A dispersed settlement , also known as a scattered settlement , is one of the main types of settlement patterns used by landscape historians to classify rural settlements found in England and other parts of the world. Typically, there are a number of separate farmsteads scattered throughout the area. A dispersed settlement contrasts with a nucleated village .
117-534: North Buxton is a dispersed rural community located in Southwestern Ontario , Canada. It was established in 1849 as a community for and by former African-American slaves who escaped to Canada to gain freedom. Rev. William King , a Scots-Irish/American Presbyterian minister and abolitionist , had organized the Elgin Association to buy 9,000 acres of land for resettlement of the refugees, to give them
234-516: A Broadway reviewer at the Tribune in 1951. However, the paper's losses were continuing to mount. Whitelaw Reid was gradually replaced by his brother, Ogden R. Reid , nicknamed "Brown", to take charge of the paper. As president and publisher of the paper, Brown Reid tried to interject an energy his brother lacked and reach out to new audiences. In that spirit, the Tribune ran a promotion called "Tangle Towns", where readers were invited to unscramble
351-578: A Freedmen's Inquiry Commission was established by the Secretary of War to gather information about the "condition and capacity" of the "population just set free." On its behalf, Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe and J.M.W. Yerrinton, as secretary and reporter, visited numerous communities in Canada West (present-day Ontario) during the summer of 1863 to gather information about the many former American slaves who had gained freedom and settled there. Among those communities
468-419: A badge of honor". Reid's hostility to labor led him to bankroll Ottmar Mergenthaler 's development of the linotype machine in 1886, which quickly spread throughout the industry. However, his day-to-day involvement in the operations of the Tribune declined after 1888, when he was appointed Minister to France and largely focused on his political career; Reid even missed a large-scale 50th anniversary party for
585-675: A characteristic of various parts of German-speaking Europe , including in areas of Westphalia , historically the Ruhr urban area (the dispersed settlements lending themselves to the development of urban sprawl after industrialisation), the Austro-Bavarian parts of the Alps ( Upper Bavaria , Austria, South Tyrol ) as well as Alamannic parts of the Alps ( Bernese Oberland , Central Switzerland ). New York Herald Tribune The New York Herald Tribune
702-511: A clear, lively style, and pushed the Herald Tribune ' s local coverage "to a new kind of social journalism that aimed at capturing the temper and feel of the city, its moods and fancies, changes or premonitions of change in its manners, customs, taste, and thought—daily helpings of what amounted to urban anthropology". The Herald Tribune ' s editorials remained conservative—"a spokesman for and guardian of mainstream Republicanism" —but
819-615: A day. If I say the feature is black beetles, black beetles it's going to be." In 1874, the Herald ran the infamous New York Zoo hoax , where the front page of the newspaper was devoted entirely to a fabricated story of animals getting loose at the Central Park Zoo . Whitelaw Reid, who won control of the Tribune in part due to the likely assistance of financier Jay Gould , turned the newspaper into an orthodox Republican organ, wearing "its stubborn editorial and typographical conservatism…as
936-560: A dozen correspondents in the field, the most famous of whom was Homer Bigart . Allowing wire services to write "big picture" stories, Bigart—who covered the Anzio Campaign , the Battle of Iwo Jima and the Battle of Okinawa —focused instead on writing about tactical operations conducted by small units and individual soldiers, in order to "bring a dimension of reality and understanding to readers back home". Frequently risking his life to get
1053-522: A long association with the Reids. Whitney, recently named ambassador to Great Britain, had chaired Dwight Eisenhower 's fundraising campaigns in 1952 and 1956 and was looking for something else to engage him beyond his largely ceremonial role in Great Britain. Whitney, who "did not want the Tribune to die", gave the newspaper $ 1.2 million over the objections of his investment advisors, who had doubts about
1170-586: A major role in the Reids' sale of the Herald Tribune in 1958. Seeking to cut costs during the Recession of 1937 , the newspaper's management decided to consolidate its foreign coverage under Laurence Hills, who had been appointed editor of the Paris Herald by Frank Munsey in 1920 and kept the paper profitable. But Hills had fascist sympathies—the Paris Herald was alone among American newspapers in having "ad columns sprout(ing) with swastikas and fasces —and
1287-533: A moral mission to uplift society, and frequently focused his energies on the newspaper's editorials—"weapons…in a ceaseless war to improve society" —and political coverage. While a lifelong opponent of slavery and, for time, a proponent of socialism , Greeley's attitudes were never exactly fixed: "The result was a potpourri of philosophical inconsistencies and contradictions that undermined Greeley's effectiveness as both logician and polemicist." However, his moralism appealed to rural America; with six months of beginning
SECTION 10
#17328516475441404-559: A new company called Whitney Communications Corporation, proved profitable, but executives chafed at subsidizing the Tribune. Thayer also looked for new leadership for the newspaper. In 1961—the same year Whitney returned to New York—the Tribune hired John Denson, a Newsweek editor and native of Louisiana who was "a critical mass of intensity and irascibility relieved by interludes of amiability." Denson had helped raise Newsweek's circulation by 50 percent during his tenure, in part through innovative layouts and graphics, and he brought
1521-490: A public duty rather than developed as a profit-making opportunity". With its generally marginal profitability, the Herald Tribune had few opportunities to reinvest in its operations as the Times did, and the Reids' mortgage on the newspaper made it difficult to raise outside cash for needed capital improvements. After another profitable year in 1946, Bill Robinson, the Herald Tribune ' s business manager, decided to reinvest
