85-536: National specialized children's hospital "Okhmatdyt" ( Ukrainian : Охматдит , an acronym of охорона материнства та дитинства - protection of motherhood and childhood ) is a multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment facility in Kyiv , Ukraine , which provides specialized, highly qualified medical care to the children's population of Ukraine. It is the largest children's hospital in Ukraine . Up to 18,000 children are treated in
170-476: A Kh-101 missile. According to OSINT analysis, the Kh-101 missile was fully functional, powered by jet engine in flight and undamaged until impact. UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission representatives confirmed these findings with "high likelihood" after visiting the impact site. In Kyiv, Solomianskyi , Dniprovskyi , Darnytskyi , Sviatoshynskyi , Desnianskyi , Shevchenkivskyi and Holosiivskyi districts of
255-414: A "greater resilience and stronger response" to Russia's attacks on Ukrainian land and children, calling for concrete action towards providing air defense. Presidential adviser Mykhailo Podolyak stated that calls for an "immediate ceasefire" by Hungary and China only pushes further Russian aggression by spreading a "false feeling" that "the aggressor has the right to kill because he speaks of ‘peace’, and
340-583: A Russian missile strike hit an administrative building at a coal processing plant. In Dnipro, a strike hit a high-rise building, killing one person and injuring 12 others. In Pokrovsk , three people were killed, while three others were injured. A day of mourning was declared on 9 July in Kryvyi Rih. Kyiv's Mayor Vitali Klitschko accused Russia of "genocide of the Ukrainian population". President Volodymyr Zelenskyy called on NATO members states to show
425-610: A body of national literature, institute a Ukrainian-language educational system, and form an independent state (the Ukrainian People's Republic , shortly joined by the West Ukrainian People's Republic ). During this brief independent statehood the stature and use of Ukrainian greatly improved. In the Russian Empire Census of 1897 the following picture emerged, with Ukrainian being the second most spoken language of
510-586: A building with offices, as well as several floors of a multi-storey building. The total area of destruction was 1,500 square meters, and seven people were killed. In the Holosiivskyi District, residential buildings, garages, and cars were damaged. In the Dniprovskyi District there was a missile attack in the area. In the Darnytskyi district, a private house was damaged by the impact. Fires broke out in
595-459: A children's hospital as "added to the list of war crimes" Russia propagated during the war. Foreign Minister of Italy Antonio Tajani condemned the attacks and asserted the Italian government's commitment to defending Ukraine's sovereignty. German Health Minister Karl Lauterbach announced that Germany is ready to provide medical assistance to Ukrainian children affected by the missile attack on
680-586: A closer lexical distance to West Slavic Polish and South Slavic Bulgarian . Ukrainian is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language spoken in the medieval state of Kievan Rus' . In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the language developed into Ruthenian , where it became an official language, before a process of Polonization began in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . By the 18th century, Ruthenian diverged into regional variants, and
765-805: A gradual change of the Old East Slavic vowel system into the system found in modern Ukrainian began approximately in the 12th/13th century (that is, still at the time of the Kievan Rus') with a lengthening and raising of the Old East Slavic mid vowels e and o when followed by a consonant and a weak yer vowel that would eventually disappear completely, for example Old East Slavic котъ /kɔtə/ > Ukrainian кіт /kit/ 'cat' (via transitional stages such as /koˑtə̆/, /kuˑt(ə̆)/, /kyˑt/ or similar) or Old East Slavic печь /pʲɛtʃʲə/ > Ukrainian піч /pitʃ/ 'oven' (via transitional stages such as /pʲeˑtʃʲə̆/, /pʲiˑtʃʲ/ or similar). This raising and other phonological developments of
850-561: A major children's medical institution has been closely linked to the institute's activities. Since 1998, the Center for Pediatric Oncohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation has been operating within the hospital's structure, providing state-of-the-art diagnostics and treatment of oncohematological diseases and bone marrow transplants to sick children. The center's active work on the study and adaptation of highly effective foreign technologies in treating childhood leukemia and lymphoma has increased
