed a Barisan Alternatif or Alternative Front (BA), in a combined initiative to replace

3195-474: The ministers in government ministries and in Parliament respectively. An additional office, that of the Political Secretary, exists. Political Secretaries need not be members of Parliament. Before taking office, all members of the Cabinet, Deputy Ministers, Parliamentary Secretaries, and Political Secretaries take an oath of secrecy concerning the proceedings of the Cabinet. An outline of the functions of

3266-501: The national school curriculum. One of his major changes was to rename the national language from Bahasa Malaysia to Bahasa Melayu , a decision later reverted in 2007 under the premiership of Abdullah Badawi . Analysts and politicians have also attributed the rise in social conservatism and Islamism among Malays to the reforms and Islamisation of the education system done under Anwar, with former law minister Zaid Ibrahim labelling Anwar an "Islamist". As education minister, Anwar

3337-523: The need for liberalisation, including an independent judiciary and free media , to combat the endemic corruption that he considers pushes Malaysia close to failed state status. Anwar continued to attack Najib on his first day as prime minister, stating he found inconsistencies in the latter's decision to release 13 Internal Security Act (ISA) detainees. He said as long as the ISA existed, Barisan Nasional could still detain citizens at will. In September 2011 Prime Minister Najib Razak acted to abolish

3408-587: The newly formed unity government . Anwar named himself as the Finance Minister . During his tenure, he and his government faced criticism for implementing numerous conservative policies, as well as the discharge not amounting to acquittal of current Malaysian deputy prime minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi , who faced corruption charges. Moreover, former Malaysian prime minister Najib Razak also saw his prison sentence halved and fine reduced during Anwar's tenure, sparking further controversy. Anwar, referred to as

3479-449: The opposition for the second time in May 2020. After leading Pakatan Harapan to win a plurality of seats at the 2022 Malaysian general election , Anwar was sworn in as the tenth Prime Minister of Malaysia on 24 November 2022. On 2 December 2022, Anwar appointed various members of parliament from Pakatan Harapan, Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS), and UMNO to serve as ministers in the cabinet of

3550-465: The opposition from 2008 to 2015. He merged opposition parties into the Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalition, which unsuccessfully contested in the 2008 and 2013 general elections. He disputed the results of the 2013 elections and led a protest in response. In 2014, Anwar's attempt to become Selangor head of government in the 2014 Kajang Move led to a nine-month political crisis, which ended when he

3621-663: The price of rubber dropped in 1974. He was imprisoned under the Internal Security Act (ISA), which allowed for detention without trial and spent 20 months in the Kamunting Detention Centre . From 1975 until 1982, he served as a representative for Asia Pacific of the World Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY). Anwar Ibrahim is also the co-founder of the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) in

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3692-602: The same time, he was elected as the 2nd President of the Malaysian Youth Council or Majlis Belia Malaysia (MBM). In 1974, Anwar was arrested during student protests against rural poverty and hunger. This came as a report surfaced stating that a family died from starvation in a village in Baling , in the state of Kedah, which was later demonstrated to be false. However, the rubber tappers in Baling were experiencing severe hardship as

3763-521: The seat is regarded as a stronghold of PAS. Anwar rapidly rose to high-ranking positions; he first entered cabinet in 1982 as Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Department ; his first ministerial office was that of Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports in 1983; after that, he headed the Agriculture Ministry in 1984 before becoming Minister of Education in 1986. During his tenure as education minister, Anwar introduced numerous policies in

3834-733: The sidelines of Malaysian politics until 14 April 2008. The only way for Anwar to have been freed from this structure would have been for him to receive a pardon from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (the Supreme Head of the Federation or unofficially the King of Malaysia). After his release from prison, Anwar held teaching positions at St Antony's College, Oxford , where he was a visiting fellow and senior associate member, at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, D.C., as

3905-416: The standing Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition government. In August 2003, KEADILAN merged with Parti Rakyat Malaysia or Malaysian's People Party (PRM) to form Parti Keadilan Rakyat or People's Justice Party (PKR) headed by Wan Azizah as president. PKR made huge gains in the 2008 general election, winning 31 seats and becoming the parliament's largest opposition party. In April 2008, PKR, PAS and DAP formed

3976-450: The transfer of power. Anwar said he would need more time, and the recalibration of his message has not gone unnoticed: Deputy Prime Minister Najib Razak chose that day to initiate a broadband internet program Anwar opposes, saying that he had not doubted that the government would still be in office on 16 September. Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi too pointed out that Anwar had missed his own deadline, and dismissed his claim to have secured

4047-534: The wishes of the Prime Minister at the time. However, the post of Finance Minister was considered so important as to be a necessity, and as a result was incorporated by the Minister of Finance (Incorporation) Act 1957 (Act 375). The position of Deputy Prime Minister is one that exists by convention, and as a result a Prime Minister could theoretically form a Cabinet without a Deputy. Deputy ministers exist for each portfolio, although they are not considered members of

4118-513: Was a housewife active in UMNO grassroots politics in Penang. Anwar attended three primary schools, Sekolah Melayu Sungai Bakap (1955), Sekolah Melayu Cherok Tok Kun (1957) and Sekolah Rendah Stowell (1959) and undertook his secondary education at Bukit Mertajam High School ( Malay : SMK Tinggi Bukit Mertajam ) before continuing at Malay College Kuala Kangsar . He attended Bukit Mertajam High School for three years, where he excelled academically. Anwar

