The Obukhov Formation is a geologic formation in Belarus and Ukraine that dates to the Late Eocene ; the Obukhov Formation is equivalent to the Prussian Formation of Russia .
45-621: Rovno amber is found in this formation, and 90% of amber collected from the Obukhov Formation is extracted illegally and the trade is controlled by armed organised crime groups. The Late Eocene Rovno amber is hosted in the Obukhov Formation, and it underlies the Early Oligocene Mezhigorje Formation . The formation is found along the northwestern margin of the Ukrainian Crystalline Shield exposed in
90-720: A 7-year rolling stock renewal program including the delivery of 30 locomotives to Ukrzaliznytsia in September 2018 with 40% manufactured in Ukraine. The draft state budget for 2021 includes the purchasing of 100 new passenger cars from the Kryukiv Railway Car Building Works . In 2021 Ukrzaliznytsia will also launch its first disabled - friendly trains with dedicated wheelchair space. In 2018 Ukrainian Railways purchased 30 General Electric TE33AC Trident freight diesel locomotives. The 30 locomotives were planned to be
135-480: A combined total of 105 million tonnes carried in 2008. Further, Ukrzaliznytsia served around 518.8 million passengers over the course of the year. The state railways ran with an annual consolidated budget of a little more than ₴ 40 billion (US$ 5 billion) in 2008. By the end of 2005 the railways had produced a profit equivalent to ₴1.76 billion (US$ 220 million) from all their operations including freight, passenger service, associated services and
180-613: A later stage with Dnipro and Odesa . In July 2011 UZ announced plans to buy 433 electric freight locomotives; 292 2EL4s from Transmashholding , and 141 locomotives (including class VL11M /6) from Elmavalmshenebeli ( Tbilisi ). Due to the 2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine Transmashholding was put on a sanctions list. Because of the Russo-Ukrainian War , some factories that were producing locomotives and railcars were lost, such as Luhanskteplovoz (Luhansk Diesel Locomotive) and Stakhanov Railcar Engineering . Also because of
225-422: A new classification system of passenger trains for Ukrainian Railways. The development of a new classification system for passenger trains in Ukraine was made necessary by the need to inform customers (passengers) about the level of service quality they could expect to find in various passenger trains. The new system is based on the class of train and carriages. Given the quality of the service provided UZ asked
270-425: A number of arthropod taxa, ranging from planthoppers, such as Alicodoxa , and ants to mites and spiders that are shared between Rivne and Baltic amber. As of 2016 there were 193 ant species described from Priabonian age European ambers, with all but 56 of the species being found in or described originally from Baltic amber, while Rivne amber hosts 31 of the 56 species that are not known from Baltic amber. Based on
315-540: A year or two in the small pieces. However, larger pieces of green amber between 200–400 grams (7.1–14.1 oz) are more stable in color and have not faded after a decade. Most of the amber from the Klesiv area has an oxidization crust between 1.5–2.0 millimetres (0.059–0.079 in) thick and brown to dark brown in coloration. Amber from the Volnoje area northwest of Klesiv often show a smooth transparent dark yellow crust, which
360-490: Is 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in ) . The company employs more than 191,700 people throughout the country. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Ukrainian Railways continued operating to evacuate and rescue millions of people from cities out of the country. The rail links between Ukraine and Russia have been blown up by the Armed Forces of Ukraine to prevent their use by Russians, but
405-777: Is a separate Kryukiv Railcar Engineering Factory and Dnieper Railcar Engineering that also produce railroad rolling stock for Ukrzaliznytsia and other companies for public transportation. In November 2010, UZ agreed to buy 10 high-speed HRCS2 multiple unit interurban trainsets from Hyundai Rotem , with the prospect of a much larger order or joint venture for local production. The first two trains would be delivered in February 2012, two more in April and another two in May, when they will start operating. They will be rated as Inter City+ and will be connecting Kyiv with Kharkiv , Donetsk and Lviv , and at
450-463: Is a state-owned joint-stock company administering railway infrastructure and rail transport in Ukraine ; a monopoly that controls the vast majority of the railroad transportation in the country. Ukrainian Railways is the world's sixth largest rail passenger transporter and world's seventh largest freight transporter . As of 2020, the total length of the main broad-gauge ( 1,520 mm ) railroad network
495-504: Is extracted by pumping water into the sandy sediments forcing the amber to the surface, creating pits. Areas where the amber is found are often covered in pine-beech forest, which is illegally deforested to extract the amber. Annual volumes of amber extracted illegally are suggested to be around 300 tons. The richest placer deposits of Rivne amber are associated with the Obukhiv (late Eocene) and Mezhigorje (early Oligocene) Formations; deposits in