935-585: A policy of defending Ukraine's interests within the Soviet Union. He proudly promoted the beauty of the Ukrainian language and developed plans to expand the role of Ukrainian in higher education. He was removed, however, after only a brief tenure, for being too lenient on Ukrainian nationalism. The new party boss from 1972 to 1989, Volodymyr Shcherbytsky , purged the local party, was fierce in suppressing dissent, and insisted Russian be spoken at all official functions, even at local levels. His policy of Russification
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#17328521915561020-555: A result of close Slavic contacts with the remnants of the Scythian and Sarmatian population north of the Black Sea , lasting into the early Middle Ages , the appearance of the voiced fricative γ/г (romanized "h"), in modern Ukrainian and some southern Russian dialects is explained by the assumption that it initially emerged in Scythian and related eastern Iranian dialects, from earlier common Proto-Indo-European *g and *gʰ . During
1105-624: A self-aware Ukrainian nation would threaten the unity of the empire. In 1804 Ukrainian as a subject and language of instruction was banned from schools. In 1811, by order of the Russian government, the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was closed. In 1847 the Brotherhood of St Cyril and Methodius was terminated. The same year Taras Shevchenko was arrested, exiled for ten years, and banned for political reasons from writing and painting. In 1862 Pavlo Chubynsky
1190-883: A variant name of the Little Russian language . In a private letter from 1854, Taras Shevchenko lauds "our splendid Ukrainian language". Valuyev's decree from 1863 derides the "Little Russian" language throughout, but also mentions "the so-called Ukrainian language" once. In Galicia, the earliest applications of the term Ukrainian to the language were in the hyphenated names Ukrainian-Ruthenian (1866, by Paulin Święcicki ) or Ruthenian-Ukrainian (1871, by Panteleimon Kulish and Ivan Puluj ), with non-hyphenated Ukrainian language appearing shortly thereafter (in 1878, by Mykhailo Drahomanov ). A following ban on Ukrainian books led to Alexander II 's secret Ems Ukaz , which prohibited publication and importation of most Ukrainian-language books, public performances and lectures, and even banned
1275-625: Is based on the character of contemporary written sources, ultimately reflecting socio-historical developments, and he further subdivides the Middle period into three phases: Ukraine annually marks the Day of Ukrainian Writing and Language on 9 November, the Eastern Orthodox feast day of Nestor the Chronicler . The era of Kievan Rus' ( c. 880–1240) is the subject of some linguistic controversy, as
1360-877: Is referred to as "Old Ukrainian", but elsewhere, and in contemporary sources, is known as the Ruthenian language, and from the end of the 18th century to the present what in Ukraine is known as "Modern Ukrainian", but elsewhere is known as just Ukrainian. 8 July 2024 Russian strikes on Ukraine Eastern Ukraine campaign Southern Ukraine campaign Other regions Naval operations Spillover & related incidents Eastern Ukraine campaign Southern Ukraine campaign Other regions Spillover & related incidents Eastern Ukraine campaign Southern Ukraine campaign Other regions Naval operations Spillover & related incidents A massive missile attack on Ukraine occurred on 8 July 2024 during
1445-597: Is the first (native) language of a large majority of Ukrainians . Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet , a variant of the Cyrillic script . The standard language is studied by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Potebnia Institute of Linguistics . Comparisons are often made between Ukrainian and Russian , another East Slavic language, yet there is more mutual intelligibility with Belarusian , and
1530-719: The Latin language. Much of the influence of Poland on the development of the Ukrainian language has been attributed to this period and is reflected in multiple words and constructions used in everyday Ukrainian speech that were taken from Polish or Latin. Examples of Polish words adopted from this period include zavzhdy (always; taken from old Polish word zawżdy ) and obitsiaty (to promise; taken from Polish obiecać ) and from Latin (via Polish) raptom (suddenly) and meta (aim or goal). Significant contact with Tatars and Turks resulted in many Turkic words, particularly those involving military matters and steppe industry, being adopted into
1615-557: The Novgorod Republic did not call themselves Rus ' until the 14th century; earlier Novgorodians reserved the term Rus ' for the Kiev , Pereyaslavl and Chernigov principalities. At the same time as evidenced by contemporary chronicles, the ruling princes and kings of Galicia–Volhynia and Kiev called themselves "people of Rus ' " (in foreign sources called " Ruthenians "), and Galicia–Volhynia has alternately been called
