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33-477: The ministry was the successional institution of the royal Bavarian Hofkriegsrat (court war council, founded in 1620) and its follow-on institutions that were responsible for the military: The name of the Ministerium des Kriegswesens changed to Staatsministerium der Armee in 1817, and finally to Kriegsministerium in 1825. From 1801 to 1817, King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria by himself held full command of

66-478: A 14-year-old orphan apprentice. Max Joseph donated books and directed the glassmaker to give Fraunhofer time to study. Fraunhofer went on to become one of the most famous optical scientists and artisans in history, inventing the spectroscope and spectroscopy, making Bavaria noted for fine optics, and joining the nobility before his death at age 39. He was elected a Royal Fellow of the Royal Society in 1802. As

99-637: A monarch, Max Joseph was very close to the citizens, walked freely along the streets of Munich without great accompaniment, and conversed with his people in a casual manner. Regardless, he was somewhat eccentric, like some of his descendants and successors. Maximilian married twice and had children by both marriages: His first wife was Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt , daughter of Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt (14 April 1765 – 30 March 1796). They were married on 30 September 1785 in Darmstadt . They had five children: Maximilian's second wife

132-409: A time as Maximilian Joseph's private secretary, was the most potent influence, wholly "enlightened" and French. Agriculture and commerce were fostered, the laws were ameliorated, a new criminal code drawn up, taxes and imposts equalized without regard to traditional privileges, while a number of religious houses were suppressed and their revenues used for educational and other useful purposes. He closed

165-613: Is a public research university located in Strasbourg , France , with over 52,000 students and 3,300 researchers. Founded in the 16th century by Jean Sturm , it was an intellectual hotbed during the Age of Enlightenment . The old university was split into three separate entities during the 1970s, before they merged back together in 2009. The University of Strasbourg is currently composed of 35 academic faculties, schools and institutes, plus 71 research laboratories spread over six campuses, including

198-572: The Ancien Régime in France as a colonel in the Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment , made the reconstruction of the army a priority. Maximilian's sympathy with France and the ideas of enlightenment at once manifested itself when he acceded to the throne of Bavaria. In the newly organized ministry, Count Max Josef von Montgelas , who, after falling into disfavour with Charles Theodore, had acted for

231-749: The Bavarian Army . In 1817 General von Triva was made the real head of the Ministry by him, but the administration of justice and economics of the military was part of the Oberadministrativkollegium and the Generallazarettinspektion . In 1822 Maximilian I assigned General von Wrede as commander-in-chief of the army, and the Staatsministerium der Armee also became responsible for the administration of justice and economics. After 1829

264-831: The Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv und Staatsarchiv München . The military troops of Bavaria were subordinated to the Reichswehr , which was under the command of the Reichspräsident . Therefore, the Ministry of War was replaced by the Reichswehrbefehlsstelle Bayern (Reichswehr commanding office Bavaria) until September 1919. 48°08′47″N 11°34′47″E  /  48.14639°N 11.57972°E  / 48.14639; 11.57972 Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria Maximilian I Joseph ( German : Maximilian I. Joseph ; 27 May 1756 – 13 October 1825)

297-455: The Federal diet in the internal affairs of Bavaria, partly to give unity to his somewhat heterogeneous territories, that Maximilian on 26 May 1818 granted a liberal constitution to his people. Montgelas, who had opposed this concession, had fallen in the previous year, and Maximilian had also reversed his ecclesiastical policy, signing on 24 October 1817 a concordat with Rome by which the powers of

330-465: The Free Imperial City of Strassburg. It was transformed to a university in 1621 ( German : Universität Straßburg ) and elevated to the ranks of a royal university in 1631. Among its earliest university students was Johann Scheffler who studied medicine and later converted to Catholicism and became the mystic and poet Angelus Silesius . The Lutheran German university still persisted even after

363-682: The German Empire the university was greatly expanded and numerous new buildings were erected because the university was intended to be a showcase of German against French culture in Alsace. In 1918, Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France, so a reverse exodus of Germanophone teachers took place. During the Second World War , when France was occupied, personnel and equipment of the University of Strasbourg were transferred to Clermont-Ferrand . In its place,