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#1732927576209540-634: Is initially interested in the purchase of 50 two-system electric freight locomotives. The purchase of Alstom locomotives would be financed by the French government. Key figures as of 2020: Railway lines are classified into commuter , regional , Intercity and EuroCity . Daytime trains are also distinguished into a separate class from those that run at night. Intercity lines are coded with single, double and triple digits, while commuter lines are coded with quadruple digits. On 27 April 2011 in accordance with order No. 504/2011 rail industry specialists developed
585-527: Is purely administrative as it doesn't correspond to the particular railway lines or branches. The names of regional railways are purely historic, inherited from the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires (for instance the 'South-Western Railway' actually operates the north-central part of Ukraine's rail network, while the 'Southern Railway' actually operates in the east of the country). The six separate territorial railways each have their own directorates, located in
630-701: Is rarely seen in Klesiv specimens. Similar to Baltic amber , Rivne amber is viscous in plasticity and unaltered pieces of both have a density of 0.98–1.13 g/cm . Infrared spectroscopy of the amber shows carboxyl, hydroxyl, peroxide, and complex ester functional groups and additionally single and double bonds in the molecular structure are present placing Rivne amber in the succinite range, same as Baltic amber. Trace amounts of Pb, Y, Zn, Zr, and some other elements are present in Rivne amber. Small to no detectable amounts of those elements are detected in Baltic amber. There are
675-516: The Baltic amber. A drier climate for the Rivne forest is also suggested based on the high percentage of the Collembola families Entomobryidae and Sminthuridae , 59.7% and 24.5% respectively of the Collembola fauna. Baltic amber fly families have a distinct percentage of families associated with aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats, such as Chironomidae , while the Rivne fly fauna includes nearly double
720-615: The Black Sea ports became unavailable for grain export, rail became an export route to the rest of Europe. Several rail sections in the North and South became unusable. In 2008 the Ukrainian State Railways transported around 498.5 million tonnes of domestic freight and 69.8 million tonnes of international freight through Ukrainian territory. Freight transport figures were particularly high on transport Routes 3, 5 and 9, which saw
765-692: The Kyiv region are known to come from the base of the Mezhigorje Fm. The majority of Rivne amber is mined from the lower part of the aforementioned Formation, with the most notable locality being the Pugach Quarry in Klesiv. Amber from the Klesiv deposit and others in Ukraine have up to 0.1% Fe giving many pieces yellow-brown and brownish red tones to the amber, though nearly crystal clear to totally opaque are found as well. Rare pieces have light green to pale green coloration, which typically fades to yellow after
810-558: The Mezhigorje is mostly medium to fine grained sands of a greenish gray tone, and with occasional iron impregnation and layering. Small amounts of rough, partially worked, and fully shaped amber have been recovered from Paleolithic and Neolithic sites in the Dnieper area . At a site near Mezhyrich , four large mammoth bone huts attributed to Cro-Magnon Homo sapiens included over 300 pieces of amber attributed to Rivne origins. Many of
855-601: The Obukhov Formation having more clayey glauconite - quartz plus sandy loess . This article about a specific stratigraphic formation is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Rovno amber Rovno amber , occasionally called Ukrainian amber , is amber found in the Rivne Oblast and surrounding regions of Ukraine and Belarus . The amber is dated between Late Eocene and Early Oligocene , and suggested to be contemporaneous to Baltic amber ( Prussian Formation ). Major exploration and mining of
900-523: The Pugach quarry in Klesiv culminated in 1991. In 1993 the Ukrainian government first started state overseen mining, under the auspices of Ukrburshtyn and at the same time making other major amber mining illegal. The current mining, centered on the Pugach quarry is operated by Burshtyn-Ukrainy . 90% of Ukrainian amber is extracted illegally and the trade is controlled by armed organised crime groups. The amber
945-474: The Rivne region of Ukraine and across the border near Rechitsa in the Gomel Region of Belarus . The granite basement rock was overlain by sandy to clayey deposits that were host to alluvial amber. The two formations total between 2–7 m (6.6–23.0 ft) in thickness, both containing interbeds or mixtures of brown coals and carbonized vegetation. Both formations are sandy to clayey in texture, with
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#1732927576209990-527: The amber did not start until the 1990s. The late Eocene amber is hosted in the Obukhov Formation , with early reports of occurrences in the underlying Mezhigorje Formation as well, with the Mezhigorje Formation being where most of the amber is found. The formations are found along the northwestern margin of the Ukrainian Crystalline Shield exposed in the Rivne region of Ukraine and across