1700-622: The Russo-Ukrainian War . Kyiv , Kryvyi Rih , Dnipro , Kropyvnytskyi , and Pokrovsk came under fire from more than forty missiles of the Russian military . In total, at least 47 people were killed and about 170 were injured. In Kyiv, strikes damaged residential buildings and infrastructure, notably including the Okhmatdyt children's hospital, the country's largest, which killed two adults. The city's Artem military plant [ uk ]
1785-399: The law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" was approved by the parliament, formalizing rules governing the usage of the language and introducing penalties for violations. The literary Ukrainian language, which was preceded by Old East Slavic literature, may be subdivided into two stages: during the 12th to 18th centuries what in Ukraine
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#17328521915561870-491: The "most depraved of actions". Czech Foreign Minister Jan Lipavský said, "Murderers who attack children in hospitals are the dregs of humanity." Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi told reporters while seated alongside Russian President Vladimir Putin that "any person who believes in humanity is troubled when there are deaths, especially when innocent children die." Modi visited Moscow to meet Putin on 8 July 2024. The two embraced as Modi climbed out of his car; this act
1955-425: The 11th–12th century, but started becoming more similar to them around the 13th–15th centuries. The modern Russian language hence developed from the fusion of this Novgorod dialect and the common dialect spoken by the other Kievan Rus', whereas the modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages developed from dialects which did not differ from each other in a significant way. Ukrainian linguist Stepan Smal-Stotsky denies
2040-451: The 13th century, eastern parts of Rus (including Moscow) came under Tatar rule until their unification under the Tsardom of Muscovy , whereas the south-western areas (including Kyiv ) were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . For the following four centuries, the languages of the two regions evolved in relative isolation from each other. Direct written evidence of the existence of
2125-666: The 13th century, when German settlers were invited to Ukraine by the princes of the Kingdom of Ruthenia, German words began to appear in the language spoken in Ukraine. Their influence would continue under Poland not only through German colonists but also through the Yiddish-speaking Jews. Often such words involve trade or handicrafts. Examples of words of German or Yiddish origin spoken in Ukraine include dakh ("roof"), rura ("pipe"), rynok ("market"), kushnir ("furrier"), and majster ("master" or "craftsman"). In
2210-589: The Cossack motherland, Ukrajina , as a self-appellation for the nation of Ukrainians, and Ukrajins'ka mova for the language. Many writers published works in the Romantic tradition of Europe demonstrating that Ukrainian was not merely a language of the village but suitable for literary pursuits. However, in the Russian Empire expressions of Ukrainian culture and especially language were repeatedly persecuted for fear that
2295-580: The Desnianskyi and Sviatoshynskyi districts due to the attack. In the Shevchenkivskyi district, an apartment building was destroyed, and one entrance was completely destroyed. The residents had to be evacuated. Overall in Kyiv, 33 people were killed, including five children, and 121 were injured, 10 of them children, according to officials. In Kryvyi Rih , 10 people were killed and 53 more were injured after
2380-545: The Okhmatdyt children's hospital. US President Joe Biden referred to the attacks as "a horrific reminder of Russia's brutality" and called on the international community to stand with Ukraine and to not disregard Russian acts of aggression. He also stated that his government and NATO would announce more programs to grant aid and support to Ukraine, including increasing their air defense capabilities. British Prime Minister Keir Starmer condemned "attacking innocent children" as
2465-544: The Orthodox church spoke Ruthenian. The 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement between Cossack Hetmanate and Alexis of Russia divided Ukraine between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia. During the following century, both monarchies became increasingly intolerant of Ukrainian own cultural and political aspirations. Ukrainians found themselves in a colonial situation. The Russian centre adopted
2550-559: The Polish nobility. Many Ukrainian nobles learned the Polish language and converted to Catholicism during that period in order to maintain their lofty aristocratic position. Lower classes were less affected because literacy was common only in the upper class and clergy. The latter were also under significant Polish pressure after the Union with the Catholic Church . Most of the educational system
