117-620: The International Islamic University ( IIU ) is an Islamic public university located in Islamabad , Pakistan. It was established in 1980 and restructured in 1985, and remains a valuable source for Higher Education in Pakistan. The university is regularly listed among the most recognized universities and prestigious degree awarding institutions of Pakistan by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan . The university ranks joint second in
234-437: A planned city in the 1960s and established in 1967, it replaced the adjacent Rawalpindi as Pakistan's national capital. The Greek architect Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis developed Islamabad's master plan , in which he divided it into eight zones; the city comprises administrative, diplomatic enclave , residential areas, educational and industrial sectors, commercial areas, as well as rural and green areas administered by
351-435: A Blood Bank. The Maternal and Child Health Care Center is a training institute with an attached hospital of 125 beds offering different clinical and operational services. PIMS consists of five academic institutes: Quaid-e-Azam Postgraduate Medical College, College of Nursing, College of Medical Technology, School of Nursing, and Mother and Child Health Center. PAEC General Hospital and teaching institute, established in 2006,
468-448: A crucial role in the survival and power of different civilizations. As more communities recognized the importance of the natural world to their long-term success, an interest in studying the environment came into existence. In 1735, the concept of binomial nomenclature is introduced by Carolus Linnaeus as a way to classify all living organisms, influenced by earlier works of Aristotle . His text, Systema Naturae , represents one of
585-513: A cultural and religious diversity of considerable antiquity. Due to its location on the Pothohar Plateau, remnants of ancient cultures and civilisations such as Aryan , Soanian , and Indus Valley civilisation can still be found in the region. A 15th-century Gakhar fort, Pharwala Fort is located near Islamabad. Rawat Fort in the region was built by the Gakhars in 16th century and contains
702-891: A dome structure. It is a combination of Arabic, Turkish, and Mughal architectural traditions. The Centaurus is an example of modern architecture under construction in Islamabad. The seven star hotel was designed by WS Atkins PLC .The newly built Islamabad Stock Exchange Towers is another example of modern architecture in the city. Languages of Islamabad Capital Territory ( 2023 Pakistani census ) According to 2023 Pakistani census , There are 1,154,540 Punjabi, 415,838 Pashto, 358,922 Urdu, 140,780 Hindko, 51,920 Kashmiri, 46,270 Saraiki, 21,362 Sindhi, 10,315 Balti, 7,099 Shina, 5,016 Koshistani, 4,503 Balochi, 1,095 Mewati, 668 Brahvi, 182 Kalasha and 64,734 others, of total 2,283,244 speakers in Islamabad Capital Territory . The majority of
819-609: A household term after two striking disasters: Ohio's Cuyahoga River caught fire due to the amount of pollution in its waters and a Santa Barbara oil spill endangered thousands of marine animals, both receiving prolific media coverage. Consequently, the United States passed an abundance of legislation, including the Clean Water Act and the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement . The following year, in 1970,
936-450: A lot of foreign qualified faculty. The Iqra College of Technology (ICT) is a constituent college of IIUI. It offers B.Tech (Hons) and Diploma of Associate Engineering (DAE) programs. It has faculty duly recognized by PEC The faculty of languages and literature offers BS, MS and PhD degrees in English, Persian and Urdu . The faculty of management sciences was founded in 1995. In 1996,
1053-476: A major portion of sector H-12. The I sectors are numbered from I-8 to I-18. With the exception of I-8, which is a well-developed residential area, these sectors are primarily part of the industrial zone. Two sub-sectors of I-9 and one sub-sector of I-10 are used as industrial areas. CDA is planning to set up Islamabad Railway Station in Sector I-18 and Industrial City in sector I-17. Zone III consists primarily of
1170-958: A number of departmental libraries such as the Research Journals library, the Library of Islamic Studies, the Al-Dirassat Al-Islamyya , the Fikro Nazar , the Insights library and the Mayar library. The university publishes the Journal of Business and Management Sciences (JBMS). It is located in the basement of Faisal mosque and it has large volume of books on varieties of subjects. The university infrastructure includes seven academic buildings. The university's student accommodation includes seven hostels for women and seven for men including Kuwait Hostel, located in
1287-535: A park on the pattern of Fatima Jinnah Park in sector E-14. Sectors E-8 and E-9 contain the campuses of Bahria University , Air University , and the National Defence University . The F and G series contains the most developed sectors. F series contains sectors F-5 to F-17; some sectors are still under-developed. F-5 is an important sector for the software industry in Islamabad, as the two software technology parks are located here. The entire F-9 sector
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#17328480189561404-434: A substantive, active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by (a) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems, (b) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and (c) the growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems. Events that spurred this development included
1521-673: A thesis. More than 900 students have graduated from this faculty. The Faculty of Social Sciences offers degrees in Anthropology , Education , Politics and International Relations , Psychology , History and Pakistan Studies , Islamic Art and Architecture , Mass Communications and Sociology . A Faculty of Islamic Studies (Usuluddin) was founded in 1981. It offers degrees in the Tafseer and Quranic sciences, Hadith , comparative religion , Da'wah and Islamic culture, Aqeedah and philosophy and Seerah and Islamic history. The Da'wah Academy
1638-459: A total enrolment of 604,633 students and 499 faculty. The Gender Parity Index in Islamabad is 0.93 compared to the 0.95 national average. There are 178 boys-only institutes, 175 girls-only, and 551 mixed institutes in Islamabad. Total enrolment of students in all categories is 267,992; 138,272 for boys and 129,720 for girls. There are 16 recognized universities in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 372,974 students and 30,144 teachers. Most of
1755-683: A village to a sacred place that includes temples where the Hindu Mughal Commanders worshipped. Margalla Hills National Park is located in the North sector of Islamabad and is in close proximity to the Himalayas . The National Park includes of picturesque valleys and scenic hills that include various wildlife such as Himalayan goral , Barking deer and leopards . Flanked by wildlife and vegetation, Margalla Hills National Park also includes accommodation and camping grounds for tourists. Islamabad boasts