1638-447: A result of the new technology. Publishers were willing to protect jobs and reduce the workforce through attrition, but balked at what they viewed as "tribute payments" to the unions. After nearly a five-month strike, the unions and the publishers reached an agreement in March, 1963—in which the unions won a weekly worker wage and benefit increase of $ 12.63 and largely forestalled automation—and
1755-497: A role in the election of New York City Mayor John Lindsay , a liberal Republican, in 1965. Whitney supported the changes at the Tribune but they did not help the newspaper's bottom line. A survey of readers of the newspaper in late 1963 found that readers "appreciated the Tribune ' s innovations, (but) the Times still plainly ranked as the prestige paper in the New York field, based mostly on its completeness." Whitney himself
1872-503: A similar stance was approached by the Sun and the World-Telegram , the latter of them also having an ardently liberal past as a Pulitzer newspaper. Financially, the paper continued to stay out of the red, but long-term trouble was on the horizon. After Elisabeth Mills Reid died in 1931—after having given the paper $ 15 million over her lifetime—it was discovered that the elder Reid had treated
1989-660: A start in Canada. Within a few years, numerous families were living here, having cleared land, built houses, and developed crops. They established schools and churches, and were thriving before the American Civil War . There was great interest in the settlement among Americans. Buxton was visited by a reporter from the New York Herald Tribune in 1857, and by the head of the American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission in
2106-427: A target of Barry Goldwater partisans in the 1964 presidential campaign . The leadership of the Tribune , while agreeing with Goldwater's approach to national defense, believed he pushed it to an extreme, and strongly opposed Goldwater's voting record on civil rights. After some internal debate, the Tribune endorsed Democrat Lyndon Johnson for the presidency that fall. The newspaper's editorial support also played
2223-429: A year between 1942 and 1945. In 1946, the Herald Tribune ' s Sunday circulation hit an all-time peak of 708,754. The Herald Tribune began a decline shortly after World War II that had several causes. The Reid family was long accustomed to resolve shortfalls at the newspaper with subsidies from their fortune, rather than improved business practices, seeing the paper "as a hereditary possession to be sustained as
2340-510: Is South Buxton . The North Buxton community was established in 1849 by Rev. William King , a Scots-Irish/American abolitionist . He had immigrated from Scotland to the United States as a young man, worked as a teacher and tutor to planters' families for years in Louisiana, and married into a planter family. After his wife died, he inherited her estate, including 15 slaves. He initially allowed
2457-570: Is Mrs. Reid who often helps that independent mind make itself up". Editorially, the newspaper thrived, winning its first Pulitzer Prize for reporting in 1930 for Leland Stowe 's coverage of the Second Reparations Conference on German reparations for World War I , where the Young Plan was developed. Stanley Walker , who became the newspaper's city editor in 1928, pushed his staff (which briefly included Joseph Mitchell) to write in
SECTION 20
#17328516475442574-410: Is remarkable ... This settlement is a perfect success ... In the 1860s, there was a fire at their local pearlash factory. As the bell rang to warn the citizens, many men gathered to stop the fire, but the factory could not be saved. Thus, a source of income was lost from the community. However, Buxton was doing well in other aspects and managed to stick through the situation. In the nineteenth century,
2691-470: Is sometimes possible to identify documentary references to farmsteads in the 18th and 19th centuries with these Domesday entries. In areas of Kent and Essex close to London, the development of residential housing during the 20th century has often disguised the dispersed nature of the original settlement. The farmsteads which make up the dispersed settlement are often surrounded by small irregularly shaped fields. Traditionally, trees are encouraged to grow at
2808-505: Is sometimes used to describe the type of landscape found where dispersed settlements are common. In addition to Western Europe, dispersed patterns of settlement are found in parts of Papua New Guinea , as among the Gainj, Ankave, and Baining tribes. It is also frequently met with in nomadic pastoral societies. In Ghana, Kumbyili in the northern region is also an example of a dispersed settlement In England, dispersed settlements are often found in
2925-627: The New York Journal in 1895 and attempted to ape Pulitzer's methods in a more sensationalistic manner. The challenge of The World and the Journal spurred Bennett to revitalize the paper; the Herald competed keenly with both papers during coverage of the Spanish–American War , providing "the soundest, fairest coverage…(of) any American newspaper", sending circulation over 500,000. The Tribune largely relied on wire copy for its coverage of
3042-492: The American News Company , the controller of many commuter newsstands, to achieve prominent display. Tribune executives were not blind to the challenge, but the economy drive at the paper undercut efforts to adequately compete. The newspaper fell into the red in 1951. The Herald Tribune ' s losses reached $ 700,000 in 1953, and Robinson resigned late that year. The paper distinguished itself in its coverage of
3159-465: The Herald as a means of supporting his lifestyle, did not make serious moves to expand the newspaper's newsgathering operations, and allowed the paper's circulation to fall well below 100,000 by 1912. The Herald suffered a fatal blow in 1907. Bennett, his hatred for the Journal owner unabated, attacked Hearst's campaigns for Congress in 1902, and his run for governor of New York in 1906. The Herald ' s coverage of Hearst's gubernatorial campaign
3276-502: The Herald the most comprehensive source of news among the city's newspapers. Bennett also bankrolled Henry Morton Stanley 's trek through Africa to find David Livingstone , and scooped the competition on the Battle of Little Big Horn . However, Bennett ruled his paper with a heavy hand, telling his executives at one point that he was the "only reader of this paper": "I am the only one to be pleased. If I want it turned upside down, it must be turned upside down. I want one feature article
3393-423: The Herald . The elder Reid refused to sell, saying only that she would buy the Herald . The two sides negotiated through the winter and spring. Munsey approached Ogden Reid with a proposal to swap the profitable evening Sun with the Tribune , which Reid refused. The Reids countered with an offer of $ 5 million for the Herald and the Paris Herald , which Munsey agreed to on March 17, 1924. The move surprised
