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83-511: Finland Iceland Norway RAF , RN , Fleet Air Arm Svalbard (1941–1945) Lapland War Associated articles Operation Zitronella , also known as Unternehmen Sizilien (Operation Sicily ), was an eight-hour German raid on Spitzbergen , in the Svalbard Archipelago, on 8 September 1943. The battleships Tirpitz (in its only offensive action) and Scharnhorst , plus nine destroyers, sailed to

166-520: A delay to Tirpitz until 12:00 p.m. and then the German ships left at 19 kn (35 km/h; 22 mph) The Norwegians repaired their wireless and got off a sighting report, which led to the Home Fleet sailing from Scapa Flow but too late to intercept the German ships, which reached port on 9 September. Unternehmen Zitronella/Sizilien was a qualified success; it brought no lasting benefit, since

249-511: A more active role in pushing the Germans out of Lapland, thus intensifying hostilities. The Germans adopted a scorched-earth policy, and proceeded to lay waste to the entire northern half of the country as they retreated. Around 100,000 people lost their homes, adding to the burden of post-war reconstruction. The actual loss of life, however, was relatively light. Finland lost approximately 1,000 troops and Germany about 2,000. The Finnish army expelled

332-559: A name-based estimate of 74 Jews), most likely perished in Nazi concentration camps . During World War II , Finland was anomalous: It was the only European country bordering the Soviet Union in 1939 which was still unoccupied by 1945. It was a country which sided with Germany, but in which native Jews and almost all refugees were safe from persecution. It was the only country that fought alongside Nazi Germany which maintained democracy throughout

415-660: A part of Finland before. This resulted with Stalin asking Roosevelt for help in restoring peaceful relations between Finland and the Soviet Union on 4 August 1941. Finland's refusal of the Soviet offer of territorial concessions in exchange for a peace treaty would later cause Great Britain to declare war on Finland on 6 December (the US maintained diplomatic relations with Finland until the summer of 1944). The German and Finnish troops in Northern Finland were less successful, failing to take

498-480: A position. Signehamna Signehamna is included in the Nordvest-Spitsbergen National Park . Relics from weather station Knospe (1941-1942), then Nussbaum , built by German occupants during World War II, are located on the shore. 79°16′20″N 11°32′03″E  /  79.2723°N 11.5343°E  / 79.2723; 11.5343 This Spitsbergen location article

581-466: The Reichsgau Wartheland in the former state of Poland , joining 1,089 Norwegian officers interned there. A German Leading Seaman from a destroyer was court-martialled and sentenced to death for cowardice (he had hidden on his ship rather than accompanying troops to the shore) and was executed on the quarterdeck of Scharnhorst . This episode, along with a dispute over medal allocation, when

664-526: The Kriegsmarine at Signehamna , a small bay on Lilliehöökfjorden , a branch of Krossfjorden in north-western Spitzbergen. An automatic weather station ( Kröte ) with a thermometer, barometer, transmitter and batteries arrived at Banak, to be flown to Bansö and the Moll party to be brought back. It took until 12 May for favourable weather; a Heinkel He 111 and a Junkers Ju 88 were sent with supplies and

747-618: The Hohenzollern monarchy on 9 November 1918, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania became independent, German troops left Finland, and British ships patrolled the Baltic Sea. Mannerheim was elected regent by the Eduskunta , and Finnish policy became pro-Entente as the western powers intervened in the Russian Civil War (7 November 1917 – 16 June 1923). Mannerheim favoured intervention against

830-619: The Lapland War against Germany in 1944–1945, followed the signing of the Moscow Armistice with the Allied Powers, which stipulated expulsion of Nazi German forces from Finnish territory. The Soviet attempt to conquer Finland in the Winter War was thwarted, and by the end of World War II, Finland remained an independent country. However, Finland ceded approximately 10% of its territory to