1872-410: Is 185,213 and the unemployment rate is 15.70%. Islam is the largest religion in the city, with 95.43% of the population following it. Christianity is the second largest religion is with 4.34% of the population following it. The Christians are concentrated mainly in the urban areas. Hinduism is followed by 0.04% of the population according to the 2017 census. Islamabad is a net contributor to
1989-465: Is 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Islamabad. 220 acres (89 ha) of the city consists of Margalla Hills National Park . Loi Bher Forest is situated along the Islamabad Highway , covering an area of 1,087 acres (440 ha). The highest monthly rainfall of 743.3 mm (29.26 in) was recorded during July 1995. Winters generally feature dense fog in the mornings and sunny afternoons. In
2106-523: Is June, where average highs routinely exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F). The wettest month is July, with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudburst and flooding. The coolest month is January. Islamabad's micro-climate is regulated by three artificial reservoirs: Rawal , Simli , and Khanpur Dam . The latter is located on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur , about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Islamabad. Simli Dam
2223-591: Is a 83.6 km (51.9 mi) bus rapid transit system operating in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area . The Metrobus network's first phase was opened on 4 June 2015, and stretches 22.5 kilometres between Pak Secretariat , in Islamabad, and Saddar in Rawalpindi . The second stage stretches 25.6 kilometres between the Peshawar Morr Interchange and New Islamabad International Airport and
2340-551: Is a centre of Islam , theology and the Islamic studies in a contemporary context. The university was founded in 1980 with funding from inside Pakistan and foreign donations from Saudi Arabia. Ismail al-Faruqi , a prominent scholar, played a significant role in its establishment. His advisory role was instrumental in laying the foundation of the university, integrating Islamic values with contemporary academic disciplines. The university provides education and training in Islamic law for
2457-486: Is affiliated with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. The hospital consists of a 100-bed facility and 10 major departments: Obstetrics and Gynecology , Pediatric , General Medicine , General Surgery , Intensive Care Unit / Coronary Care Unit , Orthopedics , Ophthalmology , Pathology , Radiology , and Dental Department. Shifa International Hospital is a teaching hospital in Islamabad that
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#17328480189562574-453: Is being impacted by one or more stressors might include several related environmental science fields. In an estuarine setting where a proposed industrial development could impact certain species by water and air pollution , biologists would describe the flora and fauna, chemists would analyze the transport of water pollutants to the marsh, physicists would calculate air pollution emissions and geologists would assist in understanding
2691-475: Is connected to major destinations around the world and domestically through Islamabad International Airport (IIAP) . The airport is the largest in Pakistan and is located south-west of Islamabad. The new airport inaugurated on 20 April 2018, spreads over 19 square kilometers with 15 passenger boarding bridges. It also includes facilities to accommodate two double-decker Airbus A380s, 15 remote bays and 3 remote bays for Air cargo. The Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus
2808-1053: Is covered with Fatima Jinnah Park. The Centaurus complex is a major landmark of the F-8 sector. G sectors are numbered G-5 through G-17. Some important places include the Jinnah Convention Centre and Serena Hotel in G-5, the Red Mosque in G-6, the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, the largest medical complex in the capital, located in G-8, and the Karachi Company shopping center in G-9. The H sectors are numbered H-8 through H-17. The H sectors are mostly dedicated to educational and health institutions. National University of Sciences and Technology covers
2925-532: Is derived from two words: Islam and abad . Islam refers to the religion of Islam , Pakistan's state religion , and -abad is a Persian suffix meaning cultivated place , indicating an inhabited place or city. According to a history book by Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh , teacher and poet Qazi Abdur Rehman Amritsari proposed the name of the city. Occasionally in writing, Islamabad is colloquially abbreviated ISB . Such usage originated in SMS language , in part due to
3042-429: Is divided into five administrative branches. Islamabad Hospital is the major component with a 592-bed facility and 22 medical and surgical specialties. The Children's Hospital is a 230-bed hospital completed in 1985. It contains six major facilities: Surgical and Allied Specialties, Medical and Allied Specialties, Diagnostic Facilities, Operation Theatre, Critical Care (NICU, PICU, Isolation & Accident Emergency), and
3159-525: Is divided into five major zones: Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V. Out of these, Zone IV is the largest in area. Zone I consists mainly of all the developed residential sectors while Zone II consists of the under-developed residential sectors. Each residential sector is identified by a letter of the alphabet and a number, and covers an area of approximately 2 km × 2 km ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 mi × 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 mi). The sectors are lettered from A to I, and each sector
3276-425: Is divided into four numbered sub-sectors. Series A, B, and C are still underdeveloped. The D series has seven sectors (D-11 to D-17), of which only sector D-12 is completely developed. This series is located at the foot of Margalla Hills. The E Sectors are named from E-7 to E-17. Many foreigners and diplomatic personnel are housed in these sectors. In the revised Master Plan of the city, CDA has decided to develop
3393-677: Is known as the Specified Area, with the Margala Hills in the north and northeast. The southern portion of the city is an undulating plain. It is drained by the Kurang River , on which the Rawal Dam is located. Islamabad has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cwa), with five seasons: Winter (November–February), Spring (March and April), Summer (May and June), Rainy Monsoon (July and August) and Autumn (September and October). The hottest month
