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83-456: Oirat or Elut (Chinese: 厄魯特 , Èlǔtè ) may refer to: Oirats , the westernmost group of the Mongols Oirat language Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Oirat . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

166-562: A corruption of the group's original name Dörben Öörd , meaning "The Allied Four". Perhaps inspired by the designation Dörben Öörd, other Mongols at times used the term "Döchin Mongols" for themselves ("Döchin" meaning forty), but there was rarely as great a degree of unity among larger numbers of tribes as among the Oirats. In the 17th century, Zaya Pandita , a Gelug monk of the Khoshut tribe, devised

249-609: A diacritic or modified letter. These include exposé , lamé , maté , öre , øre , résumé and rosé. In a few words, diacritics that did not exist in the original have been added for disambiguation, as in maté ( from Sp. and Port. mate) , saké ( the standard Romanization of the Japanese has no accent mark ) , and Malé ( from Dhivehi މާލެ ) , to clearly distinguish them from the English words mate, sake, and male. The acute and grave accents are occasionally used in poetry and lyrics:

332-740: A fifth of the population is thought to have perished during and immediately after the deportation. Around half (97–98,000) of the Kalmyk people deported to Siberia died before being allowed to return home in 1957. The government of the Soviet Union forbade teaching the Kalmyk language during the deportation. Mongolian leader Khorloogiin Choibalsan attempted to arrange migration of the deportees to Mongolia and he met them in Siberia during his visit to Russia. Under

415-645: A force of 1,700 Soviet soldiers in Durvud province of Kalmykia, but the Oirat state was destroyed by the Soviet Army later that year. The Mongolian government suggested to accept the Mongols of the Soviet Union, including Kalmyks, but the Soviets rejected the proposal. In 1943, the entire population of 120,000 Kalmyks were deported to Siberia by Stalin , accused of supporting invading Axis armies attacking Stalingrad ( Volgograd );

498-505: A letter or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters. The main use of diacritics in Latin script is to change the sound-values of the letters to which they are added. Historically, English has used the diaeresis diacritic to indicate the correct pronunciation of ambiguous words, such as "coöperate", without which the <oo> letter sequence could be misinterpreted to be pronounced /ˈkuːpəreɪt/ . Other examples are

581-499: A minority, principally in the northern part of the region, numbering 194,500 in 2010, about 50,000 of which are Dongxiangs . They are primarily descendants of the surviving Torghuts and Khoshuts who returned from Kalmykia , and of the Chakhar stationed there as garrison soldiers in the 18th century. The emperor had sent messages asking the Kalmyks to return, and erected a smaller copy of

664-522: A new writing system called Clear Script for use by Oirats. This system was developed on the basis of the older Mongolian script , but had a more developed system of diacritics to preclude misreading and reflected some lexical and grammatical differences of the Oirat language from Mongolian . The Clear Script remained in use in Kalmykia until the mid-1920s when it was replaced by a Latin alphabet , and later

747-414: A way of indicating that adjacent vowels belonged to separate syllables, but this practice has become far less common. The New Yorker magazine is a major publication that continues to use the diaeresis in place of a hyphen for clarity and economy of space. A few English words, often when used out of context, especially in isolation, can only be distinguished from other words of the same spelling by using

830-606: Is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek διακριτικός ( diakritikós , "distinguishing"), from διακρίνω ( diakrínō , "to distinguish"). The word diacritic is a noun , though it is sometimes used in an attributive sense, whereas diacritical is only an adjective . Some diacritics, such as the acute ⟨ó⟩ , grave ⟨ò⟩ , and circumflex ⟨ô⟩ (all shown above an 'o'), are often called accents . Diacritics may appear above or below

913-493: Is created by first pressing the key with the diacritic mark, followed by the letter to place it on. This method is known as the dead key technique, as it produces no output of its own but modifies the output of the key pressed after it. The following languages have letters with diacritics that are orthographically distinct from those without diacritics. English is one of the few European languages that does not have many words that contain diacritical marks. Instead, digraphs are

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996-515: Is known, most modern computer systems provide a method to input it . For historical reasons, almost all the letter-with-accent combinations used in European languages were given unique code points and these are called precomposed characters . For other languages, it is usually necessary to use a combining character diacritic together with the desired base letter. Unfortunately, even as of 2024, many applications and web browsers remain unable to operate

