28-502: The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration ( OETA ) was a joint British, French and Arab military administration over Levantine provinces – which had been part of the Ottoman Empire for four centuries – between 1917 and 1920, set up on 23 October 1917 following the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and Arab Revolt of World War I . Although it was declared by
56-643: A co-principality , since it is itself a sovereign state, not a possession of one or more foreign powers. However, the position of head of state is shared ex officio by two foreigners, one of whom is the President of France , currently Emmanuel Macron , and the other the Bishop of Urgell in Spain , currently Joan Enric Vives i Sicília . Kingdom of Hejaz The Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz ( Arabic : المملكة الحجازية الهاشمية , Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāziyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah )
84-636: A French League of Nations mandate and Iraq , Mandate Palestine and Transjordan into British mandates. Hashemite princes were installed as monarchs under the British mandates in Transjordan and Iraq; this became known as the Sharifian solution . Relations with the British Empire further deteriorated when more Jews moved to Palestine , as the area was defined under the British rule. Hussein refused to ratify
112-553: A document assigning Palestine to the Zionists and Syria to foreigners." A further British attempt to reach a treaty failed in 1923–24, and negotiations were suspended in March 1924; within six months the British withdrew their support in favour of their central Arabian ally Ibn Saud , who proceeded to conquer Hussein's Kingdom . The League of Nations Covenant provided for membership to
140-613: A new territory, OETA North, was set up. The administration ended in OETA West and OETA South in 1920 following the assignment of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and British Mandate for Palestine at the 19–26 April 1920 San Remo conference . In OETA East, British administration ended following the withdrawal of British forces from the territory in November 1919, and the subsequent declaration of
168-568: A note to this effect was handed to him on 10 December 1916. The British, though, were compromised by their agreement to give the French control of Syria (comprising modern-day Syria and Lebanon) and did not, in Hussein's eyes, honour their commitments. Nevertheless, they did eventually create Hashemite-ruled kingdoms (in protectorate form) in Transjordan and in Iraq, as well as Hejaz. The changing boundaries of
196-513: Is recorded in English since 1718, from Modern Latin , apparently coined in Germany c. 1700 from Latin con- 'together' + dominium 'right of ownership' (compare domain ). A condominium of three sovereign powers is sometimes called a tripartite condominium or tridominium . Under French law , Andorra was once considered to be a French–Spanish condominium, although it is more commonly classed as
224-874: The Arab Kingdom of Syria over the same area. The area was split into two after the French defeated King Faisal in July 1920; the northern part of the territory was combined with the French-administered OETA West, and the southern part became a no man's land and later became the Emirate of Transjordan . Due to the success of the Turkish War of Independence , Marash , Aintab and Urfa sanjaks of former Aleppo Vilayet remained in Turkey after 1921. Also, Antakya and İskenderun kazas of Aleppo Sanjak in one were separated as
252-740: The Arab Revolt . The British government had promised Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz , a single independent Arab state that would include, in addition to the Hejaz region, modern-day Jordan , Iraq , and most of Syria , with the fate of the Palestine region (today's Israel and Palestine ) being mentioned in more ambiguous terms. However, at the end of the First World War , the Treaty of Versailles turned Syria into
280-633: The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was unified with the other Saudi dominions, creating the unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . In 1908, the Young Turks took over the Ottoman Empire , and in 1909 when a counter-coup failed, the Young Turks "secularized" the government. Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, was appointed by the previous Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and did not favor the Young Turks; his opposition to
308-510: The Republic of Hatay in 1938; the republic then instead became a part of Turkey in 1939. On 23 October 1918, following the British and Arab forces' defeat of the Ottoman empire , Field Marshal Edmund Allenby announced that Ottoman Syria was to be split into three administrative sub-units, which varied very little from the previous Ottoman divisions: In December 1918, following the occupation of
SECTION 10
#1732851638262336-648: The 1919 Treaty of Versailles , and, in response to a 1921 British proposal to sign a treaty accepting the Mandate system, stated that he could not be expected to "affix his name to a document assigning Palestine to the Zionists and Syria to foreigners". A further British attempt to reach a treaty failed in 1923–24 and negotiations were suspended in March 1924; within six months the British withdrew their support in favour of their central Arabian ally Ibn Saud , who proceeded to conquer Hussein's kingdom . On 23 September 1932,
364-853: The British Empire in expelling the Ottomans from the Arabian Peninsula . The US State Department quotes an aide-mémoire dated 24 October 1917 given by the Arab Bureau to the American Diplomatic Agency in Cairo confirming that ...Great Britain, France and Russia agreed to recognize the Sherif as lawful independent ruler of the Hedjaz and to use the title of "King of the Hedjaz" when addressing him, and
392-694: The British military, who were in control of the region, it was followed on 30 September 1918 by the 1918 Anglo-French Modus Vivendi in which it was agreed that the British would give the French control in certain areas, and the Hashemites were given joint control of the Eastern area per T. E. Lawrence 's November 1918 " Sharifian plan ". Following the occupation of the Adana Vilayet (the region of Cilicia) in December 1918,
