Misplaced Pages

#807192

58-533: The November Treaties are detailed as follows: As a result, the constitution of the North German Confederation had to be adapted. Many changes had already appeared in the constitution of the German Confederation of 1 January 1871, but Württemberg had already ratified the treaty, as a result of which the new constitution had already been overtaken. Bavaria did not follow the ratification until

116-466: A Grenadier Guard regiment, 16 regiments of Line Infantry, two battalions of Jäger, seven regiments of light cavalry (of which one was territorial), one regiment of Uhlans , two Hussar regiments, one regiment of Garde du Corps (mounted royal bodyguard), two regiments of foot artillery and one of horse-artillery. In 1815, the 7th (National) Light Cavalry regiment was formed into two Cuirassier regiments. The Hussars and Uhlans were disbanded in 1822. Following

174-545: A longer time). The reforms of 1868 abolished the use of substitutes, introduced compulsory conscription for three years, and instituted the {{lang|de| Einjährig-Freiwilliger}} ("One Year Volunteer") system. In 1809, after the French model, the territorial forces were converted into a national guard, which from 1814 to 1868 was known as the Landwehr of the Kingdom of Bavaria. During

232-595: A new constitutional alliance. The constitutional alliance led to the founding a new federation with a new federal constitution. Bavaria were promised to maintain independence and integrity of Bavaria in a letter from the Prussian king. By virtue of the treaty on 23 November 1870, between the North German Confederation and the Kingdom of Bavaria, Bavaria also retained many other so-called reserve rights, such as its own army , postal system and its own state railway , in addition to cultural and fiscal sovereignty. In January 1871,

290-662: A part of the North German Confederation in 1867 and repeatedly during the spring of 1870, which the North German government rejected Bismarck's foreign policy considerations. The Kingdom of Württemberg was supported by Greater Germany-Austria. Under the influence of the Württemberg German Party, the cabinet, governed by King Charles I , sent an envoy to the German headquarters in France on 12 September, to conduct negotiations with

348-661: A reward, but unrest erupted into a full-blown rebellion under Andreas Hofer in 1809, which could only be put down with French assistance. When Austria attacked Bavaria once more that same year in the War of the Fifth Coalition , Napoleon's army was concentrated in Spain , and it was troops of the Confederation of the Rhine , predominantly Bavarian, which led the early campaigning against Austria. At

406-724: A smaller proportion of aristocratic officers than the Prussian Army: in 1832 there were 1.86 common officers for every one noble; by 1862 it was 2.34 commoners for every noble and by the outbreak of the First World War 5.66. Since the dissolution in 1826 of the Lifeguard unit, there was no specific Guard regiment. Only in the following units was the proportion of aristocratic officers considerably higher than average: The Bavarian NCO Corps consisted of long-serving and career soldiers, usually recruited from those completing military service. There

464-666: The Raupenhelm (until 1886), the Light Cavalry and some other peculiarities. The officers and men of the Bavarian Army continued to swear their oaths to the King of Bavaria and not the German Emperor . Nevertheless, the uniform cut, equipment and training was standardised to the Prussian model. When field-grey uniforms were introduced, only the cockade and a blue-and-white lozenge edging to

522-561: The Battle of Leipzig . The attempt by Wrede to stop the victory of the Grande Armée in 1813 at the Battle of Hanau ended in a narrow defeat for his Austro-Bavarian corps. The campaign of 1814 began badly for the Allies, but Wrede made up for his earlier defeat with valuable victories over his former allies at the battles of Arcis-sur-Aube and Bar-sur-Aube . In 1814, the Bavarian Army consisted of

580-640: The Battle of Wagram , the contribution of Bavarian forces was decisive to the outcome. In the Russian Campaign , the Bavarian army suffered terrible losses - of about 33,000 men (including following reinforcements) who marched in 1812, only 4,000 returned. Pressed by the Crown Prince and General Wrede , King Maximilan I Josef turned with a heavy heart away from the French and changed to the Allied camp shortly before

638-633: The Battle of the Frontiers , the last time that it fought together as a single unit: the exclusive Bavarian command of Bavarian forces began to be diluted from the Imperial German Army reorganisations in Autumn 1914 onwards. Rupprecht held command for the duration of the war and was promoted to Field Marshal in 1916 largely on account of his outstanding ability; however, after Frontiers, the units under his command came largely from outside Bavaria. Although