1079-472: Is sorted as such. Other letters modified by diacritics are treated as variants of the underlying letter, with the exception that ⟨ü⟩ is frequently sorted as ⟨y⟩ . Languages that treat accented letters as variants of the underlying letter usually alphabetize words with such symbols immediately after similar unmarked words. For instance, in German where two words differ only by an umlaut,

1162-700: The Bargut , Buzava , Keraites , and Naiman tribes as comprising part of the Dörben Öörd; some tribes may have joined the original four only in later years. This name may however reflect the Kalmyks' remaining Buddhist rather than converting to Islam ; or the Kalmyks' remaining in the Altay region when the Turkic tribes migrated further west. After the fall of the Yuan dynasty , Oirat and Eastern Mongols had developed separate identities to

1245-513: The Borjigin family, fled Syria , then under the Mamluks , as they were despised by both Muslim Mongols and local Turks . They were well-received by Egypt 's Sultan , Al-Adil Kitbugha , himself of Oirat origin. Ali Pasha, the governor of Baghdad and head of an Oirat ruling family, went on to murder Ilkhan Arpa Keun , resulting in the disintegration of Mongol Persia. Since the Oirats were near both

1328-643: The Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde , they had strong ties with them, and many Mongol khans had Oirat wives. After the expulsion of the Yuan dynasty from China, the Oirats reconvened as a loose alliance of the four major western Mongolian tribes (Mongolian: дөрвөн ойрд , дөрвөн ойрaд ). The alliance grew, taking power in the remote region of the Altai Mountains , northwest of Hami oasis . Gradually, they spread eastwards, annexing territories then under

1411-653: The Cyrillic script . It can be seen in some public signs in the Kalmyk capital, Elista , and is superficially taught in schools. In Mongolia it was likewise replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1941. Some Oirats in China still use the Clear Script as their primary writing system, as well as Mongolian script. A monument of Zaya Pandita was unveiled on the 400th anniversary of Zaya Pandita's birth, and on 350th anniversary of his creation of

1494-824: The Dzungar Khanate and Mongolian independence. As C. D. Barkman notes, "It is quite clear that the Torghuts had not intended to surrender to the Chinese, but had hoped to lead an independent existence in Dzungaria". Ubashi Khan sent his 30,000 cavalry to the Russo-Turkish War in 1768–1769 to gain weapons before the migration. The Empress Catherine the Great ordered the Russian army, Bashkirs and Kazakhs to exterminate all migrants and Catherine

1577-496: The Dzungars in the 1750s and proclaimed rule over the Oirats through a Manchu-Mongol alliance (a series of systematic arranged marriages between princes and princesses of Manchu with those of Khalkha Mongols and Oirat Mongols, which was set up as a royal policy carried out over 300 years), as well as over Khoshut-controlled Tibet. In 1723 Lobzang Danjin, another descendant of Güshi Khan, took control of Amdo and tried to assume rule over

1660-595: The French là ("there") versus la ("the"), which are both pronounced /la/ . In Gaelic type , a dot over a consonant indicates lenition of the consonant in question. In other writing systems , diacritics may perform other functions. Vowel pointing systems, namely the Arabic harakat and the Hebrew niqqud systems, indicate vowels that are not conveyed by the basic alphabet. The Indic virama (  ्  etc.) and

1743-570: The Hanyu Pinyin official romanization system for Mandarin in China, diacritics are used to mark the tones of the syllables in which the marked vowels occur. In orthography and collation , a letter modified by a diacritic may be treated either as a new, distinct letter or as a letter–diacritic combination. This varies from language to language and may vary from case to case within a language. In some cases, letters are used as "in-line diacritics", with

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1826-656: The Kuban River . Many other nomadic peoples in the Eurasian steppes subsequently became vassals of the Kalmyk Khanate, part of which is in the area of present-day Kalmykia . The Kalmyks became allies of Russia and a treaty to protect southern Russian borders was signed between the Kalmyk Khanate and Russia. Later they became nominal, then full subjects of the Russian Tsar. In 1724 the Kalmyks came under control of Russia . By