1035-466: The amber pieces are roughly fashioned into triangular and circular shapes. Dating of the site ranges between 13,300 and 10,500 B.C., when the regions of Baltic amber deposits in Kaliningrad and Lithuania were still covered with ice-sheets. A small female statuette of carved amber was found near Dobranichevka, while a 12 cm (4.72 in) disc with a central hole, and a hunting scene carved on one side
1080-415: The amber started to gain momentum in the 1950s when granite deposits in the Klesiv area were beginning to be developed. At that time the amber was picked from drainage piles and tailings dumps of the granite quarries, often limited in access by the quarry operators. Following an increase in the amber for jewelry production in Kyiv, Lithuania, and Poland, during the 1970s investigation and eventual start of
1125-714: The amount of Sciaridae , Tipulidae , Mycetophilidae and other families associated with leaf litter habitats, called the " Sciara " zone. This is also seen in the coleopterans. There is an overall smaller number of aphids , a condition suggesting a possible subtropical climate for the Rivne forest, while the percentage of the hymenopteran family Scelionidae suggests a drier climate as well. There are several hundred families of arthropods identified from Rovno amber, with major reviews being compiled by Perkovsky et al (2003, 2007, 2010). Family indeterminate Family indeterminate Ukrainian Railways Ukrainian Railways or Ukrzaliznytsia (UZ) ( Ukrainian : Укрзалізниця )
1170-443: The basic requirements, responsibilities and rights of the infrastructure operator, the carrier and the owners of access tracks, rules for infrastructure management, basic requirements for railway rolling stock, and basic activities of railway rolling stock operators. The bill also provides for the creation of a system of public administration in the field of railway safety in accordance with the requirements of European Union legislation,
1215-508: The border near Rechitsa in the Gomel Region of Belarus . The granite basement rock was overlain by sandy to clayey deposits that were host to alluvial amber. The two formations total between 2–7 m (6.6–23.0 ft) in thickness, both containing interbeds or mixtures of brown coals and carbonized vegetation. Both formations are sandy to clayey in texture, with the Obukhov having more clayey glauconite - quartz plus sandy loess, while
1260-525: The creation of separate freight, passenger, production and infrastructure operators within Ukrainian Railways by the end of 2021. According to the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine, the project will ensure the transparency of financial flows within the company, and improve the quality of management of each activity. This will allow Ukrainian Railways to prepare for the emergence of private competitors in
1305-454: The differences in ant fauna between Baltic amber and Rivne amber, it has been suggested by Perkovsky that the two were different areas of a large forest that covered Late Eocene to early Oligocene Europe. The spiders of Rivne amber are similar to Baltic amber ones, but there is a notable percentage that are unique species not shared between the two. Similarly the gall midges from Rivne amber are entirely unique to Rivne and not shared at all with
1350-420: The first stage of wider cooperation, including a 15-year partnership, and the replacement and modernization of additional Ukrainian rolling stock. Later in 2020, Ukrainian Railways CEO Volodymyr Zhmak stated that he does not see the need for further GE diesel locomotives, as the company will focus on electric traction due to its higher efficiency. Following the appointment of Volodymyr Zhmak as CEO, ₴400 million
1395-682: The following cities: Since 2014, the Cisdnieper Division of Crimean Railways is no longer under Ukrainian control. The territorial railways are further divided into several territorial administrations, usually four or five. Such division helps in the assignment of commuter railway lines depending on location. Ukrainian Railways suffer from a variety of issues mostly inherited from Soviet times. The reforms aim to address these issues in order to improve quality of service, transparency and governance. The law seeks to harmonize Ukrainian rail-related legislation with European Union law. It sets out
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1440-457: The following classes of passenger trains: The advantages of the new classification system include full compliance with the classification of the European Union , compliance with Ukrainian and English names and abbreviations, linguistic and semantic consistency and clarity for customers in Ukraine and compatibility with existing and future tariff policy. The system is also not far displaced from
1485-514: The government publishes a respective resolution (on its parameters). Kravtsov also highlighted that it's important for investors to have a clear understanding on how the borrowing will be serviced. Taking this into account, Ukrainian Railways has proposed a mechanism of automatic adjustment of freight railway rates based on Ukraine's producer price index. The railways are split into six territorial railway companies: Donetsk , Lviv , Odesa , Southern , South-Western and Cisdnieper . The subdivision
1530-479: The implementation of which is provided by the Association Agreement, which will increase transport safety in conditions of competition in the railway market. According to the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine, the law, supported by European experts, serves as a starting point for real reforms in the industry. The company is to be separated into verticals in accordance with modern practices. This involves