3510-472: The Herald Tribune to surrender the edge in foreign reporting to its rival. The Herald Tribune strongly supported Wendell Willkie for the Republican nomination in the 1940 presidential election ; Willkie's managers made sure the newspaper's endorsement was placed in each delegate's seat at the 1940 Republican National Convention . The Herald Tribune continued to provide a strong voice for Willkie (who
3627-445: The Journal , led to Bennett's conviction on charges of sending obscene matter through the mails. The publisher was ordered to pay a $ 25,000 fine—Bennett paid it in $ 1,000 bills —and the Herald "suffered a blow in prestige and circulation from which it never really recovered". Whitelaw Reid died in 1912 and was succeeded as publisher by his son, Ogden Mills Reid . The younger Reid, an "affable but lackluster person," began working at
North Buxton - Misplaced Pages Continue
3744-457: The Korean War ; Bigart and Marguerite Higgins , who engaged in a fierce rivalry, shared a Pulitzer Prize with Chicago Daily News correspondent Keyes Beech and three other reporters in 1951. The Tribune ' s cultural criticism was also prominent: John Crosby's radio and television column was syndicated in 29 newspapers by 1949, and Walter Kerr began a successful three-decade career as
3861-511: The Log Cabin , which advocated for the election of William Henry Harrison in the 1840 presidential election , attained a circulation of 80,000 and turned a small profit. With Whigs in power, Greeley saw the opportunity to launch a daily penny newspaper for their constituency. The New-York Tribune launched on April 10, 1841. Unlike the Herald or the Sun , it generally shied about from graphic crime coverage; Greeley saw his newspaper as having
3978-496: The Mexican–American War broke out in 1846, the Herald assigned a reporter to the conflict—the only newspaper in New York to do so—and used the telegraph , then a new technology, to not only beat competitors with news but provide Washington policymakers with the first reports from the conflict. During the American Civil War , Bennett kept at least 24 correspondents in the field, opened a Southern desk and had reporters comb
4095-626: The Republican Party , had called for reconciliation of North and South following the war and criticized Radical Reconstruction . Gradually becoming disenchanted with Ulysses S. Grant , Greeley became the surprise nominee of the Liberal Republican faction of the party (and the Democrats) in the 1872 presidential election . The editor had left daily operations of the Tribune to his protege, Whitelaw Reid ; he attempted to resume his job after
4212-430: The Times outdistanced its rival in circulation and ad lineage, the Tribune continued to draw a sizeable amount of advertising, due to its wealthy readership. The Times management watched the Tribune ' s changes with "uneasy contempt for their debasement of classic Tribune craftmanship but also with grudging admiration for their catchiness and shrewdness." Times managing editor Turner Catledge began visiting
4329-413: The Times picked up 220,000 readers during the 1950s, its profits declined to $ 348,000 by 1960 due to the costs of an international edition and investments into the newspaper. A western edition of the newspaper, launched in 1961 by new publisher Orvil Dryfoos in an attempt to build the paper's national audience, also proved to be a drain and the Times profits fell to $ 59,802 by the end of 1961. While
4446-462: The Times . Denson's approaches to the front page often required expensive work stoppages to redo the front page, which increased expenses and drew concern from Whitney and Thayer. Denson also had a heavy-handed approach to the newsroom that led some to question his stability, and led him to clash with Thayer. Denson left the Tribune in October 1962 after Thayer attempted to move the nightly lockup of
4563-535: The Tribune ' s new Sunday magazine, New York , edited by Clay Felker . Bellows also prominently featured Jimmy Breslin in the columns of the Tribune, as well as writer Gail Sheehy . Editorially, the newspaper remained in the liberal Republican camp, both strongly anti-communist, pro-business, and supportive of civil rights. In April 1963, the Tribune published the " Letter from Birmingham Jail ", written by Martin Luther King Jr. . The Tribune became
4680-516: The Tribune ' s new audiences; the Sunday edition began to slide again and the paper fell into the red in 1957. Through the decade, the Tribune was the only newspaper in the city to see its share of ad lineage drop, and longtime veterans of the paper, including Bigart, began departing. The Reids, who had by now turned their mortgage into stock, began seeking buyers to infuse the Tribune with cash, turning to John Hay "Jock" Whitney , whose family had
4797-425: The Tribune ' s readership. In her first two years on the job, the Tribune ' s annual advertising revenues jumped from $ 1.7 million to $ 4.3 million, "with circulation responsible for no more than 10 percent of the increase". Reid's efforts helped cut the newspaper's dependence on subsidies from the family fortune and pushed it toward a paying track. Reid also encouraged the development of women's features at
North Buxton - Misplaced Pages Continue
4914-692: The Tribune in 1891. Despite this, the paper remained profitable due to an educated and wealthy readership that attracted advertisers. The Herald was the largest circulation newspaper in New York City until 1884. Joseph Pulitzer , who came from St. Louis and purchased the New York World in 1882, aggressively marketed a mix of crime stories and social reform editorials to a predominantly immigrant audience, and saw his circulation quickly surpass those of more established publishers. Bennett, who had moved permanently to Paris in 1877 after publicly urinating in
5031-501: The Tribune in 1908 as a reporter and won the loyalty of the staff with his good nature and eagerness to learn. Quickly moved through the ranks—he became managing editor in 1912—Reid oversaw the Tribune ' s thorough coverage of the sinking of the Titanic , ushering a revival of the newspaper's fortunes. While the paper continued to lose money, and was saved from bankruptcy only by the generosity of Elisabeth Mills Reid, Ogden's mother.,