2635-530: The Principality or Kingdom of Ruthenia. Also according to Andrey Zaliznyak, the Novgorodian dialect differed significantly from that of other dialects of Kievan Rus during the 11th–12th century, but started becoming more similar to them around 13th–15th centuries. The modern Russian language hence developed from the fusion of this Novgorodian dialect and the common dialect spoken by the other Kievan Rus, whereas
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2720-608: The Russian Empire. According to the Imperial census's terminology, the Russian language ( Русскій ) was subdivided into Ukrainian (Малорусскій, ' Little Russian '), what is known as Russian today (Великорусскій, ' Great Russian '), and Belarusian (Бѣлорусскій, 'White Russian'). The following table shows the distribution of settlement by native language ( "по родному языку" ) in 1897 in Russian Empire governorates ( guberniyas ) that had more than 100,000 Ukrainian speakers. Although in
2805-480: The Russian invasion "continues impacting children disproportionately". The United Nations Security Council planned an ad hoc meeting on 9 July in response to the civilian attacks after being requested to by France, Britain, Slovenia, Ecuador, and the United States. UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission declared "high likelihood" of "direct hit" by Russian missile rather than debris. Amnesty International condemned
2890-460: The Soviet Union and a special term, "a language of inter-ethnic communication", was coined to denote its status. After the death of Stalin (1953), a general policy of relaxing the language policies of the past was implemented (1958 to 1963). The Khrushchev era which followed saw a policy of relatively lenient concessions to development of the languages at the local and republic level, though its results in Ukraine did not go nearly as far as those of
2975-509: The Soviet policy of Ukrainianization in the 1920s. Journals and encyclopedic publications advanced in the Ukrainian language during the Khrushchev era, as well as transfer of Crimea under Ukrainian SSR jurisdiction. Yet, the 1958 school reform that allowed parents to choose the language of primary instruction for their children, unpopular among the circles of the national intelligentsia in parts of
3060-543: The USSR, meant that non-Russian languages would slowly give way to Russian in light of the pressures of survival and advancement. The gains of the past, already largely reversed by the Stalin era, were offset by the liberal attitude towards the requirement to study the local languages (the requirement to study Russian remained). Parents were usually free to choose the language of study of their children (except in few areas where attending
3145-564: The Ukrainian language dates to the late 16th century. By the 16th century, a peculiar official language formed: a mixture of the liturgical standardised language of Old Church Slavonic , Ruthenian and Polish . The influence of the latter gradually increased relative to the former two, as the nobility and rural large-landowning class, known as the szlachta , was largely Polish-speaking. Documents soon took on many Polish characteristics superimposed on Ruthenian phonetics. Polish–Lithuanian rule and education also involved significant exposure to
3230-470: The Ukrainian language held the formal position of the principal local language in the Ukrainian SSR . However, practice was often a different story: Ukrainian always had to compete with Russian, and the attitudes of the Soviet leadership towards Ukrainian varied from encouragement and tolerance to de facto banishment. Officially, there was no state language in the Soviet Union until the very end when it
3315-465: The Ukrainian language. Examples include torba (bag) and tyutyun (tobacco). Because of the substantial number of loanwords from Polish, German, Czech and Latin, early modern vernacular Ukrainian ( prosta mova , " simple speech ") had more lexical similarity with West Slavic languages than with Russian or Church Slavonic. By the mid-17th century, the linguistic divergence between the Ukrainian and Russian languages had become so significant that there
3400-409: The Ukrainian school might have required a long daily commute) and they often chose Russian, which reinforced the resulting Russification. In this sense, some analysts argue that it was not the "oppression" or "persecution", but rather the lack of protection against the expansion of Russian language that contributed to the relative decline of Ukrainian in the 1970s and 1980s. According to this view, it
3485-458: The attack and placed the blame on Russia, calling its attempt to blame Ukraine for the attack "a callous audacity". Human Rights Watch wrote: "Attacks directed at medical facilities are war crimes under international humanitarian law , and the strike that hit Okhmatdyt children’s hospital should be investigated as a potential war crime". The French Foreign Ministry referred to the attacks as "barbaric", specifically citing deliberate attacks on
