Switzerland
43-470: The Oltrepò Pavese ( Italian: [oltreˈpɔ ppaˈveːze, -eːse] ; Western Lombard : Ultrepò Paves ; lit. ' Pavia's Beyond-Po ' ) is a historical region making up the southern portion of the province of Pavia , in the northwest Italian region of Lombardy . The area is named after its location south of the River Po as considered from the provincial capital Pavia and in general from
86-674: A dry or sweeter style. The most famous local wine, the Bonarda, is fruity but not sweet, in contrast to Lambrusco, a red sparkling wine which often has higher residual sugar levels. A local, more 'classical' wine is the Buttafuoco, the production of which is restricted to a small area in the North of the Oltrepò. A typical sweet red wine of the area is the Sangue di Giuda . A handful of regional spumantes—often made in
129-478: A little sweeter than Champagne with the brut style having up to 20 grams per litre of sugar , while brut Champagne can have no more than 15 grams. While sparkling wine production accounts for more than half of the Franciacorta area's production, many producers have begun focusing on make red Bordeaux-style blends and Burgundian style Chardonnays aged in oak . Despite the frequent use of Pinot nero in
172-665: A minimum alcohol content of 14.5%. The Valtellina grape Rossola nera that is permitted as a minor blending component in the DOC wines of the region is an offspring of Nebbiolo. Another wine grape, Rossolino nero , that is thought to be an offspring of Rossola nera (and such a grandchild variety of Nebbiolo) is also grown in Valtellina. Archaeological findings testify the spread of the vine in Oltrepò Pavese already in Roman times and this culture
215-625: A part of the Piedmont but has always had Milan as its primary market. Today it produces a DOCG sparkling wine with its Pinot nero (Pinot noir) grapes and a rose sparkling wine denominated Cruase. In addition to sparkling wines, the Oltrepò Pavese also produces red wines from the Pinot nero, Barbera , Croatina , Uva Rara and Vespolina . There are some small plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon that are starting to appear as varietal wines. The white wines of
258-510: A standard to communicate, but all Western Lombard varieties are mutually intelligible. Western Lombard is relatively homogeneous (much more so than Eastern Lombard ), but it has a number of variations, mainly in relation to the vowels /o/ , /ɔ/ and the development of /ts/ into /s/ . Western Lombard has no official status in Lombardy or anywhere else. The only official language in Lombardy
301-550: A variety of local and international grapes , including Nebbiolo wines in the Valtellina region and Trebbiano di Lugana white wines produced with the Chiaretto style rosé along the shores of Lake Garda . The wine region currently has 22 denominazione di origine controllata (DOC), 5 denominazione di origine controllata e garantita (DOCG) and at least 13 indicazione geografica tipica (IGT) designations. The main cities of
344-407: Is Italian . The general lines of diachronics of Western Lombard plural declension are drawn here, with reference to Milanese orthography: Most feminine words end with the inflection -a ; the feminine plural is non-inflected ( la legora / i legor ; la cadrega / i cadregh ). The final vowel keeps its original length (non-final syllables have no difference), which is often long when it
387-731: Is a group of dialects of Lombard , a Romance language spoken in Italy . It is widespread in the Lombard provinces of Milan , Monza , Varese , Como , Lecco , Sondrio , a small part of Cremona (except Crema and its neighbours), Lodi and Pavia , and the Piedmont provinces of Novara , Verbano-Cusio-Ossola , the eastern part of the Province of Alessandria ( Tortona ), a small part of Vercelli ( Valsesia ), and Switzerland (the Canton of Ticino and part of
430-407: Is also made into a frizzante style as well as liquoroso fortified wine and passito dessert wine . The Franciacorta wine zone is responsible for some of Italy's most prestigious sparkling wines. Located along the shores of Lake Iseo, vineyards are planted in well-drained morainic soils. The area has a long history of producing still red and white wines but has gained most of its success in
473-505: Is also recognized for its cured meats, such as "coppa", and even has Varzi salame , which is a protected product , much like Parmesan cheese or Prosecco . Belonging to the Oltrepò Pavese are Pavese agnolotti , a type of stuffed pasta . The filling of the Pavese agnolotti is based on Pavese stew . The recipe for this stuffed pasta is characterized by influences from Piedmontese and Piacentino cuisine, characteristics of areas that border