SECTION 10

#1732848342808

696-665: The Bavarian parliament adopted this treaty after great resistance, especially from the Bavarian patriots. From 22 to 26 September 1870, preparatory conferences took place in Munich. Bavaria's resistance faded, also due to talks by Otto von Bismarck in October and further influence on the Bavarian King Ludwig II. Baden and Hesse made applications for accession in October, so that pressure on Württemberg and Bavaria increased again. As of

754-749: The Bundesgesetzblatt des Norddeutschen Bundes (North German Federal Law Gazette) and came into effect the following day. New elections to the Reichstag , the parliament, took place on 3 March. They included for the first time the South German states, also Württemberg and Bavaria. On 16 April 1871 the constitution was replaced with a new constitution which was in effect until the end of the German Empire in 1918. There are four different constitutions or texts to distinguish between: In all of those four texts,

812-696: The Constitution of the North German Confederation ; it is not to be confused with the constitutional laws of the German Confederation of 1815. The Constitution of the German Confederation of 1871 incorporated agreements between the North German Confederation and some the South German states that joined the Confederation: with Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt , but not Bavaria and Württemberg . The new constitution appeared on 31 December 1870 in

870-714: The German Empire fell in the German Revolution of 1918–19 , and King Ludwig III was forced to abdicate, Bavaria retained its military sovereignty. However, the rise of the Bavarian Soviet Republic and the confusion surrounding its overthrow and the defeat of its "Red Army" persuaded the drafters of the Bamberg Constitution of 1919 to relinquish military sovereignty to the Weimar Republic . At any rate,

928-612: The Imperial army . Moreover, the establishment of a standing army was increasingly seen as a sign of nation-statehood and an important tool of absolutist power-politics. At a field camp in Schwabing on 12 October 1682, the newly recruited troops, under the command of Hannibal von Degenfeld , were officially taken into Bavarian service. Seven regiments of infantry , two regiments of dragoons and two of cuirassiers were set up, along with an artillery corps . The traditional mid-blue colour

986-575: The Palatinate line added eight regiments to the infantry in 1777, and the Palatine troops brought with them a lighter blue tunic colour. The War of the Bavarian Succession is often known as the "Potato War" due to the amount of time and effort the sides expended in securing food supplies and denying them to the enemy, and the war actually passed relatively uneventfully for the Bavarian army. In 1785,

1044-552: The Raupenhelm , a helmet with a fore-and-aft horsehair plume, which became characteristic of the Bavarian army. Capable generals, such as Deroy, Wrede and Triva , reformed the army along French lines, and it soon became the most modern in Germany, and the first in Germany to abolish flogging. The field army was based largely on compulsory military service. A national guard with three classes was also developed (1st class: Reserve battalions of

1102-587: The 1868 reforms, the older classes of reserves became known as the Landsturm . The Landwehr also took responsibility for supervising the veterans' associations. The bulk of the Bavarian Army was housed in fortresses, secularised monasteries and former castles. The first co-ordinated programme of barracks-building took place in 1806 (such as the New Isar Barracks), and after a typhoid outbreak in 1881, modern buildings with married quarters were built (such as

1160-629: The Franco-Prussian War. In the Constitution of the German Empire , Bavaria was able to secure for itself extensive rights, in particular regarding military sovereignty. Not only did the army retain, like the kingdoms of Saxony and Württemberg , its own troops, War Ministry and military justice system, but it was also excluded from the Empire-wide regimental re-numbering of the army regiments and would only come under Imperial control in times of war. Bavaria also kept its light-blue infantry uniforms,

1218-513: The Lesser German solution. Accordingly, the government abandoned the Greater Germany idea and entered into negotiations with the North German Confederation. The Kingdom of Bavaria was the most strongly opposed to all four sovereign states of a Lesser Germany . King Ludwig II was always concerned about independence. To avoid being isolated, Bavaria entered negotiations with the proposal of

SECTION 20

#1732848342808

1276-598: The Line regiments; 2nd class: Territorial army; 3rd class: Citizen levy). In 1800, Bavaria reluctantly fought on Austria's side against France in the War of the Second Coalition , but in 1805 when Austria attacked Bavaria for the third time in 100 years in the War of the Third Coalition , they found a powerful army. The Bavarians initially retreated, but only in order to link up with Napoleon 's advancing army and to prepare

