85-671: The Neues Museum (New Museum) is a listed building on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin , Germany. Built from 1843 to 1855 by order of King Frederick William IV of Prussia in Neoclassical and Renaissance Revival styles , it is considered as the major work of Friedrich August Stüler . After suffering damage in World War II and decay in East Germany , it was restored from 1999 to 2009 by David Chipperfield . Currently,
170-592: A Louvre on the Spree . The federal government pledged $ 20 million a year through 2010 for projects to enhance Berlin's prestige and Unesco declared the island a World Heritage Site . The contents of the museums were decided on as follows: The Pergamon, with the Greek altar that gives it its name, retained much of its collection and was defined as a museum of ancient architecture. The Neues Museum presented archaeological objects as well as Egyptian and Etruscan sculptures, including
255-508: A steam engine was used for the first time in construction in Berlin. Among other things, it was used to ram pilings into the building ground. The soft, spongy soil around the River Spree means that buildings in the central area of Berlin require deep foundations. It was built between 1843