5148-764: The Tribune , Greeley combined The New-Yorker and The Log Cabin into a new publication, the Weekly Tribune . The weekly version circulated nationwide, serving as a digest of news melded with agriculture tips. Offering prizes like strawberry plants and gold pens to salesmen, the Weekly Tribune reached a circulation of 50,000 within 10 years, outpacing the Herald ' s weekly edition. The Tribune's ranks included Henry Raymond , who later founded The New York Times , and Charles Dana , who would later edit and partly own The Sun for nearly three decades. Dana served as second-in-command to Greeley, but Greeley abruptly fired him in 1862, after years of personality conflicts between
5265-515: The Tribune , and promoted James Bellows to editor of the newspaper. Bellows kept Denson's format but "eliminated features that lacked substance or sparkle" while promoting new talent, including movie critic Judith Crist and Washington columnists Robert Novak and Rowland Evans . From 1963 until its demise, the Tribune published a weekly magazine supplement titled Book Week ; Susan Sontag published two early essays there. The Tribune also began experimenting with an approach to news that later
5382-587: The Tribune , and these readers stayed with The Times after the war into the Nineteen-fifties and Sixties". Although The New York Times had the most comprehensive coverage of any American newspaper—the newspaper put 55 correspondents in the field, including drama critic Brooks Atkinson —its news budget fell from $ 3.8 million in 1940 to $ 3.7 million in 1944; the paper did not significantly expand its number of newsroom employees between 1937 and 1945 and its ad space, far from declining, actually increased during
5499-570: The "IHT", ceased publication in 2013. The New York Herald was founded on May 6, 1835, by James Gordon Bennett , a Scottish immigrant who came to the United States aged 24. Bennett, a firm Democrat , had established a name in the newspaper business in the 1820s with dispatches sent from Washington, D.C., to the New York Enquirer , most sharply critical of President John Quincy Adams and Secretary of State Henry Clay ; one historian called Bennett "the first real Washington reporter". Bennett
5616-495: The Guild's leadership and thrust ITU to the fore. New technology was also a concern for management and labor. Teletypesetting (TTS), introduced in the 1950s, was used by The Wall Street Journal and promised to be far more efficient than the linotype machines still used by the Tribune and most other New York newspapers. TTS required less skill than the complex linotype machines, and publishers wanted to automate to save money. ITU
5733-466: The Reid family was once again forced to subsidize the newspaper. By 1933, the Herald Tribune turned a profit of $ 300,000, and would stay in the black for the next 20 years, without ever making enough money for significant growth or reinvestment. Through the 1930s Ogden Reid often stayed late at Bleeck's, a popular hangout for Herald Tribune reporters.; by 1945, Tribune historian Richard Kluger wrote, Reid
5850-475: The United Kingdom at the time. Under his leadership, the Tribune experimented with new layouts and new approaches to reporting the news and made important contributions to the body of New Journalism that developed in the 1960s. The paper steadily revived under Whitney, but a 114-day newspaper strike stopped the Herald Tribune ' s gains and ushered in four years of strife with labor unions, particularly
5967-577: The areas of ancient enclosure outside the central region—for example, Essex , Kent and the West Country . An example of a dispersed settlement given by W G Hoskins is Middle Barton in Steeple Barton , Oxfordshire . In some parts of England, the pattern of dispersed settlement has remained unchanged for many hundreds of years. Many of the locations found in Domesday may be dispersed farmsteads. It
SECTION 50
#17328516475446084-461: The business side of the paper, combined with an increasing reputation as a "newspaperman's newspaper", led the Herald Tribune to post a profit of nearly $ 1.5 million in 1929, as circulation climbed over the 300,000 mark. The onset of the Great Depression , however, wiped out the profits. In 1931, the Herald Tribune lost $ 650,000 (equivalent to approximately $ 14,515,610 in 2023 dollars ), and
6201-449: The circulation in 1872 —saw the Tribune's readership jump to about 130,000 by 1924. Reid's wife, Helen Rogers Reid , took charge of the newspaper's advertising department in 1919. Helen Reid, "who believed in the newspaper the way a religious person believes in God", reorganized the faltering department, aggressively pursuing advertisers and selling them on the "wealth, position and power" of
6318-459: The city but, like other newspaper unions, had taken a backseat to the Newspaper Guild (which had the largest membership among the unions) in contract negotiations. This arrangement began to fray in the 1950s, as the craft unions felt the Guild was too inclined to accept publishers' offers without concern for those who did the manual work of printing. Powers wanted to call a strike to challenge
6435-402: The city room of his newspaper to read the early edition of the Tribune and sometimes responded with changes, though he ultimately decided Denson's approach would be unsuccessful. But the financial challenges both papers faced led Dryfoos, Thayer, and previous Times publisher Arthur Hays Sulzberger to discuss a possible merger of the Times and the Tribune, a project codenamed "Canada" at
6552-604: The city's newspapers resumed publication on April 1, 1963. The strike added new costs to all newspapers, and increased the Tribune ' s losses to $ 4.2 million while slashing its circulation to 282,000. Dryfoos died of a heart ailment shortly after the strike and was replaced as Times publisher by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , who ended merger talks with the Tribune because "it just didn't make any long-term sense to me." The paper also lost long-established talent, including Marguerite Higgins, Earl Mazo and Washington bureau chief Robert Donovan. Whitney, however, remained committed to
6669-459: The community operated three schools; the former enslaved people placed emphasis on education and literacy for adults and children as the key to progress. Its education was considered so superior that nearby White people sent their children to attend these schools. Over time, descendants have moved from these rural communities to cities for urban opportunities, and the population has declined. Dispersed settlement The French term bocage
6786-405: The conflict and was consistently ahead of the Herald Tribune ' s. Between 1941 and 1945, advertising space in the Times increased from 42.58 percent of the paper to 49.68 percent, while the Tribune saw its ad space increase from 37.58 percent to 49.32 percent. In 1943 and 1944, more than half the Times ' went to advertising, a percentage the Herald Tribune did not meet until after
