75-516: The London Government Act 1963 (c. 33) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , which created Greater London and a new local government structure within it. The Act significantly reduced the number of local government districts in the area, resulting in local authorities responsible for larger areas and populations. The upper tier of local government was reformed to cover the whole of
150-501: A white paper , which is a clear statement of intent. It is increasingly common for a small number of Government bills to be published in draft before they are presented in Parliament. These bills are then considered either by the relevant select committee of the House of Commons or by an ad hoc joint committee of both Houses. This provides an opportunity for the committee to express a view on
225-502: A Social Market Economy . Joseph was born in Westminster , London , to a wealthy and influential family, the son of Edna Cicely (Phillips) and Samuel Joseph . His father headed the vast family construction and project-management company, Bovis , and was Lord Mayor of London in 1942–3. At the end of his term he was created a baronet . Joseph's family was Jewish. On the death of his father on 4 October 1944, 26-year-old Keith inherited
300-625: A White Paper on the university sector, The Development of Higher Education into the 1990s . It advocated an appraisal system to assess the relative quality of research and foresaw a retrenchment in the size of the higher education sector. Both proposals were controversial. Joseph was the primary influence on the Education (No. 2) Act 1986 , enacted soon after his resignation as secretary, which abolished corporal punishment in most schools, established regular parents' meetings , and increased parents' influence in school governance. Joseph stepped down from
375-642: A captain in the Royal Artillery , and suffered a minor wound during German shelling of his company's headquarters in Italy, as well as being mentioned in dispatches . After the end of the war, he was called to the Bar ( Middle Temple ). Following his father, he was elected as an Alderman of the City of London. He was a Director of Bovis, becoming chairman in 1958, and became an underwriter at Lloyd's of London . In 1945, Joseph joined
450-611: A compromise plan was found necessary to secure consensus. The compromise involved the abandonment of Joseph's plan to levy tuition fees but preserved his aspiration to abolish the minimum grant. The resulting loss to research funding was halved by a concession of further revenue by the Treasury team. Joseph emerged unscathed from the Brighton hotel bombing during the Conservative Party Conference in 1984. In 1985, he published
525-485: A few, if any, are passed each year. Parliamentary authorities maintain a list of all private bills before parliament . Hybrid bills combine elements of both public and private bill. While they propose to make changes to the general law, they also contain provisions applying to specific individuals or bodies. Recent examples are the Crossrail Bill, a hybrid bill to build a railway across London from west to east , and
600-503: A general change in the law. The only difference from other public bills is that they are brought forward by a private member (a backbencher) rather than by the government. Twenty private members' bills per session are allowed to be introduced, with the sponsoring private members selected by a ballot of the whole house, and additional bills may be introduced under the Ten Minute Rule . Financial bills raise revenue and authorise how money
675-557: A minimum consultation period of twelve weeks. Consultation documents are widely circulated (see for example the Home Office consultation on extreme pornography and the Scottish Government 's consultation on food policy ). The character of the consultation is shaped by the government's determination to press forward with a particular set of proposals. A government may publish a green paper outlining various legislative options or
750-495: A minister under four prime ministers: Harold Macmillan , Alec Douglas-Home , Edward Heath , and Margaret Thatcher . He was a key influence in the creation of what came to be known as Thatcherism . Joseph introduced the concept of the social market economy into Britain, an economic and social system inspired by Christian democracy . He also co-founded the Centre for Policy Studies writing its first publication: Why Britain needs
825-480: A period of consultation will take place before a bill is drafted. Within government, the Treasury and other departments with an interest will be consulted along with the devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Outside government, interested parties such as trade unions , industry bodies and pressure groups will be asked for their views on any proposals. The Cabinet Office Code of Practice specifies