420-652: The Chief Administrator. 6. The Régie Tobacco Monopoly will likewise continue its functions under similar conditions. 7. Chief Administrators will communicate with the Commander-in-Chief through the Deputy-Adjutant General, G.H.Q., to whom all reports will be addressed. 8. Chief Administrators will submit reports on the general situation in their areas, by 15th of each month. The OETA administrations were disestablished at different times in each of
448-592: The Council of Directors (i.e. prime minister) of Syria. The boundary definition of OETA East left uncertainties to the south and east, leading to competing claims from the Kingdom of Hejaz and Occupied Iraq respectively – see Occupation of Ma'an and Occupation of Zor for further details. The OETA was established on 23 October 1918, under the accepted rules of military occupation , and defined as follows: The three areas and their Chief Administrators are : - 2. The system of administration will be in accordance with
476-711: The First World War in 1914, the Sultan, Mehmed V , in his capacity as Caliph, declared a jihad against the Entente powers . The British in particular hoped to co-opt the Sharif as a weighty alternative religious figure backing them in the conflict. The British already had a series of treaties with other Arab leaders in the region and were also fearful that the Hejaz could be used as a base to attack their shipping to and from India . The Sharif
504-556: The Laws and Usages of War as laid down in Ch. XIV, S.8, Manual of Military Law . Departures from these principles will not be permitted except with the approval of the Commander-in-Chief. As far as possible the Turkish system of government will be continued, and the existing machinery of government will be utilized. 3. The Administration will be required to provide for all necessary government services, and
532-517: The Ottoman Hejaz Vilayet contributed to uncertainties between the neighbouring Hashemite kingdoms, particularly the competing claim with Transjordan over the inclusion of the sanjak of Ma'an , including the cities of Ma'an and Aqaba . King Hussein refused to ratify the 1919 Treaty of Versailles , and in response to a 1921 British proposal to sign a treaty accepting the Mandate system stated that he could not be expected to "affix his name to
560-615: The empire grew over time, culminating in the Arab Revolt. In their capacity as Caliphs , the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire would appoint an official known as the Sharif of Mecca. The role went to a member of the Hashemite family, but the Sultans typically promoted Hashemite intra-familial rivalries in their choice, preventing the building of a solid base of power in the Sharif. With the outbreak of
588-464: The extent to which these services can be developed, during the state of war, is left to the discretion of the Chief Administrator concerned. 4. As far as possible it is desired to retain Turkish administrative areas, and in this way to utilise existing Turkish records. 5. The Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt will be permitted to continue its functions, subject to the general control of
SECTION 20
#1732851638262616-482: The region of Cilicia , a new territory was set up. Under this administration the immediate needs of the people were provided for, seed grain and live-stock were imported and distributed, finance on easy terms was made available through the Army bankers, a stable currency was set up and postal services restored. Allenby insisted that as long as military administration was required, it was to remain his responsibility. The area
644-459: The regions, following the formal appointment of civil administrations (prior to the formal coming into force of the mandates): Condominium (international law) A condominium (plural either condominia , as in Latin, or condominiums ) in international law is a territory (such as a border area or a state) in or over which multiple sovereign powers formally agree to share equal dominium (in
672-479: The role, and the end of military administration, in an often-quoted document: "Received from Major-General Sir Louis J. Bols K.C.B.—One Palestine, complete." OETA East was a joint Arab-British military administration. The Arab and British armies entered Damascus on 1 October 1918, and on 3 October 1918 Ali Rida al-Rikabi was appointed Military Governor of OETA East. Prince Faisal son of King Hussain of Mecca entered Damascus as on 4 October and appointed Rikabi Chief of
700-435: The sense of sovereignty) and exercise their rights jointly, without dividing it into "national" zones. Although a condominium has always been recognized as a theoretical possibility, condominia have been rare in practice. A major problem, and the reason so few have existed, is the difficulty of ensuring co-operation between the sovereign powers ; once the understanding fails, the status is likely to become untenable. The word
728-553: Was a state in the Hejaz region of Western Asia that included the western portion of the Arabian Peninsula that was ruled by the Hashemite dynasty . It was self-proclaimed as a kingdom in June 1916 during the First World War , to be independent from the Ottoman Empire , on the basis of an alliance with the British Empire to drive the Ottoman Army from the Arabian Peninsula during
756-679: Was cautious but, after discovering that the Ottomans planned to remove and possibly murder him, agreed to work with the British if they would support a wider Arab Revolt and the establishment of an independent Arab Kingdom — the British implied they would . After the Ottomans executed other Arab nationalist leaders in Damascus and Beirut , the Hejaz rose against and soundly defeated them, almost completely expelling them (Medina remaining under Ottoman control throughout). In June 1916, Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, declared himself King of Hejaz as his Sharifian Army participated with other Arab Forces and
784-541: Was divided into four districts: Jerusalem, Jaffa, Majdal and Beersheba, each under a military governor. Both of the first two British administrators, Generals Money and Watson, were removed by London for not favouring the Zionists over the Arabs; when the OETA administration ended, Liberal party politician (and former British Home Secretary) Herbert Samuel was installed as the first civilian administrator. Samuel recorded his acceptance of
#261738