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396-567: The Hôtel des Deux-Ponts . He became Count of Rappoltstein in 1776 and took service in 1777 as a colonel in the French Royal Army . He rose rapidly to the rank of major-general . From 1782 to 1789, he was stationed at Strasbourg . During his time at the University of Strasbourg , Klemens von Metternich , the future Austrian chancellor, was for some time accommodated by Prince Maximilian. By

429-636: The Mainz Commission he was accustomed to examine himself, with the result that in many cases the whole proceedings were quashed, and in not a few the accused dismissed with a present of money. Maximilian died at Nymphenburg Palace , in Munich , on 13 October 1825 and was succeeded by his son Ludwig I . Maximilian is buried in the crypt of the Theatine Church in Munich. Under the reign of Maximilian Joseph

462-503: The University of Ingolstadt in May 1800 and moved it to Landshut . In foreign affairs, Maximilian Joseph's attitude was, from the German point of view, less commendable. He never had any sympathy with the growing sentiment of German nationality, and his attitude was dictated by wholly dynastic, or at least Bavarian, considerations. Until 1813, he was the most faithful of Napoleon 's German allies,

495-723: The War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809 he received Tyrol and Innviertel regions from the defeated Austria. The new King of Bavaria was the most important of the princes belonging to the Confederation of the Rhine , and remained Napoleon's ally until the eve of the Battle of Leipzig , when by the Treaty of Ried (8 October 1813) he made the guarantee of the integrity of his kingdom the price of his joining

528-562: The Allies. On 14 October, Bavaria made a formal declaration of war against Napoleonic France . The treaty was passionately backed by Crown Prince Ludwig and by Marshal von Wrede . By the first Treaty of Paris (3 June 1814), however, he returned Tyrol to Austria in exchange for the former Grand Duchy of Würzburg . At the Congress of Vienna , which he attended in person, Maximilian had to make further concessions to Austria, ceding Salzburg and

561-719: The Bavarian Secularization (1802–1803) led to the nationalisation of cultural assets of the Church. The Protestants were emancipated. In 1808 he founded the Academy of Fine Arts Munich . The city of Munich was extended by the first systematic expansion with the new Brienner Strasse as core. In 1810 Max Joseph ordered construction of the National Theatre Munich in French neo-classic style. The monument Max-Joseph Denkmal before

594-472: The National Theatre was created in the middle of the square Max-Joseph-Platz as a memorial for King Maximilian Joseph by Christian Daniel Rauch and carried out by Johann Baptist Stiglmaier. It was only revealed in 1835 since the king had rejected to be eternalized in sitting position. In 1801 he led the rescue operation when a glassmaker's workshop collapsed, saving the life of Joseph von Fraunhofer ,

627-682: The Rhine , Arch-Steward of the Empire, and Duke of Berg upon the extinction of the Palatinate-Sulzbach line at the death of Elector Charles Theodore of Bavaria. The new elector, as Maximilian IV Joseph, found the Bavarian army in abject condition on his accession to the throne: Hardly any of the units were at full strength, the Rumford uniforms were unpopular and impractical, and the troops were badly-trained. The young Prince-Elector, who had served under

660-622: The annexation of the city by King Louis XIV in 1681 (one famous student was Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1770/71), but mainly turned into a French speaking university during the French Revolution . The university was refounded as the German Kaiser-Wilhelm-Universität in 1872, after the Franco-Prussian war and the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany provoked a westwards exodus of Francophone teachers. During

693-632: The breakdown of the Bavarian kingdom in 1918 , the Kriegsministerium was replaced by the Ministerium für militärische Angelegenheiten (ministry of military affairs). Due to the Weimar Constitution , from 1919 onwards the Bavarian Ministry of Transport and the Ministry for Military Affairs were both disbanded. The former archive of the ministry, which was founded in 1885, became a section of

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726-541: The city, located between the "Cité Administrative", "Esplanade" and "Gallia" bus-tram stations. Modern architectural buildings include: Escarpe, the Doctoral College of Strasbourg, Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute (ISIS), Atrium, Pangloss, PEGE (Pôle européen de gestion et d'économie) and others. The student residence building for the Doctoral College of Strasbourg was designed by London-based Nicholas Hare Architects in 2007. The structures are depicted on