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#1732847699891516-625: Is available. Texts include various dictionaries, a few grammars, and a 2020 translation of the Gospels arranged into an account of the life of Christ . Oltrep%C3%B2 Pavese (wine) Lombardy wine is the Italian wine produced in the Lombardy region of north central Italy . The region is known particularly for its sparkling wines made in the Franciacorta and Oltrepò Pavese areas. Lombardy also produces still red, white and rosé wines made from
559-885: Is based on the Milanese dialect: The most important orthography in Western Lombard literature is the Classical Milanese orthography . It was used by Carlo Porta (1775–1821) and Delio Tessa (1886–1939). It was perfected by the Circolo Filologico di Milano. Other orthographies are the Ticinese, the Comasca, the Bosina, the Nuaresat, and the Lecchese. An extensive Western Lombard literature
602-463: Is followed by a voiced consonant and short when it is followed by a voiceless consonant. When the stem ends with a particular consonant cluster, there can be the addition of a final -i or of a schwa between consonants (for example: in Milanese sing. scendra , plur. scendr > scender ). For adjectives, the plural form and masculine form are often the same. Most masculine nouns lack inflections, and
645-554: The méthode champenoise of the Champagne region . The wines are composed primarily of Pinot nero with up to a 30% blend of Chardonnay, Pinot bianco and Pinot grigio. Slightly sparkling frizzante styles are made from several of the region's red and white wine grapes including the dry Buttafuoco style and the semi-sweet Sangue di Giuda (meaning Judas' blood) both made from the Croatina grape, known locally as Bonarda. The Moscato grape
688-559: The Etruscans in nearby Tuscany . In the late 19th century, the Italian wine writer C. B. Cerletti wrote a book for the French market that described the wines of Italy. Of the wines of Lombardy, he noted that the Valtellina were still being made in a Greek style and the wines of Oltrepò Pavese were the preferred wines of the Milanese. The climate of Lombardy is varied due to the diverse terrain of
731-824: The Lombard age , Pavia, then capital of the kingdom , began to extend its area of influence to the south of the Po . In these centuries it was divided between the Bobbio Abbey , Pavia, some important monasteries of Pavia, such as San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro , Santa Maria Teodote and San Felice and the Marquises Malaspina . Starting from the 11th century, some monasteries in Pavia, such as San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, which at least since 974 owned vineyards and winepresses in San Damiano al Colle , spread
774-575: The Province of Piacenza ( Emilia-Romagna ). The territory comprises a plain close to the Po, a hilly section, which rises from the Valle Staffora to the west and from the upper Val Tidone to the east, and a mountainous zone which in addition to Monte Lesima includes the peaks of Monte Chiappo (1700 m) Cima Colletta (1494 m) and Monte Penice (1460 m). The main watercourse is the Staffora ; other streams include
817-528: The 'metodo classico' method, which is used for Champagne —have been vinted to a standard that qualifies them for DOCG categorization. Regional dishes use the seasonal ingredients like mushrooms and truffles , the local meats of rabbit, wild boar etc. One of typical dishes is the Sunday's "pranzo" or lunch in which all of the servings of the Italian menu ( antipasti , primi , secondi , contorni , dolci ) pass by, sometimes even twice. The Oltrepò region
860-539: The 5th century and is found in the valley of Adda River traveling west to east through the Alps. The vineyards in this area are located at high altitudes around 2,500 feet. For most of its history, the Valtellina region's primary market was Switzerland to the north. In recent times it has garnered international attention for being the only major Italian region to focus on the Nebbiolo grape, locally known as Chiavennasca, outside of
903-666: The Ardivestra, the Versa and the upper part of the Tidone , including part of the Lago di Trebecco reservoir. The principal settlements are Voghera , Casteggio , Broni , Stradella , Santa Maria della Versa , Salice Terme and Varzi . In Roman times, the current territory of Oltrepò Pavese was not controlled by the Ticinum ( Pavia ) but was subject to the Roman cities of Piacenza and Tortona . From
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#1732847699891946-543: The Canton of Graubünden ). After the name of the region involved, land of the former Duchy of Milan , this language is often referred to as Insubric (see Insubria and Insubres ) or Milanese , or, after Clemente Merlo, Cisabduano (literally "of this side of Adda River "). In Italian-speaking contexts, Western Lombard is often incorrectly called a dialect of Italian . Western Lombard and Standard Italian are very different. Some speakers of Lombard varieties may have difficulty understanding one another and require
