Outer London is the name for the group of London boroughs that form a ring around Inner London . Together, the inner and outer boroughs form London , the capital city of the United Kingdom . The population at the 2021 Census was 5,395,500, which means over 60% of the population of Greater London lives in Outer London.
26-584: Outer London consists of areas that were not part of the County of London and became formally part of London when Greater London was created 1965. An exception is North Woolwich , which was in the County of London but was transferred to Newham in 1965. The twenty Outer London boroughs were defined by the London Government Act 1963 . The main difference between Inner and Outer London boroughs between 1965 and 1990
52-472: A purpose-built County Hall in the 1930s. The housing policy of the council included provision of large housing estates outside the boundaries of the county, such as that at Becontree . In 1900, eleven years after its foundation, the London Government Act divided the County of London into 28 metropolitan boroughs . These replaced the ancient parish vestries and district boards as the second tier of local government. County of London boroughs numbered in
78-703: A series of parish vestries and district boards. The local authority for the county was the London County Council (LCC). Initially, the LCC provided the services it had inherited from the Metropolitan Board of Works. Eventually, however, it absorbed functions from ad-hoc agencies such the London School Board and Metropolitan Asylums Board . The council was initially based in Spring Gardens , but moved to
104-661: The Local Government Act 1888 . The Act created an administrative County of London, which included within its territory the City of London . However, the City of London and the County of London formed separate ceremonial counties for " non-administrative " purposes. The local authority for the county was the London County Council (LCC), which initially performed only a limited range of functions, but gained further powers during its 76-year existence. The LCC provided very few services within
130-527: The London Plan planning document produced by the Mayor of London , Outer London consists of the statutory Outer London boroughs, with the exception of Newham. From 1990 to 2000 London used two telephone area codes with separate codes for 'Inner London' and 'Outer London' (originally 071 and 081 respectively, becoming 0171 and 0181 in 1995). The area covered by the 'Outer London' code was widely different from all of
156-787: The Metropolitan Police District and City of London) lived outside the county than in it. The following table illustrates the approximate population according to the census at various intervals: †The City of London and the Metropolitan Boroughs of Bermondsey, Bethnal Green, Finsbury, Holborn, St Marylebone, St Pancras, Shoreditch, Southwark, Stepney and Westminster. ‡The Metropolitan Boroughs of Battersea, Chelsea, Islington, Kensington, Lambeth and Paddington. §The Metropolitan Boroughs of Camberwell, Deptford, Fulham, Greenwich, Hackney, Hammersmith, Hampstead, Lewisham, Poplar, Stoke Newington, Wandsworth and Woolwich. #Defined as
182-584: The River Thames , which was the most significant geographical feature. It was bordered by the River Lea with Essex to the north-east, Kent to the south-east, Surrey the south-west and Middlesex to the north. The highest point was Hampstead Heath in the north of the county at 440 feet (134 m), which is one of the highest points in London . In 1900 a number of boundary anomalies were abolished. These included
208-460: The 1951 peak with a population of 4,942,040 in 2011. The population at the 2021 Census was 5,395,500. Over 60% of the population of Greater London lives in Outer London. In 2002 there were 1.64 million jobs located in Outer London, which accounted for 42% of total jobs in London. Heathrow Airport and Croydon are the most significant locations for employment in Outer London. For the purposes of
234-413: The City of London, where the ancient Corporation monopolised local governance. In 1900, the lower-tier civil parishes and district boards were replaced with 28 new metropolitan boroughs . The territory of the county was 74,903 acres (303.12 km ) in 1961. During its existence, there was a long-term decline in population as more residents moved into the outer suburbs; there were periodic reviews of
260-551: The Office for National Statistics based on past censuses in order to fit the 2001 limits. Outer London continued to grow as population moved from Inner London, surpassing the Inner London population in 1951 at 4,517,588. The population of Greater London as a whole then started to decline, and the Outer London population fell from the 1951 peak to 4,230,000 in 1991. Since 1991 the Outer London population has been increasing again, surpassing
286-485: The above definitions. In 2000, London returned to using a single 020 area code and all official distinctions between 'inner' and 'outer' London numbers ceased at this time. County of London The County of London was a county of England from 1889 to 1965, corresponding to the area known today as Inner London . It was created as part of the general introduction of elected county government in England, by way of
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#1732837600353312-466: The agency power of the City Corporation. Ultimately, the Local Government Act 1888 and the introduction of county councils in England provided the mechanism for creating a territory and authority encompassing the expanded London area. For expediency, the area of the metropolitan board was chosen for the new county, and no attempt was made to select new boundaries. This area had been out of line with