1334-514: The North German Confederation about forming an association. The government of the Grand Duchy of Hesse supported the idea of a Greater Germany, but the Upper Hesse region and the troops of South Hesse belonged to the North German Confederation, which meant a certain predicament for the government under Grand Duke Louis III . The population and the heir to the throne, Prince Louis , also supported

1392-448: The North German Confederation of 1867. On this new basis, Bavaria entered the agreement between the North German Confederation and Baden and Hesse in Berlin on 23 November. Württemberg also followed on 25 November. All treaties came into force on 1 January 1871, which marked the formal birth of the German Empire . On 8 November, agreements with Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hesse followed on

1450-472: The North German states had joined the North German Confederation under the leadership of Prussia. In 1870, France under Napoleon III declared war on Prussia and thus triggered the Franco-Prussian War . France was surprised by the fact that Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hesse had joined Prussia, although there had been mutual covenants of protection and trusts since 1867. During the war, in which

1508-663: The Prussian Army was almost in Bohemia . The war went very badly for the Bavarians. The Bavarian Commander-in-Chief Prince Karl , who also commanded the southern forces of the German Confederation , was hurrying to the aid of the Kingdom of Hanover when he heard of the Hanoverians' surrender after the Battle of Langensalza . The rapid Prussian advance meant that Karl was unable to link up with

1566-641: The Prussians won, a near-reaching agreement emerged and the road to founding the empire was opened. Otto von Bismarck , Chancellor of the North German Confederation, pressed for diplomatic access to the remaining sovereign states, the Grand Duchy of Baden, the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Kingdom of Württemberg and the Kingdom of Bavaria, in the sense of the Lesser German solution. Their governments differed in their unity. It therefore needed diplomatic skills to maintain

1624-483: The agreements between Württemberg, Baden and Hesse and the North German Confederation, respectively Bavaria and the North German Confederation. The November Treaties required the approval of the Reichstag of the North German Confederation as well as the popular representations, as they created a new state with the German Confederation (the name was later changed) and amended the existing North German Constitution . The parliaments of Württemberg, Baden and Hesse ratified

1682-520: The army consisted of eight infantry, two dragoon and three cuirassier regiments, and a brigade of artillery. In 1757, one of the cuirassier regiments was disbanded and its men distributed among the other regiments, while only one company of dragoons in each regiment was mounted. Infantry regiments consisted of two battalions with four Füsilierkompanien (each of 130 men) and one infantry company (100 men) as well as two four-Pounder battalion guns . The nominal strength of approximately 1,800 men for each regiment

1740-487: The battle-hardened veteran General Siegmund von Pranckh as the new War Minister on 1 August. Von Prankh already had political experience as adjutant to War Minister von Lüder, and contributed crucially to the modernisation of the Bavarian Army with his reforms . When the candidacy to the Spanish throne of Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern led to a worsening in relations between Prussia and France in 1870, von Prankh mobilised

1798-555: The collar distinguished Bavarian units. At the beginning of World War I , the Bavarian Army had an effective strength of 87,214 men including 4,089 officers, physicians, veterinarians and officials; and 83,125 NCOs and other ranks, plus 16,918 horses. With the beginning of mobilisation on 1 August 1914, the supreme command of the Bavarian field army passed from the 4th Army Inspectorate to the German Emperor. Units in Bavaria remained under

November Treaties - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-754: The command of the Bavarian War Ministry. The Bavarian Army — consisting of the three Bavarian Army Corps, the Bavarian Cavalry Division ; — was bolstered by the addition of the XXI Corps (of two divisions, recruited largely in the Rhineland and Westphalia ), and transported to the Western Front as the German 6th Army under the command of Crown Prince Rupprecht . The Bavarian Army fought at

1914-681: The composition of the army was the same as that during the Turkish wars, only now with three regiments each of cuirassiers and dragoons. The attempt by the Elector Charles Albert to gain the Imperial crown during the War of the Austrian Succession was initially successful, but the campaign ended once again with an Austrian occupation of Bavaria. At the beginning of the Seven Years' War ,

1972-574: The constitution of 16 April) which made many North German laws come into force also in the South. Bavarian Army The Bavarian Army was the army of the Electorate (1682–1806) and then Kingdom (1806–1918) of Bavaria . It existed from 1682 as the standing army of Bavaria until the merger of the military sovereignty ( Wehrhoheit ) of Bavaria into that of the German State in 1919. The Bavarian Army