6903-407: The conflict. Reid, who helped negotiate the treaty that ended the war had by 1901 become completely disengaged from the Tribune ' s daily operations. The paper was no longer profitable, and the Reids largely viewed the paper as a "private charity case". By 1908, the Tribune was losing $ 2,000 a week. In an article about New York City's daily newspapers that year, The Atlantic Monthly found
7020-538: The dispersed settlement pattern around Locorotondo in the Province of Bari in southern Italy. In this case, the settlement pattern developed because of movement from the town to the countryside in the 19th century. Emphyteutic leases were used by landowners seeking to increase their income from land that was only marginally attractive for agriculture by encouraging the creation of vineyards . Known as Streusiedlungen (singular Streusiedlung ), dispersed settlements are
7137-693: The early 21st century is approximately 250, over half of whom are Black Canadians . North Buxton's historic population peaked at more than 2000, almost exclusively descendants of free Black people and fugitive slaves who had escaped the United States via the Underground Railroad . Upper Canada (now known as the province of Ontario, after the Dominion of Canada was confederated in 1867) was the first British colony to abolish slavery, in 1793. Though slavery had never been widespread in Canada, Great Britain abolished slavery in its colonies in 1838. The related community
SECTION 60
#17328516475447254-439: The edges of these fields and in thin strips alongside roads. However, during the 20th century, much of this woodland disappeared, either as a result of disease or modern farming practice. Arthur Young 's description of the view from Langdon Hills , "dark lanes intersected with numberless hedges and woods," is a typical description of the landscape in an area of dispersed settlements. Anthony Galt has written an extensive study of
7371-414: The election, but was badly hurt by a piece (intended humorously) that said Greeley's defeat would chase political office seekers from the Tribune and allow the staff to "manage our own newspaper without being called aside every hour to help lazy people whom we don't know and…benefit people who don't deserve assistance". The piece was widely (and incorrectly) attributed to Greeley as a sign of bitterness at
7488-400: The end of the conflict had pulled close to the Times in ad revenue. A series of disastrous business decisions, combined with aggressive competition from the Times and poor leadership from the Reid family, left the Herald Tribune far behind its rival. In 1958, the Reids sold the Herald Tribune to John Hay Whitney , a multimillionaire Wall Street investor who was serving as ambassador to
7605-457: The expense of its advertising, while the Herald Tribune chose to run more ads, trading short-term profit for long-term difficulties. In The Kingdom and the Power , Talese's 1969 book about the Times , Talese wrote "the additional space that The Times was able to devote to war coverage instead of advertising was, in the long run, a very profitable decision: The Times lured many readers away from
7722-402: The extreme". His promotions included printing the sports section on green newsprint and a pocket-sized magazine for television listings that initially stopped the Sunday paper's circulation skid, but proved an empty product. The Tribune turned a profit in 1956, but the Times was rapidly outpacing it in news content, circulation, and ad revenue. The promotions largely failed to hold on to
7839-501: The fireplace or piano of his fiancée's parents (the exact location differed in witnesses' memories) spent the Herald ' s still sizable profits on his own lifestyle, and the Herald's circulation stagnated. Bennett respected Pulitzer, and even ran an editorial praising the publisher of The World after health problems forced him to relinquish the editorship of the paper in 1890. However, he despised William Randolph Hearst , who purchased
7956-569: The first American newspaper to use the Bodoni font for headlines. The font gave a "decided elegance" to the Tribune and was soon adopted by magazines and other newspapers, including The Washington Post , The Boston Globe and the Miami Herald . The Tribune developed a reputation for typographical excellence it would maintain for more than four decades. Reid, who inherited a newspaper whose circulation may have fallen to 25,000 daily—no higher than
8073-592: The hospitals to develop lists of casualties and deliver messages from the wounded to their families. The New-York Tribune was founded by Horace Greeley in 1841. Greeley, a native of New Hampshire , had begun publishing a weekly paper called The New-Yorker (unrelated to the magazine of the same name ) in 1834, which won attention for its political reporting and editorials. Joining the Whig Party , Greeley published The Jeffersonian , which helped elect William H. Seward Governor of New York State in 1838, and then
8190-504: The journalism community, which had expected Munsey to purchase the Tribune . The Herald management informed its staff of the sale in a brief note posted on a bulletin board; reading it, one reporter remarked "Jonah just swallowed the whale". The merged paper, which published its first edition on March 19, was named the New York Herald New York Tribune until May 31, 1926, when the more familiar New York Herald Tribune
8307-790: The local chapter of the International Typographical Union . Faced with mounting losses, Whitney attempted to merge the Herald Tribune with the New York World-Telegram and the New York Journal-American in the spring of 1966; the proposed merger led to another lengthy strike, and on August 15, 1966, Whitney announced the closure of the Herald Tribune . Combined with investments in the World Journal Tribune , Whitney spent $ 39.5 million (equivalent to $ 370,710,006 in 2023 dollars ) in his attempts to keep
8424-463: The morning Sun (which he had purchased in 1916) into the Herald and attempted to revive the newspaper through his financial resources, hoping to establish the Herald as the pre-eminent Republican newspaper within the city. To achieve that end, he approached Elisabeth Mills Reid in early 1924 with a proposal to purchase the Tribune —the only other Republican newspaper in New York—and merge it with