913-742: The League of Nations , and as a result, the Soviet Union was expelled from that body on 14 December. The aim of the invasion was to liberate the 'Red Finns' and eventually annex Finland to the Soviet Union . To this end, a puppet government, the Finnish Democratic Republic , was established in Terijoki under the leadership of the exiled O. W. Kuusinen . Strategic goals of the Red Army included cutting Finland in half and capturing Petsamo in

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996-616: The Paris Peace Treaty , Finland was classified as an ally of Nazi Germany, bearing its responsibility for the war. The treaty imposed heavy war reparations on Finland and stipulated the lease of the Porkkala area near the Finnish capital Helsinki as a military base for fifty years. The reparations were initially thought to be crippling for the economy, but a determined effort was made to pay them. The reparations were reduced by 25% in 1948 by

1079-462: The Red Army launched a major strategic offensive against Finland , attaining vast numerical superiority and surprising the Finnish army. This attack pushed the Finnish forces approximately to the same positions as they were holding at the end of the Winter War. Eventually, the Soviet offensive was fought to a standstill in the Battle of Tali–Ihantala , while still tens or hundreds of kilometres in front of

1162-744: The 4th (KzS Rolf Johannesson), 5th (KzS Max-Eckart Wolff) and 6th (KzS Friedrich Kothe) destroyer flotillas, with the Narvik-class destroyers Z27 , Z29 , Z30 , Z31 , Z33 and Z15 Erich Steinbrinck , Z20 Karl Galster , Z6 Theodor Riedel and Z10 Hans Lody , embarked a battalion of the 349th Grenadier Regiment, 230th Infantry Division . The ships sailed for Svalbard on 6 September. Tirpitz led Scharnhorst , with Karl Galster , Theodore Riedel and Hans Lody providing an anti-submarine screen ahead, Erich Steinbrinck , Z27 and Z30 to starboard and Z29 , Z31 and Z33 to port, as

1245-448: The 5th and 6th Destroyer Flotillas landed troops in Advent bay, while Tirpitz and the 4th flotilla sailed to Barentsburg, Tirpitz flying a white ensign as a ruse. Just before the ships opened fire, a wireless message from Grønfjord was intercepted by the ships that three cruisers and seven destroyers had arrived; Tirpitz began to jam the frequency but could not tell if the message

1328-557: The Allies quickly re-occupied Spitzbergen island. On 19 October, the cruiser USS  Tuscaloosa arrived at Barentsburg with relief and reinforcements for the Norwegian garrison. Samuel Eliot Morison , the official historian of the US Navy, described Zitronella as a political move on the part of the Kriegsmarine , to show Hitler that the German surface fleet had some value. Morison judged

1411-673: The Bolshevik government of the Soviet Union on 31 December. In January 1918, the Eduskunta ordered General Carl Mannerheim to use local Finnish White Guards to disarm Finnish Red Guards and Russian troops throughout the country, a process which began on 27 January and led to the beginning of the Finnish Civil War . After the Eastern Front and peace negotiations between the Bolsheviks and Germany collapsed, German troops intervened in

1494-617: The Bolsheviks but suspicion of the White Russians who refused to recognise Finnish independence led to his aggressive policy being overruled; then, the Bolshevik victory in Russia forestalled Finnish hostilities. Paasikivi led a delegation to Tartu , in Estonia, with instructions to establish a frontier from Lake Ladoga in the south, via Lake Onega to the White Sea in the north. The importance of

1577-570: The Finnish Army controlled East Karelia between 1941 and 1944, several concentration camps were set up for Russian civilians . The first camp was set up on 24 October 1941, in Petrozavodsk. Of these interned civilians 4,361 perished mainly due to malnourishment, 90% of them during the spring and summer of 1942. Finland never signed the Tripartite Pact , but was aided in its military assault on

1660-421: The Finnish army had just 9 smaller divisions. The Soviets also enjoyed overwhelming superiority in the number of armour and air units deployed. The Finns had to defend a border that was some 1287 km (800 miles) in length, putting them at a significant disadvantage. The Winter War was fought in two Soviet offensives, divided by a short lull. The war was fought mainly in three areas. The Karelian Isthmus and