4189-431: Was arrested on 20 September 1998 and detained without trial under the country's controversial Internal Security Act (ISA). Weeks later, Anwar was charged with corruption for allegedly interfering with his own police investigation. While he was in police custody in 1998, Anwar was beaten by the then Inspector General of Police, Rahim Noor . The public and the media only witnessed his black eye after being brought to Court for

4260-706: Was born in Cherok Tok Kun , Bukit Mertajam in the Crown Colony of Penang . His father, Ibrahim bin Abdul Rahman  [ ms ] , started his career as a hospital porter, and later joined politics as a member of UMNO. Ibrahim won election as Seberang Tengah in 1959 and 1964, serving as the parliamentary secretary to the ministry of health from 1964 until his defeat in the 1969 general election by Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia candidate Mustapha Hussain  [ ms ] . Anwar's mother, Che Yan binti Hussein,

4331-420: Was circulated containing graphic allegations of homosexuality, as well as accusations of corruption against Anwar. Khalid Jafri was an ex-editor of the government-controlled newspaper Utusan Malaysia and former editor-in-chief of a failed magazine, Harian National . Anwar obtained a court injunction to prevent further distribution of the book and filed a lawsuit against the author for defamation. Police charged

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4402-554: Was critical of government policies after his release from prison, most notably the New Economic Policy (NEP), which provided affirmative action for the Bumiputras. The policy set a number of quotas, such as for units of housing and initial public offerings , that must be met. Before he became re-entitled to run for Parliament in 2008, he acted as an "advisor" of Parti Keadilan Rakyat , the party of which his wife Dr Wan Azizah

4473-499: Was elected as the 25th President of UNESCO's General Conference . In 1988, Anwar Ibrahim became the second President of the International Islamic University of Malaysia . In 1991, Anwar was appointed as Minister of Finance . During his tenure as Finance Minister, his impact was immediate; Malaysia enjoyed unprecedented prosperity and economic growth. Shortly after becoming Finance Minister, Euromoney named him as

4544-611: Was led by Mahathir Mohamad , who had become prime minister in 1981. Anwar's decision was influenced by the advice of Palestinian-American scholar Ismail al-Faruqi , who recognized the Mahathir administration's commitment to its Islamization agenda. In the 1982 general election, he was elected as MP for Permatang Pauh which was created in the 1974 redistribution from parts of the Seberang Tengah constituency his father had represented from 1959 to 1969. He defeated candidate from PAS, which

4615-545: Was president. He was at the forefront in organising a November 2007 mass rally, called the 2007 Bersih Rally , which took place at Dataran Merdeka , Kuala Lumpur, to demand clean and fair elections. The gathering was organised by Bersih , a coalition comprising political parties and civil society groups, and drew supporters from all over the country. The 2008 general election date was set for 8 March 2008, before Anwar's disqualification from politics expired, sparking criticisms that Barisan Nasional called for early elections in

4686-498: Was released from prison in May 2018. He returned to parliament in the 2018 Port Dickson by-election while his wife Wan Azizah Wan Ismail served as the deputy prime Minister in the PH administration . The collapse of the coalition during the 2020–22 Malaysian political crisis led to the new Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition under Muhyiddin Yassin being sworn in and Anwar becoming leader of

4757-624: Was selected as the Chairman of the Development Committee of World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) from March 1998 until September 1998. In 1993, he became Mahathir's deputy prime minister after beating Abdul Ghafar Baba for the position of deputy president in UMNO. Anwar's allusions in public to his "son-father" relationship with Mahathir contributed to view that he was to be Mahathir's successor. In May 1997, Mahathir appointed Anwar as acting prime minister while he embarked on

4828-511: Was selected to take a special examination for entry into Malay College Kuala Kangsar, one of only three students from Penang to be chosen for this prestigious institution. He later pursued higher education at the University of Malaya , earning a bachelor's degree in Malay Studies. Anwar also worked on his Master in Literature through the National University of Malaysia while imprisoned from 1974 to 1975. Anwar also awarded Honorary Professorship by Tsinghua University . From 1968 to 1971, as

4899-449: Was sentenced to another five years in prison after a second sodomy conviction in 2015. While still in prison, Anwar re-joined Mahathir Mohamad in the new Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition in absentia , which went on to win the 2018 general election . Mahathir outlined a plan for Anwar to take over from himself as prime minister after an unspecified interim period. Anwar received a royal pardon from Yang di-Pertuan Agong Muhammad V and

4970-403: Was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment for sodomy, which he was ordered to serve after completing his six-year sentence for corruption. His trial and conviction were widely discredited by the international community. Amnesty International stated that the trial proceedings " exposed a pattern of political manipulation of key state institutions including the police, public prosecutor's office and

5041-410: Was victorious in the Permatang Pauh by-election held on 26 August 2008. Muhammad Muhammad Taib , information chief of the UMNO, stated: "Yes, of course we have lost ... we were the underdogs going into this race." Final results announced by the Election Commission revealed that Anwar Ibrahim won 31,195 of the estimated 47,000 votes cast in the district, while Arif Shah Omar Shah received 15,524 votes and

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