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#1732837221169900-670: A position that would facilitate a profound influence on Conservative Party policy. In Thatcher's Shadow cabinet , Joseph wanted to be Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer , but that was impossible since his notorious 1974 speech. Instead, he was given overall responsibility for Policy and Research. He had a large impact on the Conservative manifesto for the 1979 election , but frequently, a compromise had to be reached with Heath's more moderate supporters, such as Jim Prior . Thatcher named Joseph Secretary of State for Industry . He began to prepare
975-409: A process of consultation, the sponsoring department will send drafting instructions to parliamentary counsel, expert lawyers working for the government responsible for writing legislation. These instructions will describe what the bill should do but not the detail of how this is achieved. The Parliamentary counsel must draft the legislation clearly to minimise the possibility of legal challenge and to fit
1050-680: A reduction from 33 to 32 boroughs, and in greater detail, Shoreditch to join Hackney ; Wanstead and Woodford to be added to Ilford to form ' Redbridge ' rather than join Waltham Forest ; Chislehurst and Sidcup to be divided between the Bromley and the Bexley ; East Barnet , Friern Barnet , Hendon , and Finchley to form a single borough (Barnet) , Enfield to join Edmonton and Southgate (to be simply Enfield ),
1125-686: A retired Surrey magistrate and county councillor, co-led the opposition in Committee, having met residents who were all "resolutely and determinedly opposed to the Bill." He was instrumental in getting his own area, Epsom and Ewell, completely excluded. Charles Doughty , MP for East Surrey (including Coulsdon and Purley ), prophesied that "A shotgun marriage of the kind proposed in the Bill between Coulsdon, Purley and [the Borough of] Croydon can never be successful...The affinities of Coulsdon and Purley go south, not to
1200-469: A specifically named locality or legal person in a manner different from all others. Private bills are "usually promoted by organisations, like local authorities or private companies, to give themselves powers beyond, or in conflict with, the general law. Private bills only change the law as it applies to specific individuals or organisations, rather than the general public. Groups or individuals potentially affected by these changes can petition Parliament against
1275-418: A sub-category of private acts, which confer specific rights or duties on a named individual or individuals, for example allowing two persons to marry even though they are within a "prohibited degree of consanguinity or affinity" such as stepfather and stepdaughter. Private bills, common in the 19th century, are now rare, as new planning legislation introduced in the 1960s removed the need for many of them. Only
1350-436: Is designed to keep the business of government and public affairs up to date. These bills may not be substantial or controversial in party political terms. Two sub-classes of the housekeeping bill are consolidation bills , which set out existing law in a clearer and more up-to-date form without changing its substance; and the tax law rewrite bills , which do the same for tax law. An Act of Parliament will often confer power on
1425-739: Is spent. The best-known such bills are the normally annual Finance Bills introduced by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Budget . This usually encompasses all the changes to be made to tax law for the year. Its formal description is "a Bill to grant certain duties, to alter other duties, and to amend the law relating to the National Debt and the Public Revenue, and to make further provision in connection with finance". Consolidated Fund and Appropriation Bills authorise government spending. This type of bill
1500-507: The 1976 Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Bill , which was a particularly controversial bill that was ruled to be a hybrid bill, forcing the government to withdraw some of its provisions to allow its passage as a public bill. Once passed, hybrid bills are printed as part of the public general acts. Parliamentary authorities maintain a list of all hybrid bills before parliament . It is important not to confuse private bills with private members' bills, which are public bills intended to effect
1575-534: The Carnegie Trust and other organisations, which enabled the carers movement to succeed and thrive through its formative years. Despite Joseph's reputation as a right-winger, Heath promoted him to Trade spokesman in 1967, where he had an important role in policy development. In the run-up to the 1970 election Joseph made a series of speeches under the title "civilised capitalism", in which he outlined his political philosophy and hinted of cuts in public spending. At