989-642: The Oltrepò Pavese. The shape of the pasta was based on the Piedmontese agnolotti , and the filling of Pavese stew is based on stracotto alla piacentina , which is the filling for Piacentino anolini [ it ] . The Piedmontese agnolotti, in particular, differ from the Pavese agnolotti due to the filling, which is instead based on roast meat. Pavese agnolotti is a typical dish of the Christmas tradition, and are consumed during celebrations and important occasions. Western Lombard dialect Western Lombard
1032-462: The Piedmont region. The vineyards of the region are located on the south-facing slopes along the Adda river. The nearby mountain peaks provide protection from cold, harsh winds and help to trap heat in the valley. The stony vineyard soil also retains heat and releases it during the night to warm the vines. This creates an optimum situation which allows the Nebbiolo grape to fully develop its flavors during
1075-471: The basic level wines while the Valtellina Superiore DOCG include wines from the more premium locations and must be aged a minimum of two years. The Valtellina Superiore Riserva are reserve-style wines that must be aged for at least four years. Valtellina also produces an Amarone -style DOCG wine known as Sforzato (or Sfursat , Sfurzat as alternate dialect names ) made from dried grapes with
1118-521: The cultivation of vines in the area. Thanks to the Po and Ticino , the wine was brought to Pavia, where the part not consumed by the monks was then traded. The current borders of Oltrepò Pavese date back to 1164, when the emperor Frederick I donated the entire territory to the city of Pavia , his ally against the Lombard League . In 1359, Oltrepò fell, like Pavia, under the control of the Visconti . Later
1161-454: The culture of vine in the area, producing wines that, thanks to the Po and Ticino , were then transported to Pavia, where the part not absorbed by the consumption of the monks was destined for trade. The Oltrepò Pavese region is responsible for more the half of all wine produced in the Lombardy region as well as two-thirds of its DOC-designated wines. This region along the Po Valley was once
1204-538: The determinate article: singular ell > el , plural elli > ej > i . Masculine words ending in -a are invariable and are proper nouns, words from Ancient Greek or idiomatic words such as pirla , a derogatory term for a person. Western Lombard can be divided into four main varieties: lombardo alpino (spoken in the provinces of Sondrio and of Verbania, Sopraceneri of Canton Ticino and Grigioni in Switzerland), lombardo-prealpino occidentale (spoken in
1247-568: The largest wine-producing area of Lombardy (and one of the largest in Italy), specializing in Pinot Nero . The landscape is scattered with vineyards that are freely accessible to hikers and mountain bikers. A well-known speciality of area are the local sparkling wines , whose various levels of carbonation are catogoized into three levels: vivace , frizzante , and spumante . Both reds and whites can be sparkling to various degrees, and can be made in either
1290-504: The last 40 years since it started producing sparkling wines. In 1995, the region received DOCG status and created a separate DOC, known as Terre di Franciacorta for its non-sparkling wines. The sparkling wines of this area are composed primarily of the Chardonnay and Pinot bianco grape with a maximum 15% of Pinot nero allowed. The area has a Crémant style wine, known under the trademarked name Satèn , that has less carbon dioxide than
1333-468: The long growing season it needs. The steep location of the vineyards makes mechanical harvesting difficult so most vineyards are tended by hand which increases the cost and limits production. Heavy winter rainfall poses the hazards of landslides and soil erosion . The red wines of the Valtellina regions are typically light to medium bodied . The Nebbiolos are noticeably less tannic and acidic than their Piedmont counterparts. The Valtellina DOC includes
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1376-566: The plural masculine is always non-inflected ( el tramvaj / i tramvaj ; el lett / i lett ). When the word stem ends with a particular group of consonants, both singular and plural forms can add a schwa between consonants; otherwise, a final -o (pron. /u/) is added to singular nouns, -i for plurals. Masculine words ending in -in or, less commonly, in -ett , have plurals in -itt ( fiolin / fiolitt ). Those ending in -ll have plurals in -j , ( el sidell / i sidej ; el porscell / i porscej ; el cavall / i cavaj ). The same occurs in
1419-490: The provinces of Como, Varese and Lecco, Lugano and its neighbors in Canton Ticino), basso-lombardo occidentale (Pavia and Lodi), and macromilanese (provinces of Milan, Monza, Novara and Valsesia of Vercelli). The boundaries are obviously schematic, since the political division in provinces and municipalities are usually independent from languages spoken. Examples of Western Lombard language are: The following information