759-500: The clergy, largely curtailed under Montgelas's administration, were restored. The new parliament proved to be more independent than he had anticipated and in 1819 Maximilian resorted to appealing to the powers against his own creation; but his Bavarian " particularism " and his genuine popular sympathies prevented him from allowing the Carlsbad Decrees to be strictly enforced within his dominions. The suspects arrested by order of

792-512: The historic site in the Neustadt . Throughout its existence, Unistra alumni, faculty, or researchers have included 18 Nobel laureates, two Fields Medalists and a wide range of notable individuals in their respective fields. Among them are Goethe , statesman Robert Schuman , historian Marc Bloch and several chemists such as Louis Pasteur . The university emerged from a Lutheran humanist German Gymnasium , founded in 1538 by Johannes Sturm in

825-514: The independence of Bavaria, and it was his insistence on the principle of full sovereignty being left to the German reigning princes that largely contributed to the loose and weak organization of the new German Confederation . The Federative Constitution of Germany (8 June 1815) of the Congress of Vienna was proclaimed in Bavaria, not as a law but as an international treaty. It was partly to secure popular support in his resistance to any interference of

858-537: The outbreak of the French Revolution , Maximilian exchanged the French for the Austrian service and took part in the opening campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars . On 1 April 1795, Maximilian succeeded his brother Charles II as Duke of Zweibrücken, however his duchy was entirely occupied by revolutionary France at the time. On 16 February 1799, he became Elector of Bavaria and Count Palatine of

891-510: The regions of Innviertel and Hausruckviertel in return for the western part of the old Palatinate . The king fought hard to maintain the contiguity of the Bavarian territories as guaranteed at Ried but the most he could obtain was an assurance from Metternich in the matter of the Baden succession, in which he was also doomed to be disappointed. At Vienna and afterwards Maximilian sturdily opposed any reconstitution of Germany which should endanger

924-546: The relationship cemented by the marriage of his eldest daughter to Eugène de Beauharnais . His reward came with the Treaty of Pressburg (26 December 1805), by the terms of which he was to receive the royal title and important territorial acquisitions in Swabia and Franconia to round off his kingdom. He assumed the title of king on 1 January 1806. On 15 March, he ceded the Duchy of Berg to Napoleon's brother-in-law Joachim Murat . After

957-401: The short-lived German Reichsuniversität Straßburg was created. In 1971, the university was subdivided into three separate institutions: Following a national reform of higher education, these universities merged on 1 January 2009, and the new institution became one of the first French universities to benefit from greater autonomy. The university campus covers a vast part near the center of

990-510: The tasks and responsibilities of the supreme command of the army (Oberkommando, existing from 1822 to 1829) were transferred to the Minister of War, so that he was additionally commander-in-chief of the army. After acquiring command of the army, the Bavarian war minister had far more extensive responsibilities compared to ministers of other countries, such as the Prussian Minister of War . After

1023-545: Was Duke of Zweibrücken from 1795 to 1799, prince-elector of Bavaria (as Maximilian IV Joseph ) from 1799 to 1806, then King of Bavaria (as Maximilian I Joseph) from 1806 to 1825. He was a member of the House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld -Zweibrücken, a branch of the House of Wittelsbach . Maximilian, the son of the Count Palatine Frederick Michael of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld and Maria Francisca of Sulzbach ,

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1056-463: Was Karoline of Baden , daughter of Margrave Karl Ludwig of Baden (13 July 1776 – 13 November 1841). They were married on 9 March 1797 in Karlsruhe . They had eight children, including two sets of twin girls, Elisabeth and Amalie born in 1801, and Sophie and Marie Anne born in 1805. University of Strasbourg The University of Strasbourg ( French : Université de Strasbourg , Unistra )

1089-431: Was born on 27 May 1756 at Schwetzingen , between Heidelberg and Mannheim . After the death of his father of testicular cancer in 1767, he was left at first without parental supervision, since his mother had been banished from her husband's court after giving birth to a son fathered by an actor. Maximilian was carefully educated under the supervision of his uncle, Duke Christian IV of Zweibrücken , who settled him in

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