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#17328372211691650-604: The Child Poverty Action Group . The notion of the "cycle of deprivation" holding down poor people was the basis of his speech. He linked it to current theories of the culture of poverty, especially to the chaotic lifestyle of the poorest people. However, he suggested that poor people should stop having so many children. In his highly publicised speech at Edgbaston , he reflected on the moral and spiritual state of Britain: A high and rising proportion of children are being born to mothers least fitted to bring children into
1725-555: The Greater London Authority introduced in 2000. As of 2024, the London boroughs are more or less identical to those created in 1965, although with some enhanced powers over services such as waste management and education. The act set up a two-tier local government system, with powers divided between the newly formed Greater London Council (GLC), 32 new London borough councils and the existing City of London . The provisions of
1800-603: The King in Council , a minister , or another public body to create delegated legislation, usually by means of a statutory instrument . Bills may start their passage in either the House of Commons or House of Lords , although bills which are mainly or entirely financial will start in the Commons. Each bill passes through the following stages: Although not strictly part of the legislative process,
1875-502: The Liverpool riots . In response to Michael Heseltine 's regeneration proposal, Joseph suggested that there should be a "managed rundown" of Merseyside instead. Later, his private secretary asked for minutes of a meeting to be amended to remove reference to explicit economic regeneration as Joseph believed "it is by no means clear that any such strategy could lead to a viable economic entity". Joseph's 1976 speech "Monetarism Is Not Enough"
1950-601: The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham . The Local Government Act 1985 abolished the Greater London Council and transferred its functions to the London borough councils, joint arrangements and to central government. The Inner London Education Authority continued to exist as a directly elected authority. The Education Reform Act 1988 abolished the Inner London Education Authority and made
2025-563: The London and Home Counties Traffic Advisory Committee , set up in 1924, were abolished, with the GLC gaining powers to regulate road traffic. An alteration was also made to the Metropolitan Police District to include the whole of Greater London, but the district continued to include a number of areas in surrounding counties. The composition of the London boroughs was given in schedule 1 of
2100-629: The Macmillan government at the Ministry of Housing and the Board of Trade . In the ' Night of the Long Knives ' reshuffle of 13 July 1962 he was made Minister for Housing and Local Government. He introduced a massive programme to build council housing , which aimed at 400,000 new homes per year by 1965. He wished to increase the proportion of owner-occupied households, by offering help with mortgage deposits. Housing
2175-556: The National Health Service . However, he grew increasingly opposed to the Heath government's economic strategy, which had seen a 'U-turn' in favour of intervention in industry in 1972. Following the election defeat of February 1974 , Joseph worked with Margaret Thatcher to set up the Centre for Policy Studies , a think-tank to develop policies for the new free-market Conservatism that they both favoured. Joseph became interested in
2250-615: The Selsdon Park Hotel meeting, the Conservative Party largely adopted this approach. After the Conservatives won the election, Joseph was made Secretary of State for Social Services , which put him in charge of the largest bureaucracy of any government department but kept him out of control of economics. Despite his speeches against bureaucracy, Joseph found himself compelled to add to it as he increased and improved services in
2325-639: The United Kingdom is primary legislation passed by the UK Parliament in Westminster , London . An Act of Parliament can be enforced in all four of the UK constituent countries ( England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland ). As a result of devolution the majority of acts that are passed by Parliament increasingly only apply either to England and Wales only, or England only. Generally acts only relating to constitutional and reserved matters now apply to
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2400-533: The baronetcy . Joseph was educated at Lockers Park School in Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire, followed by Harrow School , where, uncharacteristically, he did not do particularly well academically. He then attended Magdalen College , Oxford, where he read jurisprudence , obtaining first class honours. He was elected a Prize Fellow of All Souls College in 1946. During World War II , Joseph served as