2030-644: The constitutional change passed through the Northern German parliament. The so-called "Founding of the German Empire" prepared the November Treaties by regulating the conditions of acceptance by the southern states. At the same time, the constitution itself or the political system hardly changed. Of permanent importance were the special rules for some southern states, the so-called reserve rights. Württemberg and Bavaria were allowed to collect their own consumption tax and rail tariffs and received special rights to

2088-455: The counter-attack, which took place quickly, methodically and thoroughly. 30,000 Bavarian troops took part in the successful Siege of Ulm and the consequent liberation of Bavaria. At the Battle of Austerlitz , the Bavarians secured the flanks and supply lines of Napoleon's army and in 1806-7 they forced several Prussian forts to surrender. Bavaria was awarded the Austrian province of Tyrol as

2146-595: The end of January, but allowed the legal effect to start retroactively on 1 January. On 18 January 1871, the Emperor's proclamation in Versailles followed, which, from a legal point of view, did not constitute the founding of the empire, but a commission. The Constitution of the German Empire was adopted on 16 April to make constitutional law appropriate to the latest situation. After the Austro-Prussian War of 1866,

2204-399: The end of October, negotiations at the German Headquarters near Versailles were held with authorised ministers from the four southern German states. Saxon representatives were also in attendance. At this time, the Siege of Paris was still in full swing. The result of the negotiations was the unity of converting the North German Confederation into a German Confederation with the acceptance of

2262-418: The infantry's uniform changed to white, and the cuirassiers abandoned their traditional armour. 1790 brought a fundamental reform of the Bavarian Army. All field troops received an identically-cut uniform, including a leather helmet with a horsehair plume, known as the "Rumford Casket" after the then Minister for War Count Rumford . However, Maximilian IV found the army in abject condition on his accession to

2320-409: The military leadership. Thanks to constant cuts in the military budget, the Bavarian war ministry did not see itself in a position to accomplish manoeuvres above the brigade level. Apart from Prince Karl, and General von Thurn und Taxis , no Bavarian general had ever commanded a division before. The newspapers also criticised the role of von der Tann . Due to this criticism, King Ludwig II appointed

2378-424: The one hand, and the consent of the parliaments on the other. Constitution of the German Confederation 1871 The Constitution of the German Confederation ( German : Verfassung des Deutschen Bundes ) or November Constitution ( Novemberverfassung ) was the constitution of the German federal state at the beginning of the year 1871. It was enacted on January 1, 1871. This is a slightly changed version of

November Treaties - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-431: The political system remains the same. The changes relate mainly to the agreements with the South German states regarding their accession to the North German Confederation. For example the number of delegates to the Federal Council were adjusted. All this was executed in a rather messy way. Constitutional historian Ernst Rudolf Huber called the constitution of 1 January 1871 a 'Monstrum'. The constitution of 1 January 1871

2494-407: The postal and telegraph sectors. All three states were still allowed to maintain their own armies. These rights and other exceptions remained in place until 1918, although they did not appear in constitutional texts of 1 January and 16 April 1871 respectively. The founding of the German Empire was complete and was formed by a "foundation of the Empire from above", the agreement of the governments on

2552-438: The recommendations of the Military Savings Commission in 1826, one infantry regiment was converted into two Jäger battalions, and the Grenadier Guard regiment into an Infantry lifeguard regiment. The Garde du Corps became the 1st Cuirassier Regiment, and the former 1st Cuirassier Regiment was merged into the 2nd Regiment. The mobilisation of the army for the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was only concluded on 22 June, by which time

2610-556: The regular Bavarian troops had been demobilised after the war to the extent that most of the fighting against the Red Army was done by Freikorps units and other German troops from outside Bavaria. During World War I, around 200,000 soldiers of the Royal Bavarian Army were killed. Bavaria placed at first two and later three army corps in the army of the German Empire: Corps Divisions Bavarian cavalry: Bavarian infantry: Bavarian reserve: Bavarian Landwehr: Bavarian Ersatz: Mountain Troops: The Bavarian Army had

2668-406: The side of France . Following defeat at the Battle of Blenheim , the Bavarian Army ceased to exist as a coherent fighting force, though small remainders continued to fight until the end of the war. Bavaria was occupied by Austrian forces during the war, which led to a rising of the people, bloodily put down at the so-called "Murderous Christmas of Sendling" ( Sendlinger Mordweihnacht ). By 1701,

2726-404: The southern German states. The North German Confederation should be analogous to the German Federal Constitution. This result was concluded in the constitutional treaties of November 1870 and two separate military conventions with the four states which were to be joined: on 15 November, the treaty between the North German Confederation on the one hand and Baden and Hesse on the other were based on