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3570-508: The attack on Okhmatdyt was carried out by pilots and maintenance personnel of the Engels-2 airbase in Saratov Oblast . A missile hit the toxicology department of the Okhmatdyt children's hospital. The roof of the building collapsed, resulting in the death of two adults. Ukrainian authorities stated that 16 people were injured, including seven children. Cancer patients were evacuated from
3655-407: The chancellery and gradually evolved into the Ruthenian language. Polish rule, which came later, was accompanied by a more assimilationist policy. By the 1569 Union of Lublin that formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a significant part of Ukrainian territory was moved from Lithuanian rule to Polish administration, resulting in cultural Polonization and visible attempts to colonize Ukraine by
3740-582: The city were affected. Six Russian missiles struck the Artem military plant [ uk ] . Russia claims that the plant produced munitions, while Ukrainian side denies this. Associated Press stated that the plant produced "components for various military-grade missiles". The plant had already been hit during Russian missile attacks in December 2023 . In the Solomianskyi District, missiles hit
3825-460: The city, milk kitchens, baby homes, and counseling centers. These medical institutions also trained medical students and nurses. In October 1927, the health inspectorate sent a memo to the district executive committee, proposing to combine the disparate maternal and child healthcare institutions and create the OHMATDYT Institute. It was proposed that the institute be located in a hospital for
3910-407: The existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past. Similar points of view were shared by Yevhen Tymchenko , Vsevolod Hantsov , Olena Kurylo , Ivan Ohienko and others. According to this theory, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages during the 6th through 9th centuries. The Ukrainian language
3995-590: The facility was destroyed. The Toxicology building with the Chronic and Acute Intoxication Unit (where children undergo dialysis) of the Okhmatdyt National Children's Hospital was destroyed. In the new, recently opened building, 12 departments were damaged, including 8 surgical, 5 oncology, two intensive care units, an operating room, and a radiology and radiation therapy department. Part of the country's only oncohematology laboratory has also been destroyed. At
4080-437: The first time at their place of residence, according to the report. In 2011, construction of new hospital buildings began. In December 2017, the first stage of the renovated complex was put into operation. In July 2020, the second phase of the new hospital building was opened. On July 8, 2024 a massive missile attack on Ukraine occurred and the hospital's premises suffered from a Russian missile strike , where over 60% of
4165-564: The hospital housed, in addition to therapeutic beds, a tuberculosis dispensary, a 30-bed maternity hospital , and a consultation center for mothers and pregnant women. The organization of healthcare in Kyiv at that time was handled by the District Health Inspectorate, which included the protection of motherhood and childhood inspection department, which dealt with maternal and child health care. The protection of motherhood and childhood infrastructure included children's hospitals in
4250-424: The hospital with their parents. At the time of the strike, there were over 600 patients in the hospital. Among them were children from neighboring Moldova , one of whom was at the operating table at that moment. Russia claimed that the strikes were retaliation and hit defence industry targets and the destruction was caused by Ukrainian air defenses. The Security Service of Ukraine said it had found fragments of
4335-591: The hospital's 720 beds every year, and about 20,000 receive emergency care at the hospital's trauma center. The hospital performs about 7,000 operations annually. The departments perform all types of surgical interventions except cardiac surgery. The history of the National Children's Specialized Hospital Okhmatdyt began in 1894 when the Kyiv Free Cesarevych Mykola Hospital for Laborers and the Poor
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#17328521915564420-510: The hospital's premises, Tereshchenko allocated 100 thousand rubles of his own capital and 15 thousand more to purchase the necessary property for the arrangement of the medical institution. On December 17, 1893, in Gatchina , Emperor Alexander III approved the charter of the Kyiv Free Hospital for Laborers, named after Tsesarevich Nikolai . After the revolutionary events of 1917 ,
4505-417: The language of much of the literature was purely or heavily Old Church Slavonic . Some theorists see an early Ukrainian stage in language development here, calling it Old Ruthenian; others term this era Old East Slavic . Russian theorists tend to amalgamate Rus' to the modern nation of Russia, and call this linguistic era Old Russian. However, according to Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak (2012), people from