3510-583: Is located at 33°26′N 73°02′E / 33.43°N 73.04°E / 33.43; 73.04 at the northern edge of the Pothohar Plateau and at the foot of the Margalla Hills in Islamabad Capital Territory . Its elevation is 540 metres (1,770 ft). The modern capital and the ancient Gakhar city of Rawalpindi form a conurbation and are commonly referred to as the Twin Cities. To
3627-488: Is marked by significant research, literature, and international cooperation in the field. In the early 20th century, criticism from dissenters downplayed the effects of global warming . At this time, few researchers were studying the dangers of fossil fuels . After a 1.3 degrees Celsius temperature anomaly was found in the Atlantic Ocean in the 1940s, however, scientists renewed their studies of gaseous heat trapping from
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3744-533: Is one of the largest religious gatherings in Islamabad. In 2004, the Urs was attended by more than 1.2 million people. The Lok Virsa Museum in Islamabad preserves a wide variety of expressions of folk and traditional cultural legacy of Pakistan. It is located near the Shakarparian hills and boasts a large display of embroidered costumes, jewellery, musical instruments, woodwork, utensils and folkloristic objects from
3861-766: Is situated on the new campus. There is also the Muhammad Hamidullah and the International Institute of Islamic Economics library. It contains rare books on Islamic law relating to economics and Islamic governance. in this library you can read every department's books The Islamic Research Institute library is a source of knowledge about Islam. The engineering and technology library contains 25,000 books. Fifteen periodicals are subscribed and ten newspapers are purchased. The library can seat fifty users. There are 550 research reports and theses. DA’WAH ACADEMY LIBRARIES Da’wah Academy has five types of libraries to fulfill
3978-412: Is substantial overlap between ecology and environmental science with the disciplines of fisheries, forestry, and wildlife. Historical concern for environmental issues is well documented in archives around the world. Ancient civilizations were mainly concerned with what is now known as environmental science insofar as it related to agriculture and natural resources. Scholars believe that early interest in
4095-685: Is the civil administration as well as main law and order agency of the Federal Capital. The local government authority of the city is the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation (IMC) with some help from Capital Development Authority (CDA), which oversees the planning, development, construction, and administration of the city. Islamabad Capital Territory is divided into eight zones: Administrative Zone, Commercial District, Educational Sector, Industrial Sector, Diplomatic Enclave, Residential Areas, Rural Areas and Green Area. Islamabad city
4212-435: Is the hub all the governmental activities while Rawalpindi is the centre of all industrial, commercial, and military activities. The two cities are considered sister cities and are highly interdependent. Islamabad's architecture is a combination of modernity and old Islamic and regional traditions. The Saudi-Pak Tower is an example of the integration of modern architecture with traditional styles. The beige-coloured edifice
4329-524: Is trimmed with blue tile works in Islamic tradition, and is one of Islamabad's tallest buildings. Other examples of intertwined Islamic and modern architecture include Pakistan Monument and Faisal Mosque . Other notable structures are: Secretariat Complex designed by Gio Ponti , Prime Minister's secretariat based on Mughal architecture and the National Assembly by Edward Durell Stone . The murals on
4446-464: The Faisal Mosque . The mosque was designed by Vedat Dalokay, a Turkish architect. It was donated to the university by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia . The mosque is one of the largest in the world and is able to accommodate tens of thousands of people in its prayer hall, women's gallery and courtyard. The new campus occupies Islamabad 's Sector H-10. The first phase of construction of the new campus
4563-633: The Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education or with the UK universities education boards , O/A Levels, or IGCSE . According to the Academy of Educational Planning and Management's report, in 2009 there were a total of 913 recognized institutions in Islamabad (31 pre-primary, 2 religious , 367 primary, 162 middle , 250 high, 75 higher secondary and intermediate colleges, and 26 degree colleges ). There are seven teacher training institutes in Islamabad with
4680-604: The Globalization and World Cities Research Network , Islamabad has one of the highest costs of living in Pakistan. The city's populace is dominated by both middle and upper-middle class citizens. Islamabad is home to twenty universities, including Bahria University , Quaid-e-Azam University , PIEAS , COMSATS University , and NUST . It is also rated as one of the safest cities in Pakistan and has an expansive RFID -enabled surveillance system with almost 2,000 active CCTV cameras. The name Islamabad means City of Islam . It
4797-573: The IATA location identifier for the Islamabad International Airport . Islamabad Capital Territory , located on the Pothohar Plateau of the northern Punjab region , is considered one of the earliest sites of human settlement in Asia. Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. Rudimentary stones recovered from
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4914-648: The Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation with support from the Capital Development Authority . Islamabad is known for its parks and forests, including the Margalla Hills National Park and the Shakarparian . It is home to several landmarks, including the country's flagship Faisal Mosque , which is the world's fifth-largest mosque . Other prominent landmarks include the Pakistan Monument and Democracy Square . Rated as Gamma + by
5031-672: The National Art Gallery and Gallery 6. The Islamabad Museum contains many relics and artifacts dating back to the Gandhara period of the region, an intriguing fusion of Buddhist and Graeco-Roman styles. The living culture of Islamabad and Pakistan is best explored at Lok Virsa Museum , as well as the Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage in Shakarparian Park. Islamabad is built upon civilization and architecture that ranges from
5148-594: The San Francisco International Airport , Development of the Houston , Metro Transportation system , Expansion of the metropolitan Boston MBTA transit system , and Construction of Interstate 66 through Arlington, Virginia . In England and Wales the Environment Agency (EA), formed in 1996, is a public body for protecting and improving the environment and enforces the regulations listed on