1575-578: The operation of subsidiaries. The total capital invested in fixed assets of the State Railways is thought to be equivalent to around ₴22 billion (US$ 4.4 billion). However, depreciation of these fixed assets is estimated to be around 57%, or in terms of rolling stock, closer to 66.7%. In 2017, Ukrainian Railways (Ukrzaliznytsia) was the fourth-most profitable company in Ukraine with a revenue of ₴74 billion. In 2019, Ukrainian Railways confirmed intention to issue new Eurobond. Ukrainian Railways had
1620-471: The potential to increase its debt by US$ 1 billion, indicating a possible Eurobond issue. Recall, Ukrainian Railway's existing US$ 500 million Eurobond will be amortized by US$ 150M both in March and September 2019 and then by US$ 50 million semi-annually between March 2020 and September 2021. He also confirmed that Ukrainian Railway is now considering a Eurobond issue, on which he can further comment as soon as
1665-524: The previous classification system used for passenger trains on the territory of Ukraine. The National Railway University in Dnipro currently has 10 faculties as well as a technical school, a business school and branches in Odesa and Lviv , 450 professors and 39 separate fields of study related to railway transport. o Yuzef Leonidovych Tuley (Authority: to act in the name of the legal entity, including signing of
1710-444: The railway market. Ukrainian Railways owns or cooperates with several rail and train companies. Railways in Ukraine use various gauge types. The broad gauge (1,520 mm), a legacy of Imperial Russian and Soviet times, dominates the landscape, and narrow-gauge railways (750 mm) also exist, but plans are being made to construct, restore or switch to more standard-gauge railways (1,435 mm) for better train connections with
1755-423: The railways have continued operating within Ukraine and between Ukraine and Poland , Hungary , Republic of Moldova , and Slovakia . One long-abandoned cross-border rail link with Poland was quickly reconstructed, and others which had been used only for freight have been quickly opened for passenger use. The rail service has evacuated over two million people from Ukraine on special evacuation trains. After some of
1800-659: The rest of Europe. About half of railways in Ukraine are electrified (some of which have been damaged during the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War and temporarily switched to diesel trains). The total length of Ukrainian rails of all gauges was 28,000 kilometres at the end of 1997. Around January 2022, the length of railways in Ukraine was 19,790 km in broad-gauge 1520 mm (excluding those located in temporarily occupied territory), about 350 km in standard-gauge 1435 mm, and about 400 km in narrow gauge 750 mm. Ukrzaliznytsia has several repair factories capable of producing locomotives and railcars. In addition there
1845-543: The state. Ukraine's State Administration of Railroad Transportation is subordinated to the Ministry of Infrastructure , administering the railways through the six territorial railway companies that immediately control and provide of all aspects of the railroad transportation and maintenance under the common Ukrzaliznytsia brand . The general director of the administration is appointed by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine . The gauge
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1890-451: The war debuted services were disrupted in January 2022, at the beginning of the war in February 2022, and it also has been widely reported some foreigners who were studying, working who were living Ukraine were denied service to leave the country, and stations that are used as bomb shelters. In December 2017, UZ and GE Transportation agreed a to strategic partnership for the implementation of
1935-418: Was 19,787 kilometres (12,295 mi), making it the 13th largest in the world . Ukraine also has many stretches of standard-gauge railway (1,435 mm), and is currently working to expand these in order to improve its connections to the European Union . In 2015, Ukrainian Railways was transformed through a merger of a state agency and a state-owned enterprise into a public joint stock company owned by
1980-527: Was found in a Globular Amphora culture tomb in the Dubno district of Ukraine. The main use of amber until the 20th century was for burning, and rarely was it shaped for crafts. As such, before the 1990s amber recovery wasn't overseen by the Ukrainian government, with small amounts found after rains and thaws and during well construction and while the Kyiv-Kovel rail line was being built. Small scale collecting of
2025-593: Was reallocated within the company for urgent locomotive repairs until the end of 2020. As a part of this measure, the Lviv Locomotive Repair Plant has already received an order for the repair of 6 electric locomotives until the end of 2020. In 2021, ₴4.7 billion is planned to be spent on repairing the existing locomotive fleet. As of 2020, Alstom is interested in the renewal of the Ukrainian Railways locomotive fleet through partial localization of production. Volodymyr Zhmak stated that Ukrainian Railways
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