1909-789: The Mongol campaign against the Nizaris in Iran. The Ilkhan Hulagu and his successor, Abagha , resettled them in Turkey. Then, they took part in the Second Battle of Homs , where the Mongols were defeated. The majority of the Oirats, who were left behind, supported Ariq Böke against Kublai in the Toluid Civil War . Kublai defeated his younger brother, and they entered the service of the victor. In 1295, more than 10,000 Oirats under Targhai Khurgen, son-in-law of

1992-778: The Potala in Jehol ( Chengde ), (the country residence of the Manchu Emperors ) to mark their arrival. A model copy of that "Little Potala" was made in China for the Swedish explorer Sven Hedin , and was erected at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. It is now in storage in Sweden , where there are plans to re-erect it. Some of the returnees did not come that far and still live, now as Muslims, at

2075-591: The Qing government, thus in 1686, the Emperor permitted them to reside in Alasha. In 1697, Alasha Mongols were administered in 'khoshuu' and 'sum' units. A khoshuu with eight sums was created, Batur Erkh Jonon Khoroli was appointed Beil (prince), and Alasha was thus a 'zasag-khoshuu'. Alasha was however like an 'aimag' and never administered under a 'chuulgan'. In 1707, when Batur Erkh Jonon Khoroli died, his son Abuu succeeded him. He

2158-576: The Arabic sukūn (  ـْـ  ) mark the absence of vowels. Cantillation marks indicate prosody . Other uses include the Early Cyrillic titlo stroke (  ◌҃  ) and the Hebrew gershayim (  ״  ), which, respectively, mark abbreviations or acronyms , and Greek diacritical marks, which showed that letters of the alphabet were being used as numerals . In Vietnamese and

2241-580: The Chinese border and invaded Ming China , defeating and destroying the Ming defences at the Great Wall , along with the reinforcements sent to intercept his cavalry. In the process, the Zhengtong Emperor was captured at Tumu . The following year, Esen returned the emperor after an unsuccessful ransom attempt. After claiming the title of Khan (something which only blood descendants of Genghis Khan could do), Esen

2324-626: The Clear Script. The Oirats share some history, geography, culture and language with the Eastern Mongols , and were at various times united under the same leader as a larger Mongol entity, whether that ruler was of Oirat descent or of Chingissids . Comprising the Khoshut ( Mongolian : "хошууд", hošuud ), Choros or Ölöt ("өөлд", Ööld ), Torghut ("торгууд", Torguud ), and Dörbet ("дөрвөд", Dörvöd ) ethnic groups, they were dubbed Kalmyk or Kalmak, which means "remnant" or "to remain", by their western Turkic neighbours. Various sources also list

2407-495: The Great abolished the Kalmyk Khanate. The Kazakhs attacked them near Balkhash Lake . About 100,000–150,000 Kalmyks who settled on the west bank of the Volga River could not cross the river because the river did not freeze in the winter of 1771 and Catherine the Great executed their influential nobles. After seven months of travel, only one third (66,073) of the original group reached Dzungaria (Balkhash Lake, western border of

2490-755: The Han banner garrison in Guangzhou. In the 1780s after the Muslim rebellion in Gansu started by Zhang Wenqing (張文慶) was defeated, Muslims like Ma Jinlu (馬進祿) were exiled to the Han Banner garrison in Guangzhou to become slaves to Han Banner officers. The Qing code regulating Mongols in Mongolia sentenced Mongol criminals to exile and slavery under Han bannermen in Han Banner garrisons in China proper. The region bordering Gansu and west of

2573-535: The Irgay River is called Alxa or Alaša, Alshaa and Mongols who moved there are called Alasha Mongols. Törbaih Güshi Khan 's fourth son, Ayush, was opposed to the Khan's brother Baibagas. Ayush's eldest son is Batur Erkh Jonon Khoroli. After the battle between Galdan Boshigt Khan and Ochirtu Sechen Khan, Batur Erkh Jonon Khoroli moved to Tsaidam with his 10,000 households. The fifth Dalai Lama wanted land for them from

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2656-736: The Khanate of the Mongolic Avars (6th to 8th century) in the Caspian and Hungarian steppes. The modern Kalmyks of Kalmykia on the Caspian Sea in southeastern Europe are Oirats. The name derives from Mongolic oi < * hoi ("forest, woods") and ard < * harad ("people"), and they were counted among the " forest people " in the 13th century. An opinion believes the name derives from Mongolian word oirt meaning "close (as in distance)," as in "close/nearer ones." The name Oirat may derive from