2475-444: The post-war consensus of a welfare state with strong labour unions. Their policies to stabilise the economy retained government control on industries and created an intricate system to control wages and dividends. In the eyes of Thatcher and Joseph, that pragmatic approach was contrary to the true "Conservative" ideology. As he had done a great deal to promote Thatcher, when she won the leadership in 1975 , she determined to put him in
2550-548: The Bill advanced its smooth passage summarising the Royal Commission's Report: One of those basic strands is that London Government must reflect the physical fact that Greater London is a single city with a recognisable existence of its own: it is a living organism with its heart, its limbs and its lungs. The Surrey [-proposed] Plan does not recognise this important basic fact. Secondly, the Government regard it as vital that
2625-713: The Cabinet in 1986, and retired from Parliament at the 1987 election . He was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1986. He received a life peerage in the dissolution honours, being created Baron Joseph , of Portsoken in the City of London on 12 October 1987. Joseph died on 10 December 1994. At the end of 2011, the release of confidential documents under the UK Government's 30-year rule revealed Joseph's thoughts regarding
2700-501: The Conservative Party that "it would have been a disaster for the party, country, and me", and he rated himself a failure in office. The Sir Keith Joseph Memorial Lecture is held annually by the Centre for Policy Studies. Joseph was married twice: firstly, in 1951 to Hellen Guggenheimer, with whom he had four children. They separated in 1978, finally divorcing in 1985. In 1990 he married Yolanda Sheriff (née Castro), whom he had known since
2775-482: The Conservative government in 1979, had cancelled the plans of Shirley Williams , his second-last predecessor, to merge O Levels and CSEs , but he achieved that policy. Although that was not normally the responsibility of central government, he insisted on personally approving the individual subject syllabuses before the GCSE system was introduced. His attempts to reform teachers' pay and bring in new contracts were opposed by
2850-575: The County of London this reorganised the proposed boroughs so that combinations for the present boroughs of Camden, Westminster and Islington were achieved. The Hackney borough had Shoreditch rather than the Tower Hamlets borough. Lewisham would be standalone, Deptford would combine with Camberwell and Bermondsey, and Southwark and Lambeth would unite. Eastern Wandsworth was to form a borough in itself, with western Wandsworth being paired with Battersea. Outside
2925-598: The Greater London area and with a more strategic role; and the split of functions between upper and lower tiers was recast. The Act classified the boroughs into inner and outer London groups. The City of London and its corporation were essentially unreformed by the legislation. Subsequent amendments to the Act have significantly amended the upper tier arrangements, with the Greater London Council abolished in 1986, and
3000-617: The Greenwich and Woolwich metropolitan boroughs. Lewisham and Deptford were unable to agree on whether the borough should be named Lewisham, Deptford or after the central river/stream, Ravensbourne. The councils to become part of the London Borough of Barnet suggested "Northgate" or "Northern Heights" as names. Islington and Finsbury (Borough 3) were also unable to come to a decision, with Finsbury preferring "New River" and Islington preferring Islington. Richmond and Twickenham (Borough 24) disagreed over which, if any of those names should appear in
3075-516: The Lords. They will check the following: After this process, the bill is then ready for introduction. Keith Joseph Defunct Keith Sinjohn Joseph, Baron Joseph , Bt , CH , PC (17 January 1918 – 10 December 1994), known as Sir Keith Joseph, 2nd Baronet , for most of his political life, was a British politician. A member of the Conservative Party , he served as
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3150-518: The Opposition in both houses saw the Bill as being partisan, opposed London's re-casting and celebrated its predecessor: ...you mean to go through with this execution of the London County Council because they have been so successful and they have been so strongly supported for 28 years by the electorate. ...we believe that it is a party political Bill. We have been told that it is "politics in
3225-510: The Tottenham, Hornsey and Wood Green authorities to combine to form Haringey and at the most local level, Clapham and Streatham neighbourhoods to join Lambeth . The slightly amended form was laid before Parliament for substantive debates from November 1962 until April 1963. This proposed the eventually settled 32 more empowered boroughs forming a new administrative county. Ministerial proponents of