5265-445: The divestment from fossil fuel use . Geographic information systems (GIS) are used to observe sources of air or water pollution through satellites and digital imagery analysis. This technology allows for advanced farming techniques like precision agriculture as well as monitoring water usage in order to set market prices. In the field of water quality, developed strains of natural and manmade bacteria contribute to bioremediation ,
5382-502: The effects of global warming and climate change influence and affect the natural systems and processes of earth. Environmental issues almost always include an interaction of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Environmental scientists bring a systems approach to the analysis of environmental problems. Key elements of an effective environmental scientist include the ability to relate space, and time relationships as well as quantitative analysis. Environmental science came alive as
5499-410: The electromagnetic spectrum . Lastly, thermal imaging technology is used in wildlife management to catch and discourage poachers and other illegal wildlife traffickers from killing endangered animals, proving useful for conservation efforts. Artificial intelligence has also been used to predict the movement of animal populations and protect the habitats of wildlife. Atmospheric sciences focus on
5616-641: The 10th Century to the modern era. As Islamabad is situated on the Potohar Plateau , the remains of civilization descending from stone-age era include the Acheulian and the Soanian traditions and these are tourist landmarks. Islamabad has an array of historic landmarks that reflect the Hindu civilization that dates back to the 16th Century with examples such as Saidpur . Saidpur that is situated in Islamabad has progressed from
5733-473: The 1970s and the 1980s was characterized by major disasters and social movements. In 1978, hundreds of people were relocated from Love Canal , New York after carcinogenic pollutants were found to be buried underground near residential areas. The next year, in 1979, the nuclear power plant on Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania suffered a meltdown and raised concerns about the dangers of radioactive waste and
5850-665: The 2022 top university rankings of Times Higher Education World University Rankings in Pakistan. It also constantly ranks among the best universities in the country for the general category by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan . The university is internationally renowned in the Muslim world and has academic ties with the Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt, Umm al-Qura University , Makkah , Saudi Arabia, Islamic University of Medina , Medina , Saudi Arabia and King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia. The university
5967-630: The Department of Business Administration offered Master of Business Administration program. The Department of Technology Management was founded in 1998. It is the largest faculty of the university with around 3,700 registered students. The Faculty of Shariah and Law was first established in Quaid-i-Azam University in 1979. In 1980, it was incorporated into International Islamic University, Islamabad. Students enrolling in doctorate programs complete one year of compulsory coursework before commencing
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#17328480189566084-463: The Earth was partially due to what are now known as greenhouse gases (GHG). The greenhouse effect was introduced, although climate science was not yet recognized as an important topic in environmental science due to minimal industrialization and lower rates of greenhouse gas emissions at the time. In the 1900s, the discipline of environmental science as it is known today began to take shape. The century
6201-492: The Earth's atmosphere, with an emphasis upon its interrelation to other systems. Atmospheric sciences can include studies of meteorology , greenhouse gas phenomena, atmospheric dispersion modeling of airborne contaminants, sound propagation phenomena related to noise pollution , and even light pollution . Taking the example of the global warming phenomena, physicists create computer models of atmospheric circulation and infrared radiation transmission, chemists examine
6318-550: The Greek island of Crete declined due to deforestation and the resulting environmental degradation of natural resources. Pliny the Elder somewhat addressed the environmental concerns of ancient civilizations in the text Naturalis Historia , written between 77 and 79 ACE, which provided an overview of many related subsets of the discipline. Although warfare and disease were of primary concern in ancient society, environmental issues played
6435-455: The Margalla Hills and Margalla Hills National Park . Rawal Lake is in this zone. Zone IV and V consist of Islamabad Park, and rural areas of the city. The Soan River flows into the city through Zone V. When the master plan for Islamabad was drawn up in 1960, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, along with the adjoining areas, was to be integrated to form a large metropolitan area called Islamabad/Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area. The area would consist of
6552-483: The Pakistani economy, as whilst having only 0.8% of the country's population, it contributes 1% to the country's GDP. Islamabad Stock Exchange , founded in 1989, is Pakistan's third largest stock exchange after Karachi Stock Exchange and Lahore Stock Exchange , and was merged to form Pakistan Stock Exchange . The exchange had 118 members with 104 corporate bodies and 18 individual members. The average daily turnover of
6669-407: The addition two Software Technology Parks , which house numerous national and foreign technological and information technology companies. Awami Markaz IT Park houses 36 IT companies, while Evacuee Trust house 29 companies. Islamabad will see its third IT Park by 2020, which will be built with assistance from South Korea . Islamabad is home to many migrants from other regions of Pakistan and has
6786-570: The banks of the Soan and who later developed small communities in the region around 3000 BCE. The Indus Valley civilization flourished in the region between the 23rd and 18th centuries BCE. Later the area was an early settlement of the Aryan community which migrated into the region from Central Asia . Many great armies such as those of Zahiruddin Babur , Genghis Khan , Timur and Ahmad Shah Durrani crossed
6903-691: The capital city it has hosted numerous important meetings, such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation summit in 2004. The city suffered damage from the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had a magnitude of 7.6. Islamabad has experienced a series of terrorist incidents including the July 2007 Siege of Lal Masjid (Red Mosque), the June 2008 Danish embassy bombing , and the September 2008 Marriott bombing . In 2011, four terrorism incidents occurred in