338-419: The area of control of the county council, also included the City of London. In practice, the county council had very little authority over the ancient City, with some powers over drainage, roads, fire brigade, embankment of the river and flood prevention. In common with the rest of the country, the 1888 Act provided no reform of lower-tier authorities and the county was, initially at least, administered locally by
364-603: The area of the Metropolitan Police district outside the County of London. The county of London was abolished in 1965 and was replaced by the fivefold-sized Greater London , which took in nearly all of Middlesex , along with areas in Surrey , Kent, Essex and Hertfordshire . Middlesex and Surrey had already been reduced in 1889 on the county's creation. The area "that had been" has since been known statutorily as Inner London and an Inner London Education Authority operated in
390-489: The area until 1990. The 28 metropolitan boroughs were merged to form 12 new Inner London boroughs . 51°30′N 0°06′W / 51.5°N 0.1°W / 51.5; -0.1 Metropolitan boroughs of the County of London Metropolitan boroughs were subdivisions of the County of London from 1900 to 1965 . The 28 boroughs were created by the London Government Act 1899 . In 1965 they were abolished and replaced by larger London boroughs within
416-580: The board gained more functions and became the de facto local authority and provider of new services for the London area. The board operated in those parts of the counties of Middlesex , Surrey and Kent that had been designated by the General Register Office as "the Metropolis" for the purposes of the Bills of Mortality . This area had been administered separately from the City of London, which came under
442-517: The control of the Corporation of London . There had been several attempts during the 19th century to reform London government, either by expanding the City of London to cover the whole of the metropolitan area; by creating a new county of London; or by creating ten municipal corporations matching the parliamentary boroughs of the metropolis. These had all been defeated in Parliament, in part because of
468-439: The expansion of London even in 1855. For example, it anomalously omitted built-up and expanding areas such as West Ham , but included some sparsely populated areas on the metropolitan fringe. The City of London and the County of London each formed counties for " non-administrative " purposes, with a separate Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff for the county of London. However, the administrative county , which corresponded to
494-399: The information box on the right side: Metropolitan Borough Successor(s) No. on map † Not a metropolitan borough. Population fell after World War I and as recorded at each census until its 1965 demise. In 1901, the population was 4.5 million and by 1961 it had fallen to 3.2 million. Following the 1931 census, more of the population of "Greater London" (defined at the time as
520-462: The local government structures in the greater London area and several failed attempts to expand the boundaries of the county. In 1965, the London Government Act 1963 replaced the county with the much larger Greater London administrative area. The county occupied an area of just under 75,000 acres (30,351 ha) and lay within the London Basin . It was divided into two parts (north and south) by
546-502: The loss of the Alexandra Park exclave to Middlesex, gaining South Hornsey in return, and the transfer of Penge to Kent. The Metropolis Management Act 1855 revolutionised and amalgamated much of local government across an identical, newly formed, area. This reform created an indirectly elected Metropolitan Board of Works which initially built and maintained infrastructure for the metropolis, including modern sanitation. Over time
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#1732837600353572-399: The new area of Greater London . The City of London , indicated no. 1 on the map, was not a metropolitan borough. It predated the metropolitan boroughs and is still in existence. Parliamentary boroughs covering the metropolitan area were created in 1832. They were Finsbury , Greenwich , Lambeth , Marylebone , Southwark , Tower Hamlets and Westminster . Soon after their creation it
598-457: The nineteen London boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, Barnet, Bexley, Brent, Bromley, Croydon, Ealing, Enfield, Greenwich, Harrow, Havering, Hillingdon, Hounslow, Kingston upon Thames, Merton, Redbridge, Richmond upon Thames, Sutton, and Waltham Forest. Figures here are for the Office for National Statistics defined Outer London (in its 2001 limits), whose land area is 1,254 km (484 sq mi). Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by
624-425: The second tier of local government. Some boroughs were formed as amalgamations of parishes , but most were continuations of existing units of local government, with the parish vestry or district board elevated to a borough council. With the creation of the boroughs, the opportunity was taken to correct a number of boundary anomalies. All civil parishes in the County of London continued to exist, although their role
650-470: Was proposed that they should be incorporated for local government purposes and this was also a finding of the Royal Commission on the City of London , but this did not happen. The metropolitan boroughs were created in 1900 by the London Government Act 1899 which created 28 metropolitan boroughs as sub-divisions of the County of London . Their borough councils replaced vestry and district boards as
676-521: Was that the outer boroughs were local education authorities . The statutory Outer London boroughs are: The Office for National Statistics and the decennial UK Census use a different definition of Outer London, excluding Haringey and Newham (which are defined as Inner London), and including Greenwich . This is reflected in the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) classification. Under this classification, Outer London consists of
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