3300-467: The act came into effect on 1 April 1965, the new councils having been elected as "shadow authorities" in 1964. Section 1 of the act established 32 London boroughs, each of which was to be governed by an elected borough council, and was to be regulated by the Municipal Corporations Act 1882 and Local Government Act 1933 ( 23 & 24 Geo. 5 . c. 51). Twelve of the boroughs, corresponding to
3375-403: The act: As passed, the act did not include names for the new boroughs. Keith Joseph , the minister, asked local councils for suggestions as to possible names, asking that they be a single word if possible, and noting that "the best name will be the place recognised as the centre of the new borough". Double-barrelled names were to be prohibited. The 'Royal Borough of Charlton ' was proposed for
3450-586: The bill and propose amendments before it is introduced. Draft bills allow more lengthy scrutiny of potential legislation and have been seen as a response to time pressures which may result in the use of programme orders to impose a strict timetable on the passage of bills and what is known as 'drafting on the hoof', where the government introduces amendments to its own bills. With increased time for scrutiny backed up with considered evidence, draft bills may present governments with difficulty in getting their way. The sponsoring government department will then write to
3525-512: The bill in with existing UK, European Union and delegated legislation. A finished bill must be approved or scrutinised by the sponsoring department and minister, parliamentary counsel and LP. The final stage is the submission of the bill to the authorities of the House in which it is to start its legislative journey. In the Commons, this is the Clerk of Legislation and the Public Bill Office in
3600-468: The councils of Romford, Barnet, Carshalton, Coulsdon and Purley, Feltham, Yiewsley and West Drayton to be removed from the area were turned down. Additionally, the department decided that the "northern part of the borough of Epsom and Ewell definitely forms part of Greater London and must be included". Epsom and Ewell would ultimately be excluded from the area in its entirety. Changes published in August 1962 saw
3675-755: The creation of a Greater London with 52 Greater London Boroughs. The Greater London area set up by the 1963 Act was very similar to that proposed by the Herbert Report but excluded Banstead , Caterham and Warlingham , Esher , Walton and Weybridge in Surrey, Chigwell in Essex, Cheshunt in Hertfordshire , and Staines and Sunbury in Middlesex. The government considered that the boroughs should be fewer and larger so published its plan for 34 London boroughs in late 1961. In
3750-482: The economic theory of monetarism as formulated by Milton Friedman and persuaded Thatcher to support it. Despite still being a member of Heath's Shadow Cabinet, Joseph was openly critical of his government's record. In 1976, Joseph delivered his famous Stockton lecture on the economy Monetarism Is Not Enough in which he sought to discredit previously dominant Keynesian economic strategies and contrasted wealth-producing sectors in an economy, such as manufacturing, with
3825-454: The former County of London , were designated Inner London boroughs . The remaining twenty boroughs were designated Outer London boroughs . None of the boroughs were given names in the act. Section 2 declared that the area comprising the areas of the London boroughs, the City and the Temples shall constitute an administrative area to be known as Greater London . An elected Greater London Council
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#17328372211693900-413: The former County of London, the outer London boroughs were to be: The Minister of Housing and Local Government announced, on their request, that five urban districts (Cheshunt, Chigwell, Esher, Staines and Sunbury) were to be excluded from Greater London on 18 May 1961, having earlier confirmed the widely expected exclusion of Banstead , Caterham and Warlingham and Walton and Weybridge . Requests from
3975-469: The functions that need to be exercised over the whole of Greater London should be in the hands of a body with real positive powers. In no other way can such a Government be effective. ...but [in] ordinary human speech, how is it that such people can be so appalled at acknowledging that they live in what is the greatest capital city in the world? ... It would be ludicrous for the Government to go to this extent to try to reorganise metropolitan government for
4050-702: The inner London boroughs education authorities. The Greater London Authority Act 1999 created the Greater London Authority as a replacement for the Greater London Council. Act of Parliament (UK) King Charles III [REDACTED] William, Prince of Wales [REDACTED] Charles III ( King-in-Council ) [REDACTED] Starmer ministry ( L ) Keir Starmer ( L ) Angela Rayner ( L ) ( King-in-Parliament ) [REDACTED] Charles III [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Lord Reed The Lord Hodge Andrew Bailey Monetary Policy Committee An Act of Parliament in