2739-576: The Khoshut Khanate. He fought against a Manchu- Qing Dynasty army, and was defeated only in the following year and 80,000 people from his tribe were executed by Manchu army due to his "rebellion attempt". By that period, the Upper Mongolian population reached 200,000 and were mainly under the rule of Khalkha Mongol princes who were in a marital alliance with Manchu royal and noble families. Thus, Amdo fell under Manchu domination. The 17th century saw

2822-613: The Law of the Russian Federation of April 26, 1991 "On Rehabilitation of Exiled Peoples" repressions against Kalmyks and other peoples were qualified as an act of genocide , although many Russian historians treat this and similar deportations as an attempt to prevent local Russian populations and the Soviet army from lynching the entire ethnic group, many of whom supported Germany . Today Kalmyks are trying to revive their language and religion, but

2905-590: The Manchu Qing Empire). The Qing Empire resettled the Kalmyks in five different areas to prevent their revolt and several Kalmyk leaders were soon killed by the Manchus. Following the Russian revolution their settlement was accelerated, Buddhism stamped out and herds collectivised. Kalmykian nationalists and Pan-Mongolists attempted to migrate from Kalmykia to Mongolia in the 1920s when a serious famine gripped Kalmykia. On January 22, 1922, Mongolia proposed to accept

2988-654: The Manchu against the Dzungars. In the 17th century, the Dzungar pioneered the local manifestation of the 'Military Revolution' in central Eurasia after perfecting a process of manufacturing indigenously created gunpowder weapons. They also created a mixed agro-pastoral economy, as well as complementary mining and manufacturing industries on their lands. Additionally, the Zunghar managed to enact an empire-wide system of laws and policies to boost

3071-559: The Ming defeated the Qubilaid Öljei Temür and the Borjigid power was weakened. The Borjigid Khans were displaced from power by the Oirats (with Ming help), ruling as puppet-khans until the alliance between the Ming and Oirats ended, and the Yongle Emperor launched a campaign against them. The greatest ruler of the Oirat Confederacy was Esen Taishi ; he led the Oirats from 1438 to 1454, a time in which he unified Mongolia (both Inner and Outer) under his puppet-khan Taisun Khan . In 1449, Esen Tayisi and Taisun Khan mobilised their cavalry along

3154-414: The Oirats and the Yenisei Kyrgyz ; the Great Khan gave those peoples to his son, Jochi, and had one of his daughters, Checheygen, marry chief Bäki (or his son). There were notable Oirats in the Mongol Empire , such as Arghun Agha and his son, Nowruz . In 1256, a group of the Oirats under Bukha-Temür (Mongolian: Буха-Төмөр, Бөхтөмөр) joined Hulagu's expedition against the Abbasids and participated in

3237-399: The Oirats under Bäki fought against Genghis but were defeated. The Oirats would then fully submit to Mongol rule after their ally, Jamukha , Genghis' childhood friend and later rival, was killed. Subject to the Khan , the Oirats turned themselves into a loyal and formidable faction of the Mongol war machine. In 1207, Jochi , the eldest son of Genghis, subjugated the forest tribes, including

3320-431: The Onginsk "rune" inscriptions dated in the sixth century. In early modern times, Kho Orlok , tayishi of the Torghuts , and Dalai Tayishi of Dorbets , led their people (200,000–250,000 people, mainly Torghuts) west to the ( Volga River ) in 1607 where they established the Kalmyk Khanate. By some accounts this move was precipitated by internal divisions or by the Khoshut tribe; other historians believe it more likely that

3403-407: The Qing ruler, the Kangxi Emperor , let them stay there for some years and later organized a 'khoshuu' for them in a place called Sertei, and made Rabjur the governor. In 1716, the Kangxi Emperor sent him and his people to Hami , near the border of Qing China and the Zunghar Khanate, for intelligence-gathering purposes against the Oirats. When Rabjur died, his eldest son, Denzen, succeeded him. He