1743-530: The Finnish efforts to improve the security of the country. Defensive arrangements were attempted with Sweden and the United Kingdom, but the political and military situation in the context of the Second World War rendered these efforts fruitless. Finland then turned to Nazi Germany for military aid. As the German offensive against the Soviet Union ( Operation Barbarossa ) approached, the cooperation between

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1826-508: The Finns to be Finnish territory. No agreement was reached. On 26 November the Soviet Union accused the Finnish army of shelling the village of Mainila . It was subsequently found that the Soviets had in fact shelled their own village, in order to create a pretext for withdrawal from their non-aggression pact with Finland. On 30 November 1939, the Soviet Union attacked Finland. The attack was denounced by

1909-512: The Germans to tie them more tightly together. Finland managed not to take part in the siege of Leningrad despite Hitler's wishes, and refused to cut the Murmansk railway. Finnish Jews were not persecuted, and even among extremists of the Finnish Right they were highly tolerated, as many leaders of the movement came from the clergy. Of approximately 500 Jewish refugees, eight were handed over to

1992-411: The Germans, a fact for which Finnish prime minister Paavo Lipponen issued an official apology in 2000. The field synagogue operated by the Finnish army was probably a unique phenomenon in the Eastern Front of the war. Finnish Jews fought alongside other Finns. About 2,600–2,800 Soviet prisoners of war were handed over to the Germans in exchange for roughly 2,200 Finnic prisoners of war held by

2075-552: The Germans. In November 2003, the Simon Wiesenthal Center submitted an official request to Finnish President Tarja Halonen for a full-scale investigation by the Finnish authorities of the prisoner exchange. In the subsequent study by Professor Heikki Ylikangas it turned out that about 2,000 of the exchanged prisoners joined the Russian Liberation Army . The rest, mostly army and political officers, (among them

2158-453: The Murmansk railway, built in 1916, led the Soviet delegation to reject the Finnish border proposal, and the treaty of 14 October 1920 recognised a border agreement in which Finland obtained the northern port of Petsamo (Pechenga), an outlet to the Arctic Ocean , and a border roughly the same as that of the former Grand Duchy of Finland . Claims on areas of Eastern Karelia were abandoned and

2241-469: The Norwegians had been overrun. At 7:00 a.m. , the infantry commander, Colonel Wendte, reported that the demolitions would be complete by 8:00 a.m. After a methodical bombardment, the German ships re-embarked the landing party, their prisoners by 11:00 a.m. and put to sea, Tirpitz firing another eight shells at ammunition and fuel dumps outside Barentsburg. Recovering the last of the floatplanes caused

2324-472: The Red Army seemed to have inexhaustible amounts of ammunition and supplies, as attacks were always preceded by barrages, followed by aerial assaults and then random troop movements against the lines. Finnish military and government leaders came to feel that their only hope of preserving their nation lay in negotiating a peace treaty with Moscow . The tenacity of the Finnish people, both military and civilian, in

2407-456: The Russian port city of Murmansk during Operation Silver Fox . On 31 July 1941 the United Kingdom launched Operation EF to demonstrate support for the Soviet Union. These raids were unsuccessful. In December 1941, the Finnish army took defensive positions. This led to a long period of relative calm in the front line, lasting until 1944. During this period, starting at 1941 but especially after

2490-421: The Soviet Union acting in concert with Nazi Germany and then finally fighting alongside the Allies against Germany. The first two major conflicts in which Finland was directly involved were the defensive Winter War against an invasion by the Soviet Union in 1939, followed by the offensive Continuation War , together with Germany and the other Axis Powers against the Soviets, in 1941–1944. The third conflict,

2573-538: The Soviet Union and were paid off in 1952. Porkkala was returned to Finnish control in 1956. In subsequent years the position of Finland was unique in the Cold War . The country was heavily influenced by the Soviet Union, but was the only country on the Soviet pre-World War II border to retain democracy and a market economy . Finland entered into the Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance (YYA Treaty) with