7020-478: The case of a leaking solvent tank which has entered the habitat soil of an endangered species of amphibian. As a method to resolve or understand the extent of soil contamination and subsurface transport of solvent, a computer model would be implemented. Chemists would then characterize the molecular bonding of the solvent to the specific soil type, and biologists would study the impacts upon soil arthropods , plants, and ultimately pond-dwelling organisms that are
7137-557: The changes in light transmission in the receiving waters. Biologists would analyze subsequent impacts to aquatic flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity. In the United States the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 set forth requirements for analysis of federal government actions (such as highway construction projects and land management decisions) in terms of specific environmental criteria. Numerous state laws have echoed these mandates, applying
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#17328480189567254-734: The city, killing four people, including the murder of the Punjab Governor Salmaan Taseer . Construction of the Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus , the region's first mass transit line, began in February 2014 and was completed in March 2015. The Rawalpindi Development Authority built the project at a cost of approximately Rs 24 billion, which was shared by both the Federal government and the provincial government of Punjab. Islamabad
7371-442: The city, temperatures stay mild, with snowfall over the higher-elevation points on nearby hill stations, notably Murree and Nathia Gali . The temperatures range from 13 °C (55 °F) in January to 38 °C (100 °F) in June. The highest recorded temperature was 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) on 17 January 1967. Light snowfall sometimes happens on
7488-668: The developing Islamabad, the old colonial cantonment city of Rawalpindi, and Margalla Hills National Park, including surrounding rural areas. However, Islamabad city is part of the Islamabad Capital Territory , while Rawalpindi is part of Rawalpindi District , which is part of province of Punjab . Initially, it was proposed that the three areas would be connected by four major highways: Murree Highway, Islamabad Highway , Soan Highway, and Capital Highway. However, to date only two highways have been constructed: Kashmir Highway (the former Murree Highway) and Islamabad Highway. Plans of constructing Margalla Avenue are also underway. Islamabad
7605-425: The earliest culminations of knowledge on the subject, providing a means to identify different species based partially on how they interact with their environment. In the 1820s, scientists were studying the properties of gases, particularly those in the Earth's atmosphere and their interactions with heat from the Sun. Later that century, studies suggested that the Earth had experienced an Ice Age and that warming of
7722-428: The early 1960s and then to Islamabad when essential development work was completed in 1966. In 1981, Islamabad separated from Punjab province to form Capital Territory. Such world-renowned architects as Edward Durell Stone and Gio Ponti have been associated with the city's development. Islamabad has attracted people from all over Pakistan, making it one of the most cosmopolitan and urbanised cities of Pakistan. As
7839-436: The effects of which are still felt today. In a groundbreaking discovery in 1985, a British team of researchers studying Antarctica found evidence of a hole in the ozone layer , inspiring global agreements banning the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were previously used in nearly all aerosols and refrigerants. Notably, in 1986, the meltdown at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine released radioactive waste to
7956-405: The environment began around 6000 BCE when ancient civilizations in Israel and Jordan collapsed due to deforestation . As a result, in 2700 BCE the first legislation limiting deforestation was established in Mesopotamia . Two hundred years later, in 2500 BCE, a community residing in the Indus River Valley observed the nearby river system in order to improve sanitation. This involved manipulating
8073-410: The environment. Environmental engineering focuses on design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect. Environmental scientists seek to understand the earth's physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes, and to use that knowledge to understand how issues such as alternative energy systems, pollution control and mitigation, natural resource management , and
8190-411: The field. Research in engines, fuel efficiency , and decreasing emissions from vehicles since the times of the Industrial Revolution has reduced the amount of carbon and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Furthermore, investment in researching and developing clean energy (i.e. wind, solar, hydroelectric, and geothermal power) has significantly increased in recent years, indicating the beginnings of
8307-426: The first ever Earth Day was celebrated worldwide and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was formed, legitimizing the study of environmental science in government policy. In the next two years, the United Nations created the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Stockholm, Sweden to address global environmental degradation . Much of the interest in environmental science throughout
8424-523: The flow of water to account for public health. In the Western Hemisphere, numerous ancient Central American city-states collapsed around 1500 BCE due to soil erosion from intensive agriculture. Those remaining from these civilizations took greater attention to the impact of farming practices on the sustainability of the land and its stable food production. Furthermore, in 1450 BCE the Minoan civilization on
8541-506: The food of the endangered amphibian. Geosciences include environmental geology , environmental soil science , volcanic phenomena and evolution of the Earth's crust. In some classification systems this can also include hydrology , including oceanography . As an example study, of soils erosion , calculations would be made of surface runoff by soil scientists. Fluvial geomorphologists would assist in examining sediment transport in overland flow. Physicists would contribute by assessing
8658-464: The grave of the Gakhar chief, Sultan Sarang Khan . Saidpur village is supposedly named after Said Khan, the son of Sarang Khan. The 500-year-old village was converted into a place of Hindu worship by a Mughal commander, Raja Man Singh . He constructed a number of small ponds: Rama kunda, Sita kunda, Lakshaman kunda, and Hanuman kunda. The region is home to a small Hindu temple that is preserved, showing
8775-491: The greenhouse effect (although only carbon dioxide and water vapor were known to be greenhouse gases then). Nuclear development following the Second World War allowed environmental scientists to intensively study the effects of carbon and make advancements in the field. Further knowledge from archaeological evidence brought to light the changes in climate over time, particularly ice core sampling . Environmental science