2784-514: The sovereignty of the southern German states at the same time and to anchor the unity of constitutional law. In addition, the foreign policies attracted the suspicion of the remaining European powers ( Russian Empire , Austria-Hungary and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) and had to be avoided. The Grand Duchy of Baden was unconditionally behind the unity. Grand Duke Frederick I and Prime Minister Julius Jolly articulated requests on 3 September 1870. They had already applied to be

2842-704: The throne in 1799: hardly any of the units were at full strength, the Rumford uniforms were unpopular and impractical, and the troops were badly-trained. The young Prince-Elector, who had served under the Ancien Régime in France as a colonel in the Royal Deux-Ponts regiment, made the reconstruction of the army a priority. The line infantry was reduced to ten regiments, which were made up to their full strength. The two Jäger regiments were divided into four light infantry battalions. The cavalry consisted of three regiments of light cavalry and two each of dragoons and cuirassiers. The infantry returned to their traditional light blue and, in 1801, all branches of service introduced

2900-418: The treaties in December 1870, Bavaria on 21 January 1871 with clear majorities. In the vote of the Northern German parliament after the third reading on 9 December 1870, the deputies voted in favour. Other opposing camps remained remote from the vote. On the same day, the Federal Council of the North German Confederation voted to change the designations to "German Empire" and "German Emperor". On 10 December 1870,

2958-453: The two Bavarian army corps on 14 July. The Bavarian Army Corps fought in the Franco-Prussian War as part of the III Army under Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm (the I Army Corps under von der Tann, and the II Army Corps under Jakob Freiherr von Hartmann ). The Bavarians under Jakob von Hartmann stormed Wissembourg and took part in the Battles of Wörth , Beaumont , Sedan and the Siege of Paris . Over 5,000 Bavarian soldiers died during

SECTION 50

#1732848342808

3016-411: The unchanged acceptance of the North Germans. This changed the name of the North German Confederation to the German Confederation, even if the ratifications were still outstanding. After negotiations with Bavaria and Württemberg, the North German Federal Constitution and the most important laws of the North German Confederation were modified. In total, the federal elements were emphasised in comparison with

3074-442: The western forces of the Confederation under Prince Alexander of Hesse , so the Bavarian troops withdrew to Bad Kissingen . After fierce fighting, the Bavarians withdrew to Schweinfurt and Würzburg (of which only the fortress and part of the city could be held). On 1 August, a Prussian reserve corps occupied Nuremberg . The difficulties of the Bavarian Army were attributed mainly to the Bavarian Landtag (parliament), and to

3132-511: Was a strict career separation between officers and NCOs. This led to substantial social problems during World War I, because qualified NCOs were blocked from promotion to officer ranks. According to the Constitution of 1808, recruitment was according to a system of conscription . The system offered the possibility for men to buy exemption from conscription by means of paying a substitute, called an Einsteher ("Proxy") or Einstandsmann ("Stand-In"), to serve in their place (which had to be for

3190-410: Was already in wide use among the Bavarian infantry and would be used throughout from 1684. The cuirassiers and artillery wore light grey tunics, while the dragoons wore red or blue tunics. The army distinguished itself under Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria during the Great Turkish War , particularly during the Siege of Belgrade . During the War of the Spanish Succession , Bavaria fought on

3248-413: Was never comparable to the armies of the Great Powers of the 19th century, but it did provide the Wittelsbach dynasty with sufficient scope of action, in the context of effective alliance politics, to transform Bavaria from a territorially-disjointed small state to the second-largest state of the German Empire after Prussia . The Reichskriegsverfassung of 1681 obliged Bavaria to provide troops for

3306-405: Was never reached in the field. While the Lifeguard regiment had three battalions, only two stood in the field. Ten battalions of infantry were made available to the Habsburgs according to Bavaria's Imperial military obligations. They fought unsuccessfully at Schweidnitz, Breslau and Leuthen in 1757, as well as at Troppau, Olmütz and Neiße in 1758. The unification between the Wittelsbachs and

3364-415: Was one step from the North German Confederation to the German Empire. Those steps did not create a new state but concerned the accession of the South German states. The North German Confederation was renamed, and some of its organs received a new title. The constitution of 1 January 1871 did have lasting significance in the German Empire despite the new constitution of 16 April 1871: article 80 (not repeated in

#807192