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3486-403: The Qing sought to protect its northern border by continuing the divide-and-rule policy their Ming predecessors had successfully instituted against the Mongols. The Manchu consolidated their rule over the Eastern Mongols of Manchuria . They then persuaded the Eastern Mongols of Inner Mongolia to submit themselves as vassals . Finally, the Eastern Mongols of Outer Mongolia sought the protection of

3569-428: The Roman alphabet are transliterated , or romanized, using diacritics. Examples: Possibly the greatest number of combining diacritics required to compose a valid character in any Unicode language is 8, for the "well-known grapheme cluster in Tibetan and Ranjana scripts" or HAKṢHMALAWARAYAṀ . It consists of An example of rendering, may be broken depending on browser: ཧྐྵྨླྺྼྻྂ Some users have explored

3652-439: The Vienna public libraries, for example (before digitization). Among the types of diacritic used in alphabets based on the Latin script are: The tilde, dot, comma, titlo , apostrophe, bar, and colon are sometimes diacritical marks, but also have other uses. Not all diacritics occur adjacent to the letter they modify. In the Wali language of Ghana, for example, an apostrophe indicates a change of vowel quality, but occurs at

3735-593: The acute and grave accents, which can indicate that a vowel is to be pronounced differently than is normal in that position, for example not reduced to /ə/ or silent as in the case of the two uses of the letter e in the noun résumé (as opposed to the verb resume ) and the help sometimes provided in the pronunciation of some words such as doggèd , learnèd , blessèd , and especially words pronounced differently than normal in poetry (for example movèd , breathèd ). Most other words with diacritics in English are borrowings from languages such as French to better preserve

3818-414: The acute to indicate stress overtly where it might be ambiguous ( rébel vs. rebél ) or nonstandard for metrical reasons ( caléndar ), the grave to indicate that an ordinarily silent or elided syllable is pronounced ( warnèd, parlìament ). In certain personal names such as Renée and Zoë , often two spellings exist, and the person's own preference will be known only to those close to them. Even when

3901-454: The acute, grave, and circumflex accents and the diaeresis: ( Cantillation marks do not generally render correctly; refer to Hebrew cantillation#Names and shapes of the ta'amim for a complete table together with instructions for how to maximize the possibility of viewing them in a web browser.) The diacritics 〮 and 〯  , known as Bangjeom ( 방점; 傍點 ), were used to mark pitch accents in Hangul for Middle Korean . They were written to

3984-402: The base letter. The ISO/IEC 646 standard (1967) defined national variations that replace some American graphemes with precomposed characters (such as ⟨é⟩ , ⟨è⟩ and ⟨ë⟩ ), according to language—but remained limited to 95 printable characters. Unicode was conceived to solve this problem by assigning every known character its own code; if this code

4067-425: The beginning of the word, as in the dialects ’Bulengee and ’Dolimi . Because of vowel harmony , all vowels in a word are affected, so the scope of the diacritic is the entire word. In abugida scripts, like those used to write Hindi and Thai , diacritics indicate vowels, and may occur above, below, before, after, or around the consonant letter they modify. The tittle (dot) on the letter ⟨i⟩ or

4150-415: The combining diacritic concept properly. Depending on the keyboard layout and keyboard mapping , it is more or less easy to enter letters with diacritics on computers and typewriters. Keyboards used in countries where letters with diacritics are the norm, have keys engraved with the relevant symbols. In other cases, such as when the US international or UK extended mappings are used, the accented letter

4233-401: The control of the Eastern Mongols. They hoped to reestablish a unified, nomadic rule under their banner of the Four Oirats (the Keraites, Naiman, Barghud, and old Oirats). The only Borjigid ruling tribe was the Khoshuts; the others' rulers were not descendants of Genghis. The Ming dynasty of China had helped the Oirats' rise over the Mongols during the Yongle Emperor's reign after 1410, when

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4316-529: The diacritic developed from initially resembling today's acute accent to a long flourish by the 15th century. With the advent of Roman type it was reduced to the round dot we have today. Several languages of eastern Europe use diacritics on both consonants and vowels, whereas in western Europe digraphs are more often used to change consonant sounds. Most languages in Europe use diacritics on vowels, aside from English where there are typically none (with some exceptions ). These diacritics are used in addition to

