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35-653: Klesiv was first founded in the beginning of the 20th century. It was a settlement in Volhynia Governorate of the Russian Empire . In the Second Polish Republic Klesów was part of Volhynian Voivodeship . After the Soviet annexation of Western Ukraine , Klesiv acquired the status of an urban-type settlement in 1940. Since July 1941 until January 1944 it was occupied by Axis troops. In January 1989

70-468: A Jesuit school and monastery were opened here. By 1765, Zhytomyr had five churches, including 3 Roman Catholic and 2 Orthodox, and 285 houses. In 1793 Zhytomyr was incorporated into the Russian Empire , and in 1804 was named capital of the Volhynian Governorate. During a period of Ukrainian independence (1917-1920) in 1918, the city was the national capital of Ukrainian People's Republic for

105-520: A Slavic tribe of Drevlians . This date, 884, is cut into a large stone of the ice age times, standing on the hill where Zhytomyr was founded. Zhytomyr was one of the prominent cities of Kievan Rus' . The first records of the town date from 1240, when it was sacked by the Mongol hordes of Batu Khan . In 1320 Zhytomyr was captured by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and received Magdeburg rights in 1444. After

140-477: A few weeks. Ultimately, the Ukrainian fight for independence failed and Ukrainian People's Republic became occupied by Soviet Union . A new Soviet Ukraine state was formed under Soviet rule - Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . From 1920 Zhytomyr was a part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . Due to one of Stalin 's 5-year plans, the city suffered from the man-made famine Holodomor of 1932-1933 . In 2008,

175-483: A large Jewish community, and was a center of the Hasidic movement. Jews formed nearly one-third of the 1861 population (13,299 of 40,564); thirty years later, they had somewhat outpaced the general growth of the city, with 24,062 Jews in a total population of 69,785. By 1891 there were three large synagogues and 46 smaller batei midrash . The proportion of Jews was much lower in the surrounding district of Zhytomyr than in

210-434: A part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic again. On 24 August 1991 Ukrainian parliament announced Declaration of Independence of Ukraine . From 1991, Zhytomyr has been part of the independent and sovereign Ukraine . During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Zhytomyr and the surrounding area were subjected to several Russian air and missile strikes, such as the 2 March airstrike which damaged residential buildings,

245-707: A survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April–May 2023, 82% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 14% spoke Russian. Zhytomyr had been a Latin Catholic bishopric since 1321, until The See was suppressed in 1789 in favor of the Diocese of Lutsk and Zytomierz , until that was split up again in 1925, when it was restored as the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zhytomyr ; that

280-407: A thermal electricity plant, and two hospitals, killing at least two and injuring more than a dozen. The city is divided into two urban districts : Microdistrict The city of Zhytomyr contains the following areas ( microdistricts ): 31,000 Jews, 17,000 Russians, 9,000 Ukrainians, 7,000 Poles Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census : According to

315-518: Is 261,624 (2022 estimate). Zhytomyr is a major transport hub. The city lies on a historic route linking the city of Kyiv with the west through Brest . Today it links Warsaw with Kyiv, Minsk with Izmail , and several major cities of Ukraine. Zhytomyr was also the location of Ozerne airbase , a key Cold War strategic aircraft base 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) southeast of the city. Important economic activities of Zhytomyr include lumber milling, food processing, granite quarrying, metalworking, and

350-477: Is a city in the north of the western half of Ukraine . It is the administrative center of Zhytomyr Oblast ( province ), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Zhytomyr urban hromada ( commune ) and Zhytomyr Raion ( district ). Moreover Zhytomyr consists of two urban districts : Bohunskyi District and Koroliovskyi District (named in honour of Sergey Korolyov ). Zhytomyr occupies an area of 65 square kilometres (25 square miles). Its population

385-432: Is also historically known by different names in other languages – Russian : Житомир , romanized :  Zhitomir [ʐɨˈtomʲɪr] ; Polish : Żytomierz [ʐɨˈtɔ.mjɛʂ] ; Belarusian : Жытомір , romanized :  Žytomir [ʐɨˈtomʲɪr] ; Yiddish : זשיטאָמיר , romanized :  Zhitomir . Legend holds that Zhytomyr was established about 884 by Zhytomyr, prince of

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420-530: The Kowel Voivodeship . In 1796, the administration moved to Novograd-Volynsky . However, due to the lack of suitable buildings for administrative purposes, the capital was moved once again to Zhitomir ( Zhytomyr ). In 1802, Zhitomir was purchased the properties of Prince Ilyinsky, and in 1804, it officially became the seat of Volhynia Governorate. From 1832 to 1915, Volhynia Governorate, along with Kiev Governorate and Podolia Governorate , formed part of