4125-440: The largest category of legislation, in principle affecting the public general law applying to everyone across the entire United Kingdom, or at least to one or more of its constituent countries of England , Northern Ireland , Scotland , or Wales . Most public general acts proceed through Parliament as a public bill. Occasionally a bill is treated as hybrid . Private acts are either local or personal in their effect, applying to
4200-686: The leadership of the Post-War Orphans’ Committee of the Central British Fund for German Jewry (now World Jewish Relief ). Joseph failed to be elected to the marginal seat of Barons Court in West London by 125 votes in the 1955 election . He was elected to parliament in a by-election for Leeds North East in February 1956. He was swiftly appointed as a Parliamentary Private Secretary. Following 1959, Joseph had several junior posts in
4275-677: The loss of their two ancient parish names in combining, so the Minister for Housing and Local Government made one exception and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea came into being. The split of functions between the new authorities were: A royal commission was appointed in 1957 under the chairmanship of Sir Edwin Herbert to consider future local government structures in Greater London. The commission delivered its report in October 1960 proposing
4350-400: The many nationalised industries for privatisation by bringing in private sector managers such as Ian MacGregor but was still forced to give large subsidies to those industries making losses. As Thatcher's Secretary of State for Education from 1981 he started the ball rolling for GCSEs , and the establishment of a national curriculum in England and Wales. Mark Carlisle , his predecessor in
4425-451: The new borough names. Suggestions for Enfield (Borough 32) included " Enfield Chase " and " Edmonton Hundred ". Nine names were without controversy and were proposed in September 1963. Six new names were proposed by the Minister in October 1963 for boroughs unable to decide upon a name The minister proposed a further twelve names in January 1964 Councillors for the metropolitan boroughs of Chelsea and Kensington were divided and opposed
4500-469: The next half century and boggle at including in it the whole of the metropolitan continuous built-up area. I invite hon. Members on both sides to agree that, whatever may have been the merits of saying that the area of the L.C.C. was London in 1848, it is idle to say in 1962 that the frontiers are the same now. Plainly, in the more than 70 years since the L.C.C. came into existence, the whole pattern of London has been transformed. The leaders and all members of
4575-442: The north and east. This is a very bad part of the Bill." The Bill passed, and the boundaries including this fusion, have lasted since 1 April 1965. The Local Government Act 1972 provided a mechanism for councils to change their names: the London Borough of Hammersmith and the London Borough of Barking changed their names after their creation to contain a second locality, to form the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham and
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#17328372211694650-625: The proposed bill and present their objections to committees of MPs and Lords." They include acts to confer powers on certain local authorities, a recent example being the Canterbury City Council Bill, which makes provisions relating to street trading and consumer protection in the city. Private bills can also affect certain companies: the Northern Bank Bill allowed the statutory right of Northern Bank to issue bank notes to be transferred to Danske Bank which had acquired it. Other private bills may affect particular companies established by Act of Parliament such as TSB Bank and Transas. Personal acts are
4725-410: The raw". It certainly is. If London County Council can be destroyed for political reasons, so can the City of London Common Council. Five Conservative MPs (for North-West Croydon, South Croydon, Carshalton, Wimbledon and East Surrey) sympathised with a petition from 20,000 to 30,000 people from Croydon and two hillside semi-rural towns not to join London. Former Labour Home Secretary James Chuter Ede ,
4800-432: The relevant policy committee of the Cabinet. The proposals are only discussed at a meeting if disagreements arise. Even an uncontroversial proposal may face administrative hurdles. A potential change in the law may have to wait for a more extensive bill in that policy area to be brought forward before it is worthwhile devoting parliamentary time to it. The proposal will then be bundled together with more substantive measures in