4399-405: The early 18th century, there were approximately 300,000–350,000 Kalmyks and 15,000,000 Russians. Russia gradually reduced the autonomy of the Kalmyk Khanate. Policies encouraged establishment of Russian and German settlements on pastures where the Kalmyks formerly roamed and fed their livestock. The Russian Orthodox church , by contrast, pressed Buddhist Kalmyks to adopt Orthodoxy. In January 1771

4482-402: The fall of the Dzungar Khanate , became small ethnic groups. Kalmyks live on the Caspian steppe. Their settlement and relationship with the Caspian steppes has a long history. In early medieval times, the Mongolic-speaking Elut people established here a powerful khanate of the Avar Elut in the sixth century. The first documented reference to Elut and Yelut ( Chinese : 厄魯特, Èlǔtè ) was in

4565-432: The immigration of the Kalmyks but the Russian government refused. Some 71–72,000 (around half of the population) Kalmyks died during the famine. The Kalmyks revolted against Russia in 1926, 1930 and 1942–1943. In March 1927, Soviets deported 20,000 Kalmyks to Siberia, and Karelia . The Kalmyks founded the sovereign Republic of Oirat-Kalmyk on March 22, 1930. The Oirat state had a small army and 200 Kalmyk soldiers defeated

4648-473: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oirat&oldid=1182616567 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Chinese-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Oirats The first documented reference to Elut and Yelut

4731-710: The left of a syllable in vertical writing and above a syllable in horizontal writing. In addition to the above vowel marks, transliteration of Syriac sometimes includes ə , e̊ or superscript (or often nothing at all) to represent an original Aramaic schwa that became lost later on at some point in the development of Syriac. Some transliteration schemes find its inclusion necessary for showing spirantization or for historical reasons. Some non-alphabetic scripts also employ symbols that function essentially as diacritics. Different languages use different rules to put diacritic characters in alphabetical order. For example, French and Portuguese treat letters with diacritical marks

4814-422: The letter ⟨j⟩ , of the Latin alphabet originated as a diacritic to clearly distinguish ⟨i⟩ from the minims (downstrokes) of adjacent letters. It first appeared in the 11th century in the sequence ii (as in ingeníí ), then spread to i adjacent to m, n, u , and finally to all lowercase i s. The ⟨j⟩ , originally a variant of i , inherited the tittle. The shape of

4897-425: The main way the Modern English alphabet adapts the Latin to its phonemes. Exceptions are unassimilated foreign loanwords, including borrowings from French (and, increasingly, Spanish , like jalapeño and piñata ); however, the diacritic is also sometimes omitted from such words. Loanwords that frequently appear with the diacritic in English include café , résumé or resumé (a usage that helps distinguish it from

4980-402: The migrating clans were seeking pastureland for their herds, scarce in the central Asian highlands. Some of the Khoshut and Ölöt tribes joined the migration almost a century later. The Kalmyk migration had reached as far as the steppes of southeastern Europe by 1630. At the time, that area was inhabited by the Nogai Horde . But under pressure from Kalmyk warriors, the Nogais fled to Crimea and

5063-674: The name of a person is spelled with a diacritic, like Charlotte Brontë , this may be dropped in English-language articles, and even in official documents such as passports , due either to carelessness, the typist not knowing how to enter letters with diacritical marks, or technical reasons ( California , for example, does not allow names with diacritics, as the computer system cannot process such characters). They also appear in some worldwide company names and/or trademarks, such as Nestlé and Citroën . The following languages have letter-diacritic combinations that are not considered independent letters. Several languages that are not written with

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5146-400: The oppression of czarist administration forced a larger part of Kalmyks (33,000 households or approximately 170,000 individuals) to migrate to Dzungaria. 200,000 (170,000) Kalmyks began the migration from their pastures on the left bank of the Volga River to Dzungaria, through the territories of their Bashkir and Kazakh enemies. The last Kalmyk khan Ubashi led the migration to restore

5229-424: The point where Oirats called themselves "Four Oirats" while they used the term "Mongols" for those under the Khagans in the east. One of the earliest mentions of the Oirat people, in a historical text, can be found in the Secret History of the Mongols , a 13th century chronicle of Genghis Khan 's rise to power. In "The Secret History", the Oirats are counted among the "forest people", and are said to live under