8541-501: The most authentic and thorough list of market prices published anywhere; for these alone it commanded attention in financial circles". Bennett, who wrote much of the newspaper himself, "perfected the fresh, pointed prose practiced in the French press at its best". The publisher's coverage of the 1836 murder of Helen Jewett —which, for the first time in the American press, included excerpts from
8658-449: The murder victim's correspondence—made Bennett "the best known, if most notorious…journalist in the country". Bennett put his profits back into his newspaper, establishing a Washington bureau and recruiting correspondents in Europe to provide the "first systematic foreign coverage" in an American newspaper. By 1839, the Herald ' s circulation exceeded that of The London Times . When
8775-411: The names of jumbled up town and city names in exchange for prizes. Reid also gave more prominent play to crime and entertainment stories. Much of the staff, including Whitelaw Reid, felt there was too much focus on circulation at the expense of the paper's editorial standards, but the promotions initially worked, boosting its weekday circulation to over 400,000. Reid's ideas, however, "were prosaic in
8892-467: The new front page "all overblown pictures (and) klaxon headlines" —but the newspaper's circulation jumped in 1961 and those within the Tribune said "the alternative seemed to be the death of the newspaper." The Tribune also launched an ad campaign targeting the Times with the slogan "Who says a good newspaper has to be dull?" The Tribune ' s revival came as the Times was bringing on new leadership and facing financial trouble of its own. While
9009-561: The news side, reducing its foreign and crime coverage. Robinson was dismissive of the circulation lead of the Times , saying in a 1948 memo that 75,000 of its rival's readers were "transients" who only read the wanted ads. The Times also began to push the Tribune hard in suburbs, where the Tribune had previously enjoyed a commanding lead. At the urging of Goldstein, Times editors added features to appeal to commuters, expanded (and in some cases subsidized) home delivery, and paid retail display allowances—"kickbacks, in common parlance"—to
9126-536: The newspaper alive. After the New York Herald Tribune closed, the Times and The Washington Post , joined by Whitney, entered an agreement to operate the International Herald Tribune , the paper's former Paris publication. By 1967, the paper was owned jointly by Whitney Communications, The Washington Post and The New York Times . The International Herald Tribune , also known as
9243-542: The newspaper also hired columnist Walter Lippmann , seen at the time as a liberal, after The World closed its doors in 1931. Unlike other pro-Republican papers, such as Hearst's New York Journal-American or the Chicago Tribune -owned New York Daily News , which held an isolationist and pro-German stance, the Herald Tribune was more supportive of the British and the French as the specter of World War II developed,
9360-593: The newspaper and done creditable work covering the London Blitz , but had not been trained for the duties of his position and was unable to provide forceful leadership for the newspaper. The Tribune also failed to keep pace with the Times in its facilities: While both papers had about the same level of profits between 1947 and 1950, the Times was heavily reinvesting money in its plant and hiring new employees. The Tribune , meanwhile, with Helen Reid's approval, cut $ 1 million from its budgets and fired 25 employees on
9477-448: The newspaper since the 1924 merger initially attempted to keep editorial control of the paper, but Whitney made it clear he would not invest additional money in the Tribune if the Reids remained at the helm. The family yielded, and Helen, Whitie and Brown Reid announced Whitney's takeover of the newspaper on August 28, 1958. The Reids retained a substantial stake in the Tribune until its demise, but Whitney and his advisors controlled
9594-602: The newspaper to managing editor James Bellows . But Denson's approach would continue at the paper. Daily circulation at the Tribune reached an all-time high of 412,000 in November, 1962. The New York newspaper industry came to an abrupt halt on December 8, 1962, when the local of the International Typographical Union , led by Bert Powers, walked off the job, leading to the 114-day 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike . The ITU, known as "Big Six", represented 3,800 printers, as well as workers at 600 printshops and 28 publications in
9711-451: The newspaper was the voice for eastern Republicans, later referred to as Rockefeller Republicans , and espoused a pro-business, internationalist viewpoint. The paper, first owned by the Reid family, struggled financially for most of its life and rarely generated enough profit for growth or capital improvements; the Reids subsidized the Herald Tribune through the paper's early years. However, it enjoyed prosperity during World War II and by
9828-458: The newspaper's "financial pages … execrable, its news columns readable but utterly commonplace, and its rubber-stamping of Republican policies (making) it the last sheet in town operated as a servant of party machinery". The Herald also saw its reputation for comprehensiveness challenged by the Times , purchased by Chattanooga Times publisher Adolph Ochs in 1896, a few weeks before the paper would have likely closed its doors. Ochs, turning
9945-426: The newspaper's viability. The loan came with the option to take controlling interest of the newspaper if he made a second loan of $ 1.3 million. Brown Reid expected the $ 1.2 million to cover a deficit that would last through the end of 1958, but by that year the newspaper's loss was projected at $ 3 million, and Whitney and his advisors decided to exercise their option. The Reids, claiming to have put $ 20 million into
10062-430: The newspaper, the hiring of female writers, and helped establish a "home institute" that tested recipes and household products. The Herald ' s decline continued in the new decade. With the outbreak of World War I, Bennett devoted most of his attention to the Paris Herald , doing his first newspaper reporting at the age of 73 and keeping the publication alive despite wartime censorship. The New York paper, however,
10179-419: The once-Republican Times into an independent Democratic newspaper, refocused the newspaper's coverage on commerce, quickly developing a reputation as the "businessman's bible". When the Times began turning a profit in 1899, Ochs began reinvesting the profits make into the newspaper toward news coverage, quickly giving the Times the reputation as the most complete newspaper in the city. Bennett, who viewed