4875-416: The right. His overnight conversion to free-market, small-government policies "had the force of a religious conversion". In 1975, he said: It was only in April 1974 that I was converted to Conservatism. (I had thought I was a Conservative but I now see that I was not really one at all.) This remark expressed Joseph's sense of failure during multiple Conservative governments that had automatically followed
4950-416: The same Bill. The Ministerial Committee on the Legislative Programme (LP), including the leaders and government chief whips in both houses, is responsible for the timetable of legislation. This committee decides which house a bill will start in, recommends to the Cabinet which proposals will be in the King's Speech , which will be published in draft and how much parliamentary time will be required. Following
5025-490: The service sector and government, which tend to be wealth-consuming. He contended that an economy begins to decline as its wealth-producing sector shrinks. Many on the right wing of the Conservative Party looked to Joseph to challenge Heath for the leadership, but his chances declined following a controversial speech on 19 October 1974. It covered a variety of socially-conservative topics and drew on an article that had been written by Arthur Wynn and his wife and published by
5100-431: The trade unions and led to a series of one-day strikes. In 1984, his public spending negotiations with his Treasury colleagues resulted in a proposed plan for extra research funding for universities financed through the curtailment of financial support to students who were dependent children of more affluent parents. That plan provoked heated opposition from fellow members of the Cabinet (particularly, Cecil Parkinson ) and
5175-410: The whole of the United Kingdom . A draft piece of legislation is called a bill . When this is passed by Parliament and given royal assent , it becomes an act and part of statute law . Acts of Parliament are classified as either "public general acts" or "local and personal acts" (also known as "private acts"). Bills are also classified as "public", "private", or "hybrid". Public general acts form
5250-465: The world ... Some are of low intelligence, most of low educational attainment. They are unlikely to be able to give children the stable emotional background, the consistent combination of love and firmness ... They are producing problem children ... The balance of our human stock, is threatened. The outrage, despite his repeated apologies, in reaction to his speech sharply undercut Joseph's campaign to replace Heath as party leader. The speech
5325-465: Was an important issue at the 1964 election and Joseph was felt to have done well on television in the campaign. In opposition, Joseph was spokesman on Social Services, and then on Labour under Edward Heath . He was one of twelve founder members of the National Council for the Single Woman and Her Dependants on 15 December 1965. According to Tim Cook's The History of the Carers' Movement , Joseph and Sally Oppenheim were critical in raising funds from
5400-415: Was described by Margaret Thatcher as "one of the very few speeches which have fundamentally affected a political generation's way of thinking". Joseph's political achievement was in pioneering the application of monetarist economics to British political economics, and in developing what would later become known as Thatcherism . He knew his own limitations, remarking of the prospect of his becoming Leader of
5475-480: Was not largely written by Jonathan Sumption , who went on to become a Supreme Court judge in United Kingdom, though it has been erroneously suggested. Joseph withdrew from the contest against Heath and informed Margaret Thatcher, who responded "if you're not going to stand, I will, because someone who represents our viewpoint has to stand." He now became a major advisor. Thatcher later referred to Joseph as her closest political friend, and they both moved sharply to
5550-585: Was to form part of any administrative county, county district or parish. Three Middlesex urban districts not included in Greater London were transferred to other counties: Potters Bar to Hertfordshire and Staines and Sunbury-on-Thames to Surrey . The act also established the Inner London Education Authority to administer schools and colleges in the 12 inner London boroughs. The remaining 20 outer boroughs became local education authorities in their own right. The London Traffic Area and
5625-539: Was to govern the new area. Section 3 abolished the administrative counties of Middlesex and London (created in 1889), and absorbed parts of Kent , Essex , Surrey and Hertfordshire plus the whole of the City of London to form the administrative area of Greater London. As well as the two counties, the twenty-eight existing metropolitan boroughs , plus all county boroughs , county districts or parishes that fell wholly within Greater London were to cease to exist, along with their councils. No part of Greater London
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