5312-434: The request of the Gelug school, in 1637, Güshi Khan , the leader of the Khoshuts in Koko Nor, defeated Choghtu Khong Tayiji , the Khalkha prince who supported the Karma Kagyu school, and conquered Amdo (present-day Qinghai ). The unification of Tibet followed in the early 1640s, with Güshi Khan proclaimed Khan of Tibet by the 5th Dalai Lama and the establishment of the Khoshut Khanate . The title " Dalai Lama " itself

5395-400: The rise of another Oirat empire in the east, known as the Khanate of Dzungaria , which stretched from the Great Wall of China to present-day eastern Kazakhstan , and from present-day northern Kyrgyzstan to southern Siberia . It was the last empire of nomads , and was ruled by Choros noblemen. The Transition from Ming to Qing dynasties in China occurred in the mid-17th century, and

5478-429: The rule of a shaman-chief known as bäki . They lived in Tuva and the Mongolian Khövsgöl Province ; the Oirats moved south in the 14th century. In one famous passage, the Oirat chief Qutuqa Beki used a yada , or 'thunder stone', to unleash a powerful storm on Genghis' army. The magical ploy backfired, however, when an unexpected wind blew the storm back towards him. During the early stages of Genghis' rise to power,

5561-624: The same as the underlying letter for purposes of ordering and dictionaries. The Scandinavian languages and the Finnish language , by contrast, treat the characters with diacritics ⟨å⟩ , ⟨ä⟩ , and ⟨ö⟩ as distinct letters of the alphabet, and sort them after ⟨z⟩ . Usually ⟨ä⟩ (a-umlaut) and ⟨ö⟩ (o-umlaut) [used in Swedish and Finnish] are sorted as equivalent to ⟨æ⟩ (ash) and ⟨ø⟩ (o-slash) [used in Danish and Norwegian]. Also, aa , when used as an alternative spelling to ⟨å⟩ ,

5644-442: The same function as ancillary glyphs, in that they modify the sound of the letter preceding them, as in the case of the "h" in the English pronunciation of "sh" and "th". Such letter combinations are sometimes even collated as a single distinct letter. For example, the spelling sch was traditionally often treated as a separate letter in German. Words with that spelling were listed after all other words spelled with s in card catalogs in

5727-441: The shift towards the Russian language continues. According to the Russian 2010 Census there were 176,800 Kalmyks, of whom only 80,546 could speak the Kalmyk language, a serious decline from the level of the 2002 Census , in which the number of speakers was 153,602 (with a total number of 173,996 people). The Soviet 1989 Census showed 156,386 Kalmyk-speakers with a total number of 173,821 Kalmyks. The Mongols of Xinjiang form

5810-492: The southwestern end of Lake Issyk-kul in present-day Kyrgyzstan . In addition to exiling Han criminals to Xinjiang to be slaves of the Banner garrisons there, the Qing also practiced reverse exile, exiling Inner Asian (Mongol, Russian and Muslim criminals from Mongolia and Inner Asia) to China proper where they would serve as slaves in Han Banner garrisons in Guangzhou. Russian, Oirats and Muslims (Oros. Ulet. Hoise jergi weilengge niyalma) such as Yakov and Dmitri were exiled to

5893-443: The spelling, such as the diaeresis on naïve and Noël , the acute from café , the circumflex in the word crêpe , and the cedille in façade . All these diacritics, however, are frequently omitted in writing, and English is the only major modern European language that does not have diacritics in common usage. In Latin-script alphabets in other languages, diacritics may distinguish between homonyms , such as

5976-462: The unaccented vowels ⟨a⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , as the acute accent in Spanish only modifies stress within the word or denotes a distinction between homonyms , and does not modify the sound of a letter. For a comprehensive list of the collating orders in various languages, see Collating sequence . Modern computer technology

6059-428: The underlying vowel). In Spanish, the grapheme ⟨ñ⟩ is considered a distinct letter, different from ⟨n⟩ and collated between ⟨n⟩ and ⟨o⟩ , as it denotes a different sound from that of a plain ⟨n⟩ . But the accented vowels ⟨á⟩ , ⟨é⟩ , ⟨í⟩ , ⟨ó⟩ , ⟨ú⟩ are not separated from