4590-456: The modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages developed from the dialects which did not differ from each other in a significant way. After the fall of the Kingdom of Ruthenia, Ukrainians mainly fell under the rule of Lithuania and then Poland . Local autonomy of both rule and language was a marked feature of Lithuanian rule. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Old East Slavic became the language of
4675-542: The modern Ukrainian language developed in the territory of present-day Ukraine. Russification saw the Ukrainian language banned as a subject from schools and as a language of instruction in the Russian Empire , and continued in various ways in the Soviet Union . Even so, the language continued to see use throughout the country, and remained particularly strong in Western Ukraine . Specific developments that led to
4760-501: The name Little Russia for Ukraine and Little Russian for the language, an expression that originated in Byzantine Greek and may originally have meant "old, original, fundamental Russia", and had been in use since the 14th century. Ukrainian high culture went into a long period of steady decline. The Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was taken over by the Russian Empire. Most of the remaining Ukrainian schools also switched to Polish or Russian in
4845-412: The native language for the majority in the nation on the eve of Ukrainian independence, a significant share of ethnic Ukrainians were russified. In Donetsk there were no Ukrainian language schools and in Kyiv only a quarter of children went to Ukrainian language schools. The Russian language was the dominant vehicle, not just of government function, but of the media, commerce, and modernity itself. This
4930-674: The poor, where a maternity hospital, a women's consultation, and a children's tuberculosis clinic were already operating at the time. On November 11, 1927, the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Health of Ukraine approved a resolution on the organization of the Institute for the Protection of Motherhood and Childhood in Kyiv, which was officially opened in March 1929. Since then, the hospital's development as
5015-425: The population said Ukrainian was their native language. Until the 1920s the urban population in Ukraine grew faster than the number of Ukrainian speakers. This implies that there was a (relative) decline in the use of Ukrainian language. For example, in Kyiv, the number of people stating that Ukrainian was their native language declined from 30.3% in 1874 to 16.6% in 1917. During the seven-decade-long Soviet era ,
5100-543: The positive results of chemotherapy programs in the center's departments fivefold. In 2002, the hospital began performing laparoscopic surgeries and surgical treatment of scoliosis using the Bridge system, as well as using bio-implants in newborn surgeries. The center has started accepting victims with polytrauma. In recent years, the number of sick children with complex surgical pathology from different regions of Ukraine has increased significantly, some of whom were operated on for
5185-510: The present-day reflex is /ɣ/. Ahatanhel Krymsky and Aleksey Shakhmatov assumed the existence of the common spoken language of Eastern Slavs only in prehistoric times. According to their point of view, the diversification of the Old East Slavic language took place in the 8th or early 9th century. Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak stated that the Old Novgorod dialect differed significantly from that of other dialects of Kievan Rus' during
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#17328521915565270-573: The printing of Ukrainian texts accompanying musical scores. A period of leniency after 1905 was followed by another strict ban in 1914, which also affected Russian-occupied Galicia. For much of the 19th century the Austrian authorities demonstrated some preference for Polish culture, but the Ukrainians were relatively free to partake in their own cultural pursuits in Halychyna and Bukovina , where Ukrainian
5355-562: The rural regions of the Ukrainian provinces, 80% of the inhabitants said that Ukrainian was their native language in the Census of 1897 (for which the results are given above), in the urban regions only 32.5% of the population claimed Ukrainian as their native language. For example, in Odesa (then part of the Russian Empire), at the time the largest city in the territory of current Ukraine, only 5.6% of