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2656-457: The Soviet Union by Germany from the beginning of Operation Barbarossa in 1941, and in its defence against Soviet attacks in 1944 prior to the separate peace with the Soviet Union in 1944. Finland was led by its elected president and parliament during the whole 1939–1945 period. As a result, some political scientists name it as one of the few instances where a democratic country was engaged in a war against one or more other democratic countries, namely

2739-509: The Soviet Union in order to maintain good relations. In 1809, the Russian Empire seized Finland from Sweden in the Finnish War . Finland entered a personal union with the Russian Empire as a grand duchy with extensive autonomy . On 6 December 1917, during the Russian Civil War , the Finnish parliament ( Suomen Eduskunta ) declared independence from Russia, which was accepted by

2822-522: The Soviet Union in which the Soviet Union agreed to the neutral status of Finland. Arms purchases were balanced between East and West until the fall of the Soviet Union. During the Continuation War (1941–1944) Finland's wartime government claimed to be a co-belligerent of Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union, and abstained from signing the Tripartite Pact . Finland was dependent on food, fuel, and armament shipments from Germany during this period, and

2905-415: The Soviet Union, including Viipuri (Finland's second-largest city [Population Register] or fourth-largest city [Church and Civil Register], depending on the census data ). Finland was also required to pay out a large amount of war reparations to the Soviet Union and to formally acknowledge partial responsibility for the Continuation War. Finnish political policy during the Cold War was aimed at appeasing

2988-482: The Soviet leadership, as they were in a race to reach Berlin before the Western Allies . This, and the heavy casualties inflicted on the Red Army by the Finns, led to the transfer of most troops from the Finnish front. On 4 September 1944 a ceasefire was agreed, and the Moscow Armistice between the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on one side and Finland on the other was signed on 19 September. The Moscow armistice

3071-653: The Soviet leadership. On 23 August 1939, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , which included a secret clause demarcating Finland as part of the Soviet sphere of influence. On 12 October the Soviet Union began negotiations with Finland regarding the disposition of the Karelian Isthmus , the Hanko Peninsula , and various islands in the Gulf of Finland, all of which were considered by

3154-564: The Soviets accepted that the south-eastern border would not be moved west of Petrograd. During the Interwar period , relations between Finland and the Soviet Union were tense. Some elements in Finland maintained the dream of a "Greater Finland" which included the Soviet-controlled part of Karelia , while the proximity of the Finnish border to Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) caused worry among

3237-527: The Soviets had become bogged down, with the two main fronts at a standstill as the Finns counterattacked with greater strength than anticipated. With the failure of two of its three offensives by the end of December, Soviet headquarters ordered a cessation of operations. By 27 December, it was observed that the Soviets were digging in on the Karelian Isthmus. In the north, the Finns had been pushed back to Nautsi , but with reinforcements, had been able to take

3320-532: The USSR was willing to negotiate peace. The last phase began in February 1940, with a major artillery barrage that began on the 2nd and lasted until the 11th, accompanied by reconnaissance raids at key objectives. The Soviets, using new equipment and materials, also began using the tactic of rotating troops from the reserve to the front, thus keeping constant pressure on the Finnish defenders. Relative to Finnish resources,

3403-584: The archipelago, bombarded Allied-occupied settlements in Isfjorden and covered a landing party. Six Norwegians were killed and 31 were taken prisoner; sixteen Germans were wounded, one dying of his wounds. The Svalbard Archipelago is in the Arctic Ocean , 650 mi (1,050 km) from the North Pole and a similar distance to Norway to the south. The islands are mountainous, with permanently snow-covered peaks, some glaciated; there are occasional river terraces at

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3486-461: The area of Lake Ladoga were the primary focus of the Soviet war effort. A two-pronged attack was launched in this region, with one pincer engaging Finnish forces on the Isthmus while the other went around Lake Ladoga in an attempt at encircling the defenders. This force was then to advance to and capture the city of Viipuri . The second front was in central Karelia, where Soviet forces were to advance to