10296-464: The outcome; Reid refused to print Greeley's furious disclaimer of the story, and by the end of the month, Greeley had died. Both newspapers went into gradual decline under their new proprietors. James Gordon Bennett Jr.—"a swaggering, precociously dissolute lout who rarely stifled an impulse" —had a mercurial reign. He launched the New York Telegram , an evening paper, in the late 1860s and kept
10413-575: The overall percentage of advertising for the paper was higher than it was in 1947, the Times was still higher: 58 percent of the average space in The New York Times in 1947 was devoted to advertising, versus a little over 50 percent of the Tribune . The Times would not raise its price until 1950. Ogden Reid died early in 1947, making Helen Reid leader of the Tribune in name as well as in fact. Reid chose her son, Whitelaw Reid , known as "Whitie", as editor. The younger Reid had written for
10530-519: The paper. Whitney initially left management of the newspaper to Walter Thayer, a longtime advisor. Thayer did not believe the Tribune was a financial investment—"it was a matter of 'let's set it up so that (Whitney) can do it if this is what he wants" —but moved to build a "hen house" of media properties to protect Whitney's investment and provide money for the Tribune . Over the next two years, Whitney's firm acquired Parade , five television stations and four radio stations. The properties, merged into
10647-416: The profits to make needed upgrades to the newspaper's pressroom. The investment squeezed the paper's resources, and Robinson decided to make up the difference at the end of the year by raising the Tribune ' s price from three cents to a nickel , expecting the Times , which also needed to upgrade its facilities, to do the same. However, the Times , concerned by the Tribune ' s performance during
10764-439: The same approach to the Tribune . Denson "swept away the old front-page architecture, essentially vertical in structure" and laid out stories horizontally, with unorthodox and sometimes cryptic headlines; large photos and information boxes. The "Densonized" front page sparked a mixed reaction from media professionals and within the newspaper— Tribune copy editor John Price called it "silly but expert silliness" and Time called
10881-583: The slaves to keep fees earned after being hired out. After becoming a Presbyterian minister and missionary in Canada, King decided to free his slaves and relocate them to that free country. He worked with the Governor General, Lord Elgin , to create the Elgin Association, to manage development of a 9,000-acre parcel near Lake Erie for a community where freedmen and fugitive slaves, known as Negro refugees in Canada, might settle. The Elgin Settlement eventually
10998-482: The stories, Bigart was highly valued by his peers and the military, and won the 1945 Pulitzer Prize. By the end of the conflict, the Herald Tribune had enjoyed some of its best financial years in its history. While the newspaper had just 63 percent of its rival's daily circulation (and 70 percent of the Sunday circulation of The Times ), its high-income readership gave the paper nearly 85 percent of The New York Times ' overall ad revenue, and had made $ 2 million
11115-436: The subsidies as loans, not capital investments. The notes on the paper were willed to Ogden Reid and his sister, Lady Jean Templeton Reid Ward. The notes amounted to a mortgage on the Herald Tribune , which prevented the newspaper from acquiring bank loans or securing public financing. Financial advisors at the newspaper advised the Reids to convert the notes into equity , which the family resisted. This decision would play
11232-612: The suburbs than the ethnic mix of the city", according to one later reporter, the Tribune generally did not match the comprehensiveness of The New York Times ' coverage. Its national, international and business coverage, however, was generally viewed as among the best in the industry, as was its overall style. At one time or another, the paper's writers included Dorothy Thompson , Red Smith , Roger Kahn , Richard Watts Jr. , Homer Bigart , Walter Kerr , Walter Lippmann , St. Clair McKelway , Judith Crist , Dick Schaap , Tom Wolfe , John Steinbeck , and Jimmy Breslin . Editorially,
11349-572: The summer of 1863, established after President Abraham Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation had freed many enslaved people in the American South during the Civil War . The resultant reports praised the achievements of the people of Buxton and other African Americans in Canada. The community is within the Chatham-Kent municipality, at the junction of Chatham-Kent Roads 6 and 14. Its population in
11466-574: The trial itself. Bennett founded the New York Globe in 1832 to promote the re-election of Andrew Jackson to the White House , but the paper quickly folded after the election. After a few years of journalistic piecework, he founded the Herald in 1835 as a penny newspaper , similar in some respects to Benjamin Day's Sun but with a strong emphasis on crime and financial coverage; the Herald "carried
11583-729: The two men. Raymond, who felt he was "overused and underpaid" as a reporter on the Tribune staff, later served in the New York State Assembly and, with the backing of bankers in Albany, founded the Times in 1851, which quickly became a rival for the Whig readership that Greeley cultivated. After the Civil War , Bennett turned over daily operations of the Herald to his son James Gordon Bennett Jr. , and lived in seclusion until his death in 1872. That year, Greeley, who had been an early supporter of
11700-478: The war, refused to go along. "We didn't want to give them any quarter," Times circulation manager Nathan Goldstein said. "Our numbers were on the rise, and we didn't want to do anything to jeopardize them. 'No free rides for the competition' was the way we looked at it." The move proved disastrous: In 1947, the Tribune ' s daily circulation fell nine percent, from 348,626 to 319,867. Its Sunday circulation fell four percent, from 708,754 to 680,691. Although
11817-478: The war. However, because the Tribune was generally a smaller paper than the Times and saw its ad space jump more, "the proportionate increase in the Tribune seemed greater than it was in absolute terms. The evidence that this disproportionate increase in the Tribune ' s advertising content left its readers feeling deprived of war news coverage and sent them in droves to the Times is, at best, highly ambiguous." The Herald Tribune always had at least