5440-661: The sixteenth and first half of the 17th century, when Ukraine was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, albeit in spite of being part of the PLC, not as a result. Among many schools established in that time, the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium (the predecessor of the modern Kyiv-Mohyla Academy ), founded by the Orthodox Metropolitan Peter Mogila , was the most important. At that time languages were associated more with religions: Catholics spoke Polish, and members of
5525-508: The tender process of being rigged. In response, Minister of Healthcare Viktor Liashko asked Ukrainian police to investigate the tender process. Ukrainian language Ukrainian ( українська мова , ukrainska mova , IPA: [ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ ˈmɔʋɐ] ) is one of the East Slavic languages in the Indo-European languages family, and it is spoken primarily in Ukraine . It
5610-462: The term native language may not necessarily associate with the language they use more frequently. The overwhelming majority of ethnic Ukrainians consider the Ukrainian language native , including those who often speak Russian. According to the official 2001 census data, 92.3% of Kyiv region population responded "Ukrainian" to the native language ( ridna mova ) census question, compared with 88.4% in 1989, and 7.2% responded "Russian". In 2019,
5695-558: The territories controlled by these respective countries, which was followed by a new wave of Polonization and Russification of the native nobility. Gradually the official language of Ukrainian provinces under Poland was changed to Polish, while the upper classes in the Russian part of Ukraine used Russian. During the 19th century, a revival of Ukrainian self-identification manifested in the literary classes of both Russian-Empire Dnieper Ukraine and Austrian Galicia . The Brotherhood of Sts Cyril and Methodius in Kyiv applied an old word for
5780-425: The time of the missile attack, there were more than 600 patients and at least as many medical workers in Okhmatdyt. About 100 patients were transferred to other medical institutions in Kyiv: National Cancer Institute, Regional Cancer Center, Institute of Neurosurgery. The reconstruction of the hospital ran into controversy after Nashi Hroshi , an investigative journalism publication that focuses on corruption, accused
5865-434: The time, such as the merger of the Old East Slavic vowel phonemes и /i/ and ы /ɨ/ into the specifically Ukrainian phoneme /ɪ ~ e/, spelled with и (in the 13th/14th centuries), and the fricativisation of the Old East Slavic consonant г /g/, probably first to /ɣ/ (in the 13th century), with /ɦ/ as a reflex in Modern Ukrainian, did not happen in Russian. Only the fricativisation of Old East Slavic г /g/ occurred in Belarusian, where
5950-516: The use of Ukrainian. The educational system in Ukraine has been transformed over the first decade of independence from a system that is partly Ukrainian to one that is overwhelmingly so. The government has also mandated a progressively increased role for Ukrainian in the media and commerce. In the 2001 census , 67.5% of the country's population named Ukrainian as their native language (a 2.8% increase from 1989), while 29.6% named Russian (a 3.2% decrease). For many Ukrainians (of various ethnic origins),
6035-442: The victim should not defend himself". The attacks happened just before a NATO summit in Washington was planned to be held, with Ukraine participating. Prosecutor General Andriy Kostin reported sending all information about the attacks to the International Criminal Court . On her Wimbledon Championships match against Wang Xinyu on 8 July, tennis player Elina Svitolina wore a black ribbon on her sporting gear in memory of
6120-549: The victims of the strikes. Alla Nesolionova, a doctor at the cardiology center at the Okhmatdyt children's hospital, stated "The only thing I want is for this to be back to them a million times worse. I want them to feel it on their own skin." On 8 July the Russian defence ministry stated that "in response to attempts by the Kyiv regime to damage Russian energy and economic facilities ", Russian forces had carried out strikes on defence industry targets and aviation bases in Ukraine, claiming that damage to civilian infrastructure
6205-575: Was a need for translators during negotiations for the Treaty of Pereyaslav , between Bohdan Khmelnytsky , head of the Zaporozhian Host , and the Russian state. By the 18th century, Ruthenian had diverged into regional variants, developing into the modern Belarusian , Rusyn , and Ukrainian languages. The accepted chronology of Ukrainian divides the language into Old Ukrainian, Middle Ukrainian, and Modern Ukrainian. Shevelov explains that much of this
6290-482: Was also hit. The international community condemned the attacks. The Security Service of Ukraine defined Russia's attack on the Okhmatdyt children's hospital as a war crime and initiated criminal proceedings into the matter. Human Rights Watch also wrote that the strike against the children’s hospital should be investigated as a war crime. Around 10 a.m. Russian forces launched more than 40 missiles towards Ukraine. The community of analysts Molfar claimed that