6142-666: The use of the Oirat language in the region. Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the Dzungar population was wiped out by a combination of warfare and disease during the Manchu Qing conquest of Dzungaria in 1755–1757 . The Zunghar population reached 600,000 in 1755. Most of the Choros, Olot , Khoid , Baatud , and Zakhchin Oirats who battled against the Qing were killed by Manchu soldiers and, after

6225-463: The verb resume ), soufflé , and naïveté (see English terms with diacritical marks ). In older practice (and even among some orthographically conservative modern writers), one may see examples such as élite , mêlée and rôle. English speakers and writers once used the diaeresis more often than now in words such as coöperation (from Fr. coopération ), zoölogy (from Grk. zoologia ), and seeër (now more commonly see-er or simply seer ) as

6308-406: The word without it is sorted first in German dictionaries (e.g. schon and then schön , or fallen and then fällen ). However, when names are concerned (e.g. in phone books or in author catalogues in libraries), umlauts are often treated as combinations of the vowel with a suffixed ⟨e⟩ ; Austrian phone books now treat characters with umlauts as separate letters (immediately following

6391-620: Was afraid of the Zunghar and wanted the Qing government to allow them to move away from the border. They were settled in Dalan Uul–Altan. When Denzen died in 1740, his son Lubsan Darjaa succeeded him and became Beil. In 1753, they were settled on the banks of the Ejin River and the Ejin River Torghut 'khoshuu' was thus formed. Diacritics A diacritic (also diacritical mark , diacritical point , diacritical sign , or accent )

6474-857: Was an ÖLÜ (YELÜ) dialect of ancient Mongolic descent. When the Tobgach destroyed the Rouran Empire, the Mongolic-speaking Avar people escaped into the Caspian steppes. This displacement triggered a series of events. Settling in the Caucasus around 558, the Mongolic Avars intervened in Germanic tribal conflicts, forming alliances such as with the Lombards to overthrow the Gepidae, who were Byzantine allies. Between 550 and 575, they solidified their presence by establishing

6557-746: Was bestowed upon the third lama of the Gelug tulku lineage by Altan Khan (not to be confused with the Altan Khans of the Khalkha ), and means, in Mongolian, "Ocean of Wisdom". Amdo, meanwhile, became home to the Khoshuts. In 1717, the Dzungars invaded Tibet and killed Lha-bzang Khan (or Khoshut Khan ), a grandson of Güshi Khan and the fourth Khan of Tibet, and conquered the Khoshut Khanate . The Qing Empire defeated

6640-717: Was developed mostly in countries that speak Western European languages (particularly English), and many early binary encodings were developed with a bias favoring English—a language written without diacritical marks. With computer memory and computer storage at premium, early character sets were limited to the Latin alphabet, the ten digits and a few punctuation marks and conventional symbols. The American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ), first published in 1963, encoded just 95 printable characters. It included just four free-standing diacritics—acute, grave, circumflex and tilde—which were to be used by backspacing and overprinting

6723-736: Was in Beijing from his youth, served as bodyguard of the Emperor, and a princess (of the Emperor) was given to him, thus making him a 'Khoshoi Tavnan', i.e. Emperor's groom. In 1793, Abuu became Jün Wang. There are several thousand Muslim Alasha Mongols. Mongols who lived along the Ejin River ( Ruo Shui ) descended from Rabjur, a grandson of Torghut Ayuka Khan from the Volga River. In 1698, Rabjur, with his mother, younger sister and 500 people, went to Tibet to pray. While they were returning via Beijing in 1704,

6806-519: Was in the Onginsk "rune" inscriptions dated in the sixth century. Historically, the Oirats were composed of four major tribes: Dzungar (Choros or Olots / Elut / Yelut / Èlǔtè ), Torghut , Dörbet and Khoshut . The political elite of the Rouran and Tobgach empires were YELÜ -T Mongolic speakers. Although these two empires encompassed multilingual populations, the language of diplomacy, trade, and culture

6889-460: Was killed; shortly afterwards, Oirat power declined. From the 14th until the middle of the 18th century, the Oirats were often at war with the Eastern Mongols , but reunited with them during the rule of Dayan Khan and Tümen Zasagt Khan . The Oirats converted to Tibetan Buddhism around 1615, and it was not long before they participated in the conflict between the Gelug and Karma Kagyu schools. At

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