11934-401: The younger Reid encouraged light touches at the previously somber Tribune , creating an environment where "the windows were opened and the suffocating solemnity of the place was aired out". Under Reid's tenure the Tribune lobbied for legal protection for journalists culminating in the U.S. Supreme Court case Burdick v. United States . In 1917, the Tribune redesigned its layout and became
12051-480: Was Buxton. He wrote, Buxton is certainly a very interesting place. Sixteen years ago it was a wilderness ... Twenty years ago most of them [inhabitants] were slaves, who owned nothing, not even their children. Now they own themselves; they own their houses and farms; they have their wives and children about them. They are the enfranchised citizens of a government that protects their rights ... The present condition of all these colonists as compared with their former one
12168-522: Was a newspaper published between 1924 and 1966. It was created in 1924 when Ogden Mills Reid of the New York Tribune acquired the New York Herald . It was regarded as a "writer's newspaper" and competed with The New York Times in the daily morning market. The paper won twelve Pulitzer Prizes during its lifetime. A "Republican paper, a Protestant paper and a paper more representative of
12285-581: Was active in the community and was elected to local office for many years. The growing population was visited by Americans, in addition to Canadians interested in its progress. A reporter from the New York Herald Tribune wrote admiringly about it in 1857. During the late years of the American Civil War, after the Emancipation Proclamation in early 1863 freed many enslaved peoples in the South,
12402-511: Was also a pioneer in crime reporting; while writing about a murder trial in 1830, the attorney general of Massachusetts attempted to restrict the coverage of the newspapers: Bennett criticized the move as an "old, worm-eaten, Gothic dogma of the Court...to consider the publicity given to every event by the Press, as destructive to the interests of law and justice". The fight over access eventually overshadowed
12519-469: Was easily reached from a number of midwestern states and Western New York. Among the notable residents was William Parker , a leader of the Christiana Resistance in 1851 in the free state of Pennsylvania, where he and his neighbors fought off a party trying to capture four fugitive slaves from Maryland. From Buxton, he became a correspondent of Frederick Douglass ' newspaper, The North Star . He
12636-490: Was having an affair with literary editor Irita Van Doren ) through the election. Dorothy Thompson , then a columnist at the paper, openly supported Franklin Roosevelt 's re-election and was eventually forced to resign. Historians of The New York Times —including Gay Talese , Susan Tifft and Alex S. Jones—have argued that the Times , faced with newsprint rationing during World War II, decided to increase its news coverage at
12753-409: Was in freefall, and posted a loss in 1917. The next year, Bennett died, having taken some $ 30 million out of the lifetime profits of the Herald . Two years later, the Herald newspapers were sold to Frank Munsey for $ 3 million. Munsey had won the enmity of many journalists with his buying, selling and consolidation of newspapers, and the Herald became part of Munsey's moves. The publisher merged
12870-435: Was more interested in cutting costs than producing journalism. "It is no longer the desire even to attempt to run parallel with The New York Times in special dispatches from Europe," Hills wrote in a memo to the Herald Tribune ' s foreign bureaus in late 1937. "Crisp cables of human interest or humorous type cables are greatly appreciated. Big beats in Europe these days are not very likely." The policy effectively led
12987-447: Was not necessarily opposed to TTS—it trained its members on the new equipment —but wanted to control the rate at which automation occurred; assurances that TTS operators would be paid at the same rates as linotype workers; that at least a portion of the savings from publishers would go toward union pension plans (to allow funding to continue as the workforce and union membership declined) and guarantees that no printer would lose their job as
13104-536: Was organized as the communities of North and South Buxton . The Association provided land at low cost, and financing for those who would build a house and develop the land, to aid the African Americans. In the years before the American Civil War , these refugee enslaved people usually reached Canada via the Underground Railroad from the United States. Thousands had been settling in Southwest Ontario, as it
13221-442: Was particularly vicious, as Bennett ordered his reporters to publish every negative item about Hearst's past that they could. Hearst, seeking revenge, sent a reporter to investigate the Herald ' s personal columns, which ran in the front of the paper and, in veiled language, advertised the service of prostitutes; reporters referred to it as "The Whores' Daily Guide and Handy Compendium." The resulting investigation, published in
13338-417: Was popular with the staff—Breslin called him "the only millionaire I ever rooted for" —and once burst out of his office wondering why the Tribune failed to sell more copies when "there's compelling reading on every page." But a second strike in 1965—which led the Tribune to leave the publishers' association in a desperate attempt to survive—pushed the Tribune's losses to $ 5 million and led Thayer to conclude
13455-512: Was referred to as the New Journalism . National editor Dick Wald wrote in one memo "there is no mold for a newspaper story," and Bellows encouraged his reporters to work "in whatever style made them comfortable." Tom Wolfe , who joined the paper after working at The Washington Post , wrote lengthy features about city life; asking an editor how long his pieces should be, he received the reply "until it gets boring." Bellows soon moved Wolfe to
13572-411: Was struggling with alcoholism . The staff considered the Herald Tribune ' s owner "kindly and likable, if deficient in intelligence and enterprise". Helen Reid increasingly took on the major leadership responsibilities at the newspaper—a fact Time noted in a 1934 cover story. Reid, angered, called her husband "the most independent-minded man I have ever met", to which Time replied that "it
13689-410: Was substituted. Apart from the Herald ' s radio magazine, weather listings and other features, "the merged paper was, with very few changes, the Tribune intact". Only 25 Herald reporters were hired after the merger; 600 people lost their jobs. Within a year, the new paper's circulation reached 275,000. The newly merged paper was not immediately profitable, but Helen Reid's reorganization of
#543456