8892-469: The highest literacy rate in Pakistan at 98%, and has some of the most advanced educational institutes in the country. A large number of public and private sector educational institutes are present here. The higher education institutes in the capital are either federally chartered or administered by private organizations and almost all of them are recognised by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan . High schools and colleges are either affiliated with
9009-512: The information needs of its research scholars, academicians, course participants, and the general public. These are Da’wah Research Library, Dr. Mehmood Ahmed Ghazi Library, Da’wah Centre for Women Library, Dawah Children Library Faisal Masjid Campus Islamabad and Regional Da’wah Centre (Sindh) Library, Karachi. The Shariah Academy Library has a collection of 8,976 books and journals on the subjects of Qur'anic studies, Hadith studies, Prophet's Biography, Islamic law and Anglo-Saxon law. There are also
9126-410: The inside of the large petals of Pakistan Monument are based on Islamic architecture. The Shah Faisal Mosque is a fusion of contemporary architecture with a more traditional large triangular prayer hall and four minarets, designed by Vedat Dalokay , a Turkish architect and built with the help of funding provided by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia . The architecture of Faisal Mosque is unusual as it lacks
9243-525: The inventory of atmospheric chemicals and their reactions, biologists analyze the plant and animal contributions to carbon dioxide fluxes, and specialists such as meteorologists and oceanographers add additional breadth in understanding the atmospheric dynamics . As defined by the Ecological Society of America, "Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment; it seeks to understand
9360-453: The late 1980s, the Exxon Valdez company was fined for spilling large quantities of crude oil off the coast of Alaska and the resulting cleanup, involving the work of environmental scientists. After hundreds of oil wells were burned in combat in 1991, warfare between Iraq and Kuwait polluted the surrounding atmosphere just below the air quality threshold environmental scientist s believed
9477-518: The lowest rate of infant mortality in the country at 38 deaths per thousand compared to the national average of 78 deaths per thousand. Islamabad has both public and private medical centres. The largest hospital in Islamabad is Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) hospital. It was established in 1985 as a teaching and doctor training institute. PIMS functions as a National Reference Center and provides specialised diagnostic and curative services. The hospital has 30 major medical departments. PIMS
9594-459: The marsh soils and bay muds. Environmental chemistry is the study of chemical alterations in the environment. Principal areas of study include soil contamination and water pollution. The topics of analysis include chemical degradation in the environment, multi-phase transport of chemicals (for example, evaporation of a solvent containing lake to yield solvent as an air pollutant), and chemical effects upon biota . As an example study, consider
9711-532: The most expansive international efforts to limit the effects of global warming to date. Most environmental disasters in this time period involve crude oil pollution or the effects of rising temperatures. In 2010, BP was responsible for the largest American oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, known as the Deepwater Horizon spill , which killed a number of the company's workers and released large amounts of crude oil into
9828-721: The northeast of the city lies the colonial era hill station of Murree , and to the north lies the Haripur District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . Kahuta lies on the southeast, Taxila , Wah Cantt , and Attock District to the northwest, Gujar Khan , Rawat, and Mandrah on the southeast, and the metropolis of Rawalpindi to the south and southwest. Islamabad is located 120 kilometres (75 mi) SSW of Muzaffarabad , 185 kilometres (115 mi) east of Peshawar and 295 kilometres (183 mi) NNW of Lahore . Islamabad covers an area of 906 square kilometres (350 sq mi). A further 2,717 square kilometres (1,049 sq mi) area
9945-452: The old campus adjacent to Faisal Masjid . Kuwait Hostel has seven sub-blocks in it. The university has academic ties with: Islamabad Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan . It is the country's tenth-most populous city with a population of over 1.1 million and is federally administered by the Pakistani government as part of the Islamabad Capital Territory . Built as
10062-618: The peaks of the hills visible from the city, though this is rare. Snowfall does not occur in the city itself. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record-breaking 620 mm (24 in) of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well. Water supply is strained, leading to project proposals like the Ghazi Barotha water supply project . The Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) Administration , generally known as ICT Administration or Islamabad Administration ,
10179-459: The point of extinction. Additionally, remote sensing allows for the detection of features of the environment without physical intervention. The resulting digital imagery is used to create increasingly accurate models of environmental processes, climate change , and much more. Advancements to remote sensing technology are particularly useful in locating the nonpoint sources of pollution and analyzing ecosystem health through image analysis across
10296-427: The population lies in the age group of 15–64 years, around 59.38%. Only 2.73% of the population is above 65 years of age; 37.90% is below the age of 15. Islamabad has the highest literacy rate in Pakistan, at 88%. 9.8% of the population has done intermediate education (equivalent to grades 11 and 12). 10.26% have a bachelor or equivalent degree while 5.2% have a master or equivalent degree. The labour force of Islamabad
10413-474: The presence of Hindu people in the region. The shrine of Sufi mystic Pir Meher Ali Shah is located at Golra Sharif , which has a rich cultural heritage of the pre-Islamic period. Archaeological remains of the Buddhist era can also still be found in the region. The shrine of Bari Imam was built by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb . Thousands of devotees from across Pakistan attend the annual Urs of Bari Imam. The event
10530-488: The principles to local-scale actions. The upshot has been an explosion of documentation and study of environmental consequences before the fact of development actions. One can examine the specifics of environmental science by reading examples of Environmental Impact Statements prepared under NEPA such as: Wastewater treatment expansion options discharging into the San Diego/ Tijuana Estuary , Expansion of