6375-494: Was criticized by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy as it happened on the same day that Russian missiles struck a children's hospital in Kyiv. Moldovan President Maia Sandu condemned the strike against the children's hospital, protested against what she called war crimes and a "war against children" and called for a future in which every child "has the chance to live in peace and well-being". Moldovan Deputy Prime Minister for European Integration Cristina Gherasimov visited
6460-434: Was done by a falling Ukrainian air defense missile launched from within the city. The ministry claimed it had achieved its objectives and struck all designated targets. UN Secretary-General António Guterres called Russia's missile strikes "particularly shocking". Denise Brown , UN aid coordinator in Ukraine, condemned the attack and called for civilians to be protected. Munir Mammadzade, UNICEF representative, said that
6545-548: Was exiled for seven years to Arkhangelsk . The Ukrainian magazine Osnova was discontinued. In 1863, the tsarist interior minister Pyotr Valuyev proclaimed in his decree that "there never has been, is not, and never can be a separate Little Russian language". Although the name of Ukraine is known since 1187, it was not applied to the language until the mid-19th century. The linguonym Ukrainian language appears in Yakub Holovatsky 's book from 1849, listed there as
6630-448: Was formed by convergence of tribal dialects, mostly due to an intensive migration of the population within the territory of today's Ukraine in later historical periods. This point of view was also supported by George Shevelov 's phonological studies, which argue that specific features were already recognizable in the southern dialects of Old East Slavic (seen as ancestors to Ukrainian) as far back as these varieties can be documented. As
6715-407: Was gradually Polonized. In Ruthenia, the language of administrative documents gradually shifted towards Polish. Polish has had heavy influences on Ukrainian (particularly in Western Ukraine ). The southwestern Ukrainian dialects are transitional to Polish. As the Ukrainian language developed further, some borrowings from Tatar and Turkish occurred. Ukrainian culture and language flourished in
6800-554: Was inevitable that successful careers required a good command of Russian, while knowledge of Ukrainian was not vital, so it was common for Ukrainian parents to send their children to Russian-language schools, even though Ukrainian-language schools were usually available. The number of students in Russian-language in Ukraine schools was constantly increasing, from 14 percent in 1939 to more than 30 percent in 1962. The Communist Party leader from 1963 to 1972, Petro Shelest , pursued
6885-482: Was lessened only slightly after 1985. The management of dissent by the local Ukrainian Communist Party was more fierce and thorough than in other parts of the Soviet Union. As a result, at the start of the Mikhail Gorbachev reforms perebudova and hlasnist’ (Ukrainian for perestroika and glasnost ), Ukraine under Shcherbytsky was slower to liberalize than Russia itself. Although Ukrainian still remained
6970-483: Was opened in Kyiv at the expense of the prominent businessman and philanthropist Mykola Tereshchenko [ uk ] . In 1891, the Kyiv City Public Administration allocated a land plot along Kadetske Highway between the suburb of Shuliavka and the city barracks. The architect, academician Volodymyr Nikolaiev began developing a project for a future hospital with 50 beds. For the construction of
7055-537: Was proclaimed in 1990 that Russian language was the all-Union state language and that the constituent republics had rights to declare additional state languages within their jurisdictions. Still it was implicitly understood in the hopes of minority nations that Ukrainian would be used in the Ukrainian SSR, Uzbek would be used in the Uzbek SSR , and so on. However, Russian was used as the lingua franca in all parts of
7140-400: Was substantially less the case for western Ukraine, which escaped the artificial famine , Great Purge , and most of Stalinism . And this region became the center of a hearty, if only partial, renaissance of the Ukrainian language during independence. Since 1991, Ukrainian has been the official state language in Ukraine, and the state administration implemented government policies to broaden
7225-532: Was widely used in education and official documents. The suppression by Russia hampered the literary development of the Ukrainian language in Dnipro Ukraine, but there was a constant exchange with Halychyna, and many works were published under Austria and smuggled to the east. By the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the collapse of Austro-Hungary in 1918, Ukrainians were ready to openly develop
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