455-737: The Peace of Riga , part of the governorate became the new Wołyń Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic , while the other part stayed as a part of the Ukrainian SSR until 1925 when it was abolished on resolution of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee and Counsel of People's Commissars. Until 1796, the guberniya was administered as a Viceroyalty ( namestnichestvo ). It was initially centred in Izyaslav and

490-641: The Russian Empire Census on 28 January [ O.S. 1897] 15 January, the Volhynian Governorate had a population of 2,982,482, including 1,502,803 men and 1,486,679 women. The majority of the population indicated Ukrainian to be their mother tongue, with significant Jewish , Polish , German , and Russian speaking minorities. 50°15′16″N 28°39′28″E  /  50.2544°N 28.6578°E  / 50.2544; 28.6578 Zhytomyr Zhytomyr ( Ukrainian : Житомир [ʒɪˈtɔmɪr] ; see below for other names)

525-643: The Southwestern Krai General-Governorate–a militarized administrative-territorial unit. In the 1880s, the general-governorate was extended to include other governorates. In 1897, the population of the guberniya was 2,989,482 and by 1905, it had grown to 3,920,400. The majority of the population in the governorate spoke the Ukrainian language with slight variety of dialects. During the Ukrainian–Soviet War Zhitomir served as

560-804: The Union of Lublin (1569) the city was incorporated into the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and in 1667, following the Treaty of Andrusovo , it became the capital of the Kiev Voivodeship . In the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 it passed to Imperial Russia and became the capital of the Volhynian Governorate . Following the Union of Lublin , Zhytomyr became an important center of local administration, seat of

595-443: The starosta , and capital of Zhytomyr County. Here, sejmiks of Kiev Voivodeship took place. In 1572, the town had 142 buildings, a manor house of the starosta and a castle. Following the privilege of King Sigismund III Vasa , Zhytomyr had the right for two fairs a year. During Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648) Zhytomyr was incorporated into Cossack Hetmanate state. In 1667, Zhytomyr became capital of Kiev Voivodeship, and in 1724,

630-584: The Chapel of St. Stanislaus was built (now in ruins), and the cemetery was divided into nine districts, named after different saints. In the Soviet Union , the complex was devastated, now it is under the process of renovation. Among most famous people buried here are: Zhytomyr apparently had few Jews at the time of the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648), but by the time it became part of Russia in 1778, it had

665-874: The National Museum of the Holodomor Genocide published the National Book of Memory of the Victims of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine. Zhytomyr region - Zhytomyr. The book has 1116 pages and consists of three sections. According to historical records, more than 8015 people died during Holodomor in 1932–1933. During World War II Zhytomyr and the surrounding territory was, for two and a half years (first from 9 July 1941 to 12 November 1943, and again from 19 November 1943 to 31 December 1943 ) under Nazi German occupation and

700-598: The Zhytomyr Jewish community numbers about 5,000. The community is a part of the "Union of Jewish Communities in Ukraine" and the city and district's rabbinate. Rabbi Shlomo Vilhelm, who came to the city as a Chabad emissary in 1994, serves as rabbi. Other Jewish institutions are also active in the city, including the Joint and its humanitarian branch "Chesed" and the Jewish Agency . The community has an ancient synagogue in

735-412: The city center which has a mikveh . Chabad operates in the city various educational institutions which have residence in a village next to the city. The city has 2 state theaters and a philharmonic, more than 10 museums, libraries and planetarium. One of the world-famous museums of cosmonautics Serhiy Pavlovych Korolyov Museum of Cosmonautics is located in the city. Theaters and music In 1809,

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770-472: The city itself; at the turn of the century (circa 1900) there were 22,636 Jews in a total population of 281,378. In Imperial Russia , Zhytomyr held the same status as the official Jewish center of southern part of the Pale of Settlement as Vilnius held in the north. The printing of Hebrew books was permitted only in these two cities during the monopoly of Hebrew printing from 1845 to 1862, and both were chosen as

805-662: The exigencies of the war effort and mounting partisan warfare behind the lines prevented Nazi leaders from fully developing and realizing their colonial aims in Ukraine… In addition to the immediate destruction of all Jewish communities, Himmler insisted that the Ukrainian civilian population be brought to a 'minimum.' During 1942-1949 Zhytomyr region was a territory of mild Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) activity (UPA North), who fought for Independence of Ukraine against Nazi Germany and Soviet Union . After Soviet Union defeated Nazi Germany , Zhytomyr fell under Soviet rule and became

840-455: The first stationary theater building was built in Zhytomyr on the initiative of Volyn governor M. I. Кomburley. In 1858, the first stone theater in Ukraine was built (now it houses the regional state philharmonic). M. Kropyvnytskyi , M. Zankovetska , V. Komisarzhevska, I. Aldridge , P. Viardot performed here. In 1966, a new theater building was built with a large auditorium for 943 seats and