10647-505: The process of collectivizing knowledge from researchers around the world to create increased opportunity for scientific progress. With crowdsourcing , data is released to the public for personal analyses which can later be shared as new information is found. Another technological development, blockchain technology, monitors and regulates global fisheries. By tracking the path of fish through global markets, environmental scientists can observe whether certain species are being overharvested to
10764-705: The professions of judicial officers , public prosecutors , teachers of madrassas , preachers of Friday sermons and imams . It attracts students domestically and from Central and Southeast Asia . In 2012, the university was ranked fourth in general universities category by the Higher Education Commission (Pakistan) . In February 2014, it awarded King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia an honorary doctorate in politics and international relations. It offers undergraduate and post-graduate programs in law , science , engineering & technology , humanities , arts , religious studies , social and natural sciences . The university has two campuses. The old campus lies about
10881-703: The public, leading to international studies on the ramifications of environmental disasters. Over the next couple of years, the Brundtland Commission (previously known as the World Commission on Environment and Development) published a report titled Our Common Future and the Montreal Protocol formed the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as international communication focused on finding solutions for climate change and degradation. In
10998-546: The publication of Rachel Carson 's landmark environmental book Silent Spring along with major environmental issues becoming very public, such as the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill , and the Cuyahoga River of Cleveland, Ohio, "catching fire" (also in 1969), and helped increase the visibility of environmental issues and create this new field of study. In common usage, "environmental science" and "ecology" are often used interchangeably, but technically, ecology refers only to
11115-669: The region and other parts of Pakistan. Faisal Mosque is an important cultural landmark of the city and that attracts many tourists daily. Faisal Mosque built in 1986, was named after the Saudi Arabian King, Faisal bin Abdul Aziz . It also serves the purpose of accommodating 24,000 Muslims that pray at this mosque. Faisal Mosque that is designed by the Turks and financed by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia includes calligraphy of Quranic verses along
11232-607: The region during their invasions of the Indian subcontinent . In 2015–16, the Federal Department of Archaeology and Museums, with the financial support of National Fund for Cultural Heritage, carried out initial archaeological excavations in which unearthed the remains of a Buddhist stupa at Ban Faqiran, near the Shah Allah Ditta caves, which was dated to the 2nd to the 5th century CE. When Pakistan gained independence in 1947,
11349-516: The safety of nuclear energy. In response to landfills and toxic waste often disposed of near their homes, the official Environmental Justice Movement was started by a Black community in North Carolina in 1982. Two years later, the toxic methyl isocyanate gas was released to the public from a power plant disaster in Bhopal , India, harming hundreds of thousands of people living near the disaster site,
11466-442: The southern port city of Karachi was its provisional national capital. In 1958, a commission was constituted to select a suitable site near Rawalpindi for the national capital with particular emphasis on location, climate, logistics, and defence requirements, along with other attributes. After extensive study, research, and a thorough review of potential sites, the commission recommended the area northeast of Rawalpindi in 1959 which
11583-575: The stock exchange is over 1 million shares. According to the World Bank 's Doing Business Report of 2010, Islamabad was ranked as the best place to start a business in Pakistan. Islamabad's businesses are Pakistan's most compliant for paying tax dues. As of 2012 , Islamabad LTU (Large Tax Unit) was responsible for Rs 371 billion in tax revenue, which amounts to 20% of all the revenue collected by Federal Board of Revenue. Islamabad has seen an expansion in information and communications technology with
11700-417: The study of organisms and their interactions with each other as well as how they interrelate with environment. Ecology could be considered a subset of environmental science, which also could involve purely chemical or public health issues (for example) ecologists would be unlikely to study. In practice, there are considerable similarities between the work of ecologists and other environmental scientists. There
11817-502: The study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment . Today it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems . Environmental studies incorporates more of the social sciences for understanding human relationships, perceptions and policies towards
11934-459: The terraces of the Soan River testify to the endeavours of early man in the inter-glacial period. Items of pottery and utensils dating back to prehistory have been found. Excavations by Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Lone reveal evidence of a prehistoric culture in the area. Relics and human skulls have been found dating back to 5000 BCE that indicate the region was home to Neolithic peoples who settled on
12051-1066: The top ranked universities; National University of Sciences and Technology , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology and Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences , also have their headquarters in the capital. The world's second largest general university by enrolment , Allama Iqbal Open University is located in Islamabad for distance education. Other universities include Air University , Bahria University , Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering , Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology , Hamdard University , National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences , Capital University of Science & Technology , National Defence University , Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, National University of Modern Languages , Iqra University , International Islamic University , Virtual University of Pakistan , Muhammad Ali Jinnah University , The University of Lahore , Abasyn University , and The Millennium University College . Islamabad has