1462-412: The region are Milan , Bergamo and Brescia . The region annually produces around 1.3 million hectolitres of wine, more than the regions of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , Marche , Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Umbria . The winemaking tradition of Lombardy dates back to its settlement by Greeks from Athens along the Po river. Archaeological evidence suggest that these settlers traded wine with
1505-433: The region are made from Riesling Italico (Welschriesling), Riesling (Riesling Renano), Chardonnay , Cortese , Malvasia , Moscato , Pinot grigio and Sauvignon blanc . The Pinot nero grape is also vinified as a rose and as a white, non-sparkling wine in addition to being made as a standard red wine. The sparkling wines of the region are made in several styles. The wines labeled metodo classico are made according to
1548-690: The region's southern border with Emilia-Romagna . Many wine areas are located near some of Lombardy's major lakes, including Franciacorta near Lake Iseo as well as the Garda Bresciano and Garda Mantovano regions near Lake Garda. To the west of Lombardy is the Piedmont wine region, to the south is Emilia-Romagna and to the east are the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto wine regions . The Lombardy region consists primarily of 13 wine-producing areas (from north-south): This northernmost wine region of Lombardy has been producing wine since
1591-504: The region, but is generally considered a "cool" continental climate . The region is influenced by several geographic features that control the climate and terroir of the land. These include the Alps located in the northern parts of the region near the wine-producing area of Valtellina and the Po River , which runs along the Oltrepò Pavese (whose name means "Pavia across the Po") and forms most of
1634-471: The rest of Lombardy. Extending over an area of c. 1,100 km (420 sq mi), it is roughly triangular in shape, with a base to the north formed by the Po and a southern apex at Monte Lesima (1,724 m (5,656 ft)), a mountain of the Ligurian Apennines which is the highest point in the province. To the west it is bounded by the Province of Alessandria ( Piedmont ) and to the east by
1677-710: The same blend of grapes but in a darker, more full-bodied style. Varietal styles of Gropello are rich and tannic wines. The Lugana white wines are made from the Trebbiano grape and are known for their fruitiness and medium body. White wines from the San Martino della Battaglia are made from the Tocai Friuliano grape, which is best known for its use in the nearby Veneto region. The Garda Mantovano white wines are based on Trebbiano and Garganega and its red wines are made from Merlot and Molinara . Other Lombardy region wines include
1720-476: The sparkling wines, a still Burgundian-style red Pinot nero is not permitted under the Terre di Franciacorta DOC. The wine regions along Lake Garda are known for their Chiaretto style rosé wine made from a blend of Barbera, Groppello , Marzemino and Sangiovese . This dry wine is deeper in color than most rosés and typically has good acidity with very low alcohol levels . The Rosso (red) style wines are made with
1763-442: The standard sparkling wine but is more "bubbly" than a frizzante. This wine is not allowed to have any Pinot nero in the blend. The rosé sparklers are required to have a minimum 15% Pinot nero. The vintage -dated wines are required to have a minimum of 85% grapes from the indicated vintage and must be aged for at least 30 months prior to release. Non-vintage wines must be aged for at least 18 months. The Franciacorta sparklers are often
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1806-586: The territory followed the same fate of the Duchy of Milan , until 1743, when it was annexed to the kingdom of Sardinia . Since 1859 Oltrepò Pavese is part of the Province of Pavia and Lombardy . Though occasionally referred to as "the Tuscany of the North of Italy", Oltrepò Pavese is relatively unknown abroad. The area offers several attractions: rolling hills, medieval villages and castles, panoramic views, authentic Italian food and local wines. Oltrepò also happens to be
1849-600: Was maintained during the early Middle Ages by the monks of Bobbio Abbey , who between 862 and 865 were owners of vineyards in the Staffora Valley. Since the XI-th century, the viticulture, thanks to the impulse of the great monasteries of Pavia , knew particular development above all in the first hill belt. Some ecclesiastical institutions, such as the monastery of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro , which at least since 974 owned vineyards and winepresses near San Damiano al Colle , extended
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