875-610: The manufacture of musical instruments. Zhytomyr Oblast is the main center of the Polish minority in Ukraine , and in the city itself there is a Latin Catholic cathedral and large Roman Catholic Polish cemetery, founded in 1800. It is regarded as the third biggest Polish cemetery outside Poland, after the Lychakivskiy Cemetery in Lviv and Rasos Cemetery in Vilnius . The city of Zhytomyr

910-653: The population was 5107 people. In 2013 the population was 4639 people. On 26 January 2024, a new law entered into force which abolished the status of urban-type settlement, and Klesiv became a rural settlement. There are placer deposits of Rovno amber from the Oligocene Mezhigorje Formation near Klesiv. This article about a location in Rivne Oblast is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Volhynia Governorate Volhynia Governorate , also known as Volyn Governorate ,

945-629: The provisional capital of Ukraine in 1918. After the Polish-Soviet war in 1920, and according to the Peace of Riga (1921) most of the territory became part of the Second Polish Republic and transformed into the Wołyń Voivodeship , with the capital in Łuck (Lutsk). The eastern portion existed until 1925 and was later split into three okruhas: Shepetivka Okruha, Zhytomyr Okruha, and Korosten Okruha. Russian Census of 1897 According to

980-615: The seats of the two rabbinical schools which were established by the government in 1848 in pursuance of its plans to force secular education on the Jews of Russia in accordance with the program of the Teutonized Russian Haskalah movement. The rabbinical school of Zhytomyr was considered the more Jewish, or rather the less Russianized, of the two ( Ha-Meliẓ , 1868, No. 40, cited in Jewish Encyclopedia ). Its first head master

1015-563: The students who later became famous in the Jewish world. The Jewish community of Zhytomyr suffered pogroms : The Jewish community of the region was largely destroyed in the Holocaust . In the four months beginning with Himmler 's 25 July 1942 orders, "all of Ukraine's shtetls and ghettos lay in ruins; around 3,000 Jewish men, women, and children were murdered by stationary and mobile SS -police units with local Ukrainian auxiliaries." Today,

1050-516: The west. Its capital was in Novograd-Volynsky until 1804, and then Zhitomir . It corresponded to most of modern-day Volyn , Rivne and Zhytomyr Oblasts of Ukraine and some parts of Brest and Gomel Regions of Belarus . It was created at the end of 1796 after the Third Partition of Poland from the territory of the short-lived Volhynian Vice-royalty and Wołyń Voivodeship . After

1085-560: Was Heinrich Himmler 's Ukrainian headquarters. The Nazi regime in what they called the "Zhytomyr General District" became what historian Wendy Lower describes as a laboratory for… Himmler's resettlement activists… the elimination of the Jews and German colonization of the East—transformed the landscape and devastated the population to an extent that was not experienced in other parts of Nazi-occupied Europe besides Poland. [While]… [u]ltimately,

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1120-517: Was Jacob Eichenbaum , who was succeeded by Hayyim Selig Slonimski in 1862. The latter remained at the head of the school until it was closed (together with the one at Vilnius) in 1873 because of its failure to provide rabbis with a secular education who would be acceptable to the Jewish communities. Suchastover , Gottlober , Lerner , and Zweifel were among the best-known teachers of the rabbinical school at Zhytomyr, while Abraham Goldfaden , Salomon Mandelkern , and Abraham Jacob Paperna were among

1155-516: Was an administrative-territorial unit ( guberniya ) of the Southwestern Krai of the Russian Empire . It consisted of an area of 71,736 square kilometres (27,697 sq mi) and a population of 2,989,482 inhabitants. The governorate bordered Grodno and Minsk Governorates to the north, Kiev Governorate to the east, Podolia Governorate to the south, Lublin and Siedlce Governorates , and after 1912, Kholm Governorate and Austria to

1190-634: Was called the Izyaslav Viceroyalty. It was primarily created from the Kiev Voivodeship and the eastern part of the Wolyn Voivodeship. On 24 October 1795, the Third Partition of Poland was imposed by Prussia , the Habsburg monarchy , and the Russian Empire . Then, on 12 December 1796, Volhynia Governorate was established, encompassing the remaining territory of the Wolyn Voivodeship and

1225-652: Was formally suppressed in 1998 to establish the Diocese of Kyïv–Žytomyr , but actually the city retains the episcopal see in its Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom , while Kyiv (although first in the title and the national capital) only has a co-cathedral . The Zhytomyr cemetery was opened in 1800. At first, it served Polish nobility from Volhynia , such as the Czeczel and the Woronicz families. Later, other Catholics were buried here, including Germans, Ukrainians and Russians. In 1840,

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