12168-478: The treatment of wastewaters for future use. This method is more eco-friendly and cheaper than manual cleanup or treatment of wastewaters. Most notably, the expansion of computer technology has allowed for large data collection, advanced analysis, historical archives, public awareness of environmental issues, and international scientific communication. The ability to crowdsource on the Internet, for example, represents
12285-463: The vital connections between plants and animals and the world around them." Ecologists might investigate the relationship between a population of organisms and some physical characteristic of their environment, such as concentration of a chemical; or they might investigate the interaction between two populations of different organisms through some symbiotic or competitive relationship. For example, an interdisciplinary analysis of an ecological system which
12402-643: The walls of the mosque. One of the landmarks for tourists is the Pakistan Monument built in 2007 located in Islamabad. This tourist attraction represents the patriotism and sovereignty of Pakistan. The design is shaped as a dome with petal-shaped walls that are engraved with arts portraying Pakistan's other tourist landmarks such as the Badshahi Mosque , Minar-e-Pakistan and Lahore Fort . Islamabad holds some of Pakistan's most prestigious museums such as Lok Virsa Museum , Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage Shakarparian Park and prominent galleries such as
12519-427: The water. Furthermore, throughout this century, much of the world has been ravaged by widespread wildfires and water scarcity , prompting regulations on the sustainable use of natural resources as determined by environmental scientists. The 21st century is marked by significant technological advancements. New technology in environmental science has transformed how researchers gather information about various topics in
12636-636: The world. Later, in 2008, the United Kingdom became the first country to pass legislation (the Climate Change Act ) that aims to reduce carbon dioxide output to a specified threshold. In 2016 the Kyoto Protocol became the Paris Agreement , which sets concrete goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and restricts Earth's rise in temperature to a 2 degrees Celsius maximum. The agreement is one of
12753-586: Was brought to the forefront of society in 1962 when Rachel Carson published an influential piece of environmental literature, Silent Spring . Carson's writing led the American public to pursue environmental safeguards, such as bans on harmful chemicals like the insecticide DDT . Another important work, The Tragedy of the Commons , was published by Garrett Hardin in 1968 in response to accelerating natural degradation. In 1969, environmental science once again became
12870-534: Was closer to the army headquarters in Rawalpindi and the disputed territory of Kashmir in the north. A Greek firm of architects, led by Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis , designed the master plan of the city based on a grid plan which was triangular in shape with its apex towards the Margalla Hills . The capital was not moved directly from Karachi to Islamabad; it was first shifted temporarily to Rawalpindi in
12987-951: Was completed in 2013. Since then a campus area for women has been established. In 2006, the construction of the Central Library and the Lincoln Corner was completed. The university consists of the following faculties: The Faculty of Computing (founded in 2020) teaches computer science and software engineering The Faculty of Arabic teaches Arabic Language , literature , Linguistics , Translation and Interpretation . The Faculty of Sciences (founded in 2003) teaches physics and nanotechnology , Mathematics and Statistics, environmental sciences , biotechnology and bioinformatics . The Faculty of Engineering and Technology (founded in 2007) offers degrees in Electrical Engineering , Mechanical Engineering and Civil Engineering . It has
13104-466: Was founded in 1983. It offers degrees in Islamic banking and finance, econometric and rural development. Within the faculty, the Division of Research and Training promotes research and offers training for staff of public and private financial and academic institutions. The International Islamic University (IIU) uses an absolute grading system with a fixed range. The grading table is: The central library
13221-532: Was founded in 1987 and became a public company in 1989. The hospital has 70 qualified consultants in almost all specialties, 150 IPD beds and OPD facilities in 35 different specialisations. According to the Federal Bureau of Statistics of the Government of Pakistan, in 2008 there were 12 hospitals, 76 dispensaries , and five maternity and child welfare centers in the city with a total of 5,158 beds. Islamabad
13338-581: Was founded in March 1985. The Shari'ah Institute of Training was founded in 1981 and became an academy in 1985. Faculty of Usuluddin have different international faculty members. Such as Al-Azhar University qualified professors. The Centre of Excellence for Modern Languages teaches English, Chinese and Urdu languages preparatory courses for students seeking to enroll in foreign and national universities (for example, HEC scholarships) or seeking employment. It also offers an English proficiency program. The university's International Institute of Islamic Economics
13455-829: Was inaugurated on 18 April 2022. On 7 July 2022, the Green Line and Blue Lines were added to this Metrobus network. The system uses e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System and is managed by the Punjab Mass Transit Authority . The metro buses are widely used for commuting purposes by the labor force and students. Environmental sciences Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physics , biology , meteorology , mathematics and geography (including ecology , chemistry , plant science , zoology , mineralogy , oceanography , limnology , soil science , geology and physical geography , and atmospheric science ) to
13572-633: Was life-threatening. Many niche disciplines of environmental science have emerged over the years, although climatology is one of the most known topics. Since the 2000s, environmental scientists have focused on modeling the effects of climate change and encouraging global cooperation to minimize potential damages. In 2002, the Society for the Environment as well as the Institute of Air Quality Management were founded to share knowledge and develop solutions around
13689-561: Was used as provisional capital from that year on. In the 1960s, Islamabad was constructed as a forward capital for several reasons. Karachi was also located at the southern end of the country, and exposed to attacks from the Arabian Sea . Pakistan needed a capital that was easily accessible from all parts of the country. Karachi, a business centre, was also considered unsuitable partly because of intervention of business interests in government affairs. The newly selected location of Islamabad
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