3569-444: The attack and joining in the attack on the USSR almost immediately. The 1947 Paris Peace treaty signed by Finland stated that Finland had been "an ally of Hitlerite Germany" and bore partial responsibility for the conflict. Finland was an anomaly among German allies in that it retained an independent, democratic government. Moreover, during the war, Finland kept its army outside the German command structure despite numerous attempts by

3652-435: The bottom of steep valleys and some coastal plains. In winter, the islands are covered in snow and the bays ice over. To the west, Spitzbergen Island has several large fiords along its west coast; Isfjorden being up to 10 mi (16 km) wide. The Gulf Stream warms the waters and the sea is ice-free during the summer. In the 1940s, there were settlements at Longyearbyen (Longyear Town) and Barentsburg , in inlets along

3735-578: The city of Oulu , cutting the country in half. Finally, a drive from the north was intended to capture the Petsamo region. The first attack, on 30 November 1939, was an aerial bombardment of the city of Helsinki , with subsidiary attacks all along the Finnish-Soviet border. This had the effect of instantly unifying the once deeply-divided Finnish people in defense of their homes and country, without any referendums needing to be carried out. By late December

3818-497: The coal industry, associated equipment and stores. No attempt was made to establish a garrison and the civilian population was evacuated. Germany set up manned meteorological stations in the Arctic to improve weather forecasts, vital for the warfare against Allied convoys from the UK to the USSR. Dr Erich Etienne , a former Polar explorer, commanded an operation to install a manned station on

3901-411: The country and occupied Helsinki and Finland. The Red faction was defeated and the survivors were subjected to a reign of terror, in which at least 12,000 people died. A new government, with Juho Kusti Paasikivi as prime minister, pursued a pro-German policy and sought to annex Russian Karelia , which had a Finnish-speaking majority, despite never having been a part of Finland. After the extinction of

3984-694: The crew of Scharnhorst received only 160 Iron Crosses against 400 for the crew of Tirpitz , exacerbated the bad relationship between the crews. Under cover of the attack, the Luftwaffe installed a weather station on Hopen Island . (Isolated for months after the German surrender in May 1945, the airmen on Hopen Island gave themselves up in September 1945 to the captain of a Norwegian fishing boat.) A British–Soviet attack on Tirpitz and Scharnhorst in Altafjord

4067-463: The crew were told the flight was in support of Operation Source , an X-Craft (midget submarine) attack against the ships; their reconnaissance photos were to be flown to Britain for briefing material. Finland in World War II Finland participated in the Second World War initially in a defensive war against the Soviet Union , followed by another, this time offensive, war against

4150-425: The defenders, the destroyers landed the battalion of fortress troops. The Norwegian guns were put out of action and coal heaps, supplies of food, water and electricity generators were destroyed. When Z29 , Z31 and Z33 manoeuvred into Grønfjorden , to land troops at Barentsburg, they sailed in front of Tirpitz and the gunners of the two Bofors 40 mm guns took advantage and fired about 150 rounds at

4233-541: The democracies in the Allied forces. However, nearly all Finnish military engagements in World War II were fought solely against an autocratic power, the Soviet Union, and the lack of direct conflicts specifically with other democratic countries leads others to exclude Finnish involvement in World War II as an example of a war between two or more democracies. Finnish President Tarja Halonen , speaking in 2005, said that "For us

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4316-492: The destroyers, which moved aside to give Tirpitz a clear field of fire. Z29 and Z33 were both damaged, with Z33 having to be taken in tow. A broadside of twelve shells silenced the Bofors guns. Tirpitz fired its main guns at a coalmine at Heerodden and set it on fire. A message from Z29 led Tirpitz to sail further into Grønfjorden, fire another twenty shells and at 5:00 a.m. Johannesson reported that

4399-558: The effort disproportionate to the results, suggesting that the same ends could have been achieved more simply. In 2013, Niklas Zetterling and Michael Tamelander called the operation insignificant, apart from useful training for the crews. Sixteen German sailors were wounded, one dying of his wounds and six Norwegians were killed. Captain Morten Bredsdorff and thirty prisoners were sent to Oflag XXI-C in Schildberg (now Ostrzeszów ) in

4482-521: The face of a superior opponent gained the country much sympathy throughout the world; however, material support from other countries was very limited, as none of Finland's neighbors were willing to commit their militaries to a war against the USSR. The need for a diplomatic solution became even more apparent after Soviet forces broke through the Finnish defensive line on the Karelian Isthmus and moved on towards Viipuri. A peace proposal authored by Molotov

4565-402: The fires started by the Germans. (The aviators heard later that a survivor in the hills heard them and ran to the shore but was not seen.) The Catalina was flown towards Norway along the expected track of the German ships, assuming that they were making for Alta Fjord. Some oil was seen on the sea and a Ju 88 was spotted high up, flying the other way but no ships. The Catalina landed as planned and

4648-540: The higher ground and halt the Soviet advance south of Petsamo. During this period the Finns harassed supply columns and carried out raids against fortified Soviet positions. A lull followed in January 1940, as the Soviet army reassessed its strategy, and rearmed and resupplied. On 29 January, Molotov put an end to the puppet Terijoki Government and recognized the Ryti government as the legal government of Finland, informing it that

4731-646: The ice-free season made it vulnerable to Allied attack. The submarine U-435 ( Kapitänleutnant Siegfried Strelow ) was ordered to recover the six men. On 23 August 1942, Strelow took aboard the party at Ebeltofthamna in Krossfjorden on the Mitra peninsula without Allied interference and arrived at Narvik on 31 August. After the replacement of Großadmiral (Grand Admiral) Erich Raeder by Karl Dönitz in January 1943, command arrangements in northern waters were changed. The posts of Flag Officer Northern Waters at Narvik

4814-774: The islands. Advent Bay ( Adventfjorden ) was chosen for its broad valley, a safer approach and landing ground for aircraft. The subsoil of alluvial gravel was acceptable for an airstrip and the south-eastern orientation of the high ground did not impede wireless communication with Banak in Norway; the settlement of Longyearbyen was close by. The site received the code-name Bansö (from Banak and Spitzbergen Öya) and ferry flights of men, equipment and supplies began on 25 September. The British followed events from Bletchley Park through Ultra , four British minesweepers were diverted to investigate and reached Isfjorden on 19 October. A Wettererkundungsstaffel Wekusta 5 aircraft crew spotted

4897-569: The last of the foreign troops from Finland in April 1945. The war caused great damage to infrastructure and the economy. From the autumn of 1944, the Finnish army and navy performed many mine clearance operations, especially in Karelia, Lapland and the Gulf of Finland. Sea mine clearance activities lasted until 1950. The mines caused many military and civilian casualties, particularly in Lapland. As part of

4980-401: The main Finnish line of fortifications, the Salpa Line . However, the war had exhausted Finnish resources and it was believed that the country would not be able to hold against another major attack. The worsening situation in 1944 had led to Finnish president Risto Ryti giving Germany his personal guarantee that Finland would not negotiate peace with the Soviet Union for as long as he was

5063-507: The major German defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad , intermittent peace inquiries took place. These negotiations did not lead to any settlement. In September 1943, a few months after Stalingrad, Finland indicated its independence of Germany by not recognizing the puppet Italian Social Republic , proclaimed by the Germans in northern Italy. On 16 March 1944, the President of the United States , Franklin D. Roosevelt , called for Finland to disassociate itself from Nazi Germany. On 9 June 1944,

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5146-506: The mining industry. Drift mines were linked to the shore by overhead cable tracks or rails and coal dumped over the winter was collected by ship after the summer thaw. By 1939 production was about 500,000 long tons (510,000 t) a year, split between Norway and the USSR . During the Second World War , the Svalbard Archipelago was the scene of several military operations. In August 1941, British, Canadian and Free Norwegian Forces landed on Spitzbergen during Operation Gauntlet to destroy

5229-494: The north and Helsinki in the south. The leader of the Leningrad Military District, Andrei Zhdanov , commissioned a celebratory piece from Dmitri Shostakovich , Suite on Finnish Themes , intended to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army paraded through Helsinki. The Soviets had been building up their forces on the border during the earlier negotiations, and now fielded four armies composed of 16 divisions, with another three being brought into position; meanwhile,

5312-404: The president. In exchange, Germany delivered weapons to the Finns. After the Soviet offensive was halted, however, Ryti resigned. Due to the war, elections could not be held, and therefore the Parliament selected the Marshal of Finland Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim , the Finnish commander-in-chief , as president and charged him with negotiating a peace. The Finnish front had become a sideshow for

5395-442: The region was the nickel mines in the Petsamo area. Initially the warfare was cautious on both sides, reflecting the previous cooperation of the two countries against their common enemy, but by the end of 1944 the fighting intensified. Finland and Germany had made an informal agreement and schedule for German troops to withdraw from Lapland to Norway. The Soviet Union did not accept this "friendliness" and pressured Finland to take

5478-448: The ships and the thirty men at Adventfjorden quickly were flown to safety by the aircraft and two Junkers Ju 52 transport aircraft. Adventfjorden was deserted when the British arrived but some code books were recovered; the Germans returned once the ships had departed. Dr Albrecht Moll and three men arrived to spend the winter of 1941–1942 transmitting weather reports. On 29 October 1941, Hans Knoespel and five weathermen were installed by

5561-402: The ships sailed past Stjernsundet. By 8:00 a.m. on 7 September, the force was halfway to Bear Island. During the evening a message was received that a British reconnaissance aircraft had flown over Alte Fjord at 4:45 p.m., when the ships were only 400 km (250 mi) from Svalbard, with the British fifty hours away, even at full speed. At 3:00 a.m. on 8 September, Scharnhorst and

5644-450: The ships until shot down or the prudent limit of endurance (PLE) was reached, then fly to Grasnaya on the Kola Inlet . The Catalina was filled with fuel and left behind its depth charges . The Catalina flew to Sørkapp , then navigated up the west coast to Isfjorden and searched for signs of life around Kapp Linné , Barenstburg, Green Harbour, Grumant and Longyearbyen, taking photographs and finding only destroyed buildings and smoke from

5727-404: The south shore of Isfjorden, in Kings Bay (Quade Hock) further north along the coast and in Van Mijenfjorden to the south. The settlements attracted colonists from many places; the treaty of 1920 neutralised the islands and recognised the mineral and fishing rights of the participating countries. Before 1939, the population consisted of about 3,000 people, mostly Norwegian and Soviet workers in

5810-406: The technicians to install the Kröte . In April 1942, Operation Fritham , the landing of a Norwegian force at Barentsburg to occupy the islands, met with disaster but by the summer of 1943, the later Allied Operation Gearbox and Operation Gearbox II secured Allied control of the islands. The Kriegsmarine decided to evacuate the Knospe weather station during the summer of 1942, since

5893-413: The terms of the treaty, Finland ceded 9% of its territory to the USSR. This was more territory than the Soviets had originally demanded . The period of peace following the Winter War was widely regarded in Finland as temporary, even when peace was announced in March 1940. A period of frantic diplomatic efforts and rearmament followed. The Soviet Union kept up intense pressure on Finland, thereby hastening

5976-519: The troops had landed as planned. The surviving Norwegians fled into the hinterland, using a blazing coal dump for cover as the landing party seized the installations at Barentsburg. Kummetz was apprehensive about the wireless message sent by the Norwegians, in case the Home Fleet was already at sea and wanted the infantry back on board his ships by 11:00 a.m. Scharnhorst had sailed further into Isfjorden to Longyearbyen and reported by 5:12 a.m. that

6059-453: The two countries intensified. German troops arrived in Finland and took up positions, mostly in Lapland , from where they would invade the Soviet Union. Operation Barbarossa began on 22 June 1941. On 25 June the Soviet Union launched an air raid against Finnish cities, after which Finland declared war and also allowed German troops stationed in Finland to begin offensive warfare. The resulting war

6142-477: The war. It was in fact the only democracy in mainland Europe that remained so despite being an involved party in the war. According to the Finnish records 19,085 Soviet prisoners of war died in Finnish prison camps during the Continuation War, which means that 29.6% of Soviet POWs taken by the Finns did not survive. The high number of fatalities was mainly due to malnutrition and diseases. However, about 1,000 POWs were shot, primarily when attempting to escape. When

6225-411: The whole of Petsamo over to the Soviet Union. Finland also agreed to legalize communist parties and ban fascist organizations. Finally, the armistice also demanded that Finland expel German troops from its territory, which was the cause of the Lapland War . The Lapland War was fought between Finland and Nazi Germany in Lapland , the northernmost part of Finland. The main strategic interest of Germany in

6308-643: The world war meant a separate war against the Soviet Union and we did not incur any debt of gratitude to others". Finnish President Mauno Koivisto also expressed similar views in 1993. However the view that Finland only fought separately during the Second World War remains controversial within Finland and was not generally accepted outside Finland. In a 2008 poll of 28 Finnish historians carried out by Helsingin Sanomat , 16 said that Finland had been an ally of Nazi Germany, six said it had not been, and six did not take

6391-578: Was being prepared when the ships had sailed for Svalbard. A Catalina flying boat of 190 Squadron , based at Sullom Voe in the Shetland Isles, in Scotland , was ordered to reconnoitre Isfjorden and took off at 5:00 p.m. The crew was to fly to Svalbard, then south to a point off the Norwegian coast, turning east to make landfall at Murmansk . If the German ships were sighted, the Catalina crew were to shadow

6474-400: Was blocked. At 4:00 a.m. a reply from Reykjavik suggested that the message had been received and Tirpitz silenced the transmitter with shells from its main armament. Supported by the gunfire of the eight 15-inch guns of Tirpitz at Barentsburg (fifty-two 15-inch and eighty-two 5.9-inch rounds) and the nine 11-inch guns of Scharnhorst at Longyearbyen, against the two 3-inch guns of

6557-592: Was influenced to sign the Anti-Comintern Pact , a less formal alliance than the Tripartite Pact seen as by the Nazi leadership as a "litmus test of loyalty". The Finnish leadership adhered to many written and oral agreements on practical co-operation with Germany during the conflict. Finland was one of Germany's most important allies in the attack on the Soviet Union, allowing German troops to be based in Finland before

6640-514: Was known to the Finns as the Continuation War . During the summer and autumn of 1941 the Finnish Army was on the offensive, retaking the territories lost in the Winter War. The Finnish army also advanced further, especially in the direction of Lake Onega , (east from Lake Ladoga ), closing the blockade of the city of Leningrad from the north, and occupying Eastern Karelia , which had many ethnic Finns living there, but had never technically been

6723-456: Was merged with Group North, which brought the commander of the German ships at Alte Fjord under the command of Generaladmiral Otto Schniewind at Kiel. Dönitz persuaded Hitler not to scrap the surface fleet and made plans to demonstrate the value of the ships and raise the morale of the crews. The battleships Tirpitz ( Kapitän zur See (KzS) Hans Karl Meyer) and Scharnhorst (KzS Friedrich Hüffmeier) and nine destroyers of

6806-469: Was sent to Helsinki in mid-February. It placed heavy demands on Finland, claiming more land for the USSR and imposing significant diplomatic and military sanctions. By 28 February, Molotov had made his offer into an ultimatum with a 48-hour time limit, which pushed the Finnish leadership to act quickly. On 12 March 1940, the Moscow Peace Treaty was signed, with hostilities ending the following day. By

6889-456: Was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on 19 September 1944 ending the Continuation War, though the final peace treaty was not to be signed until 1947 in Paris. The conditions for peace were similar to those previously agreed in the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty, with Finland being forced to cede parts of Finnish Karelia, a part of Salla and islands in the Gulf of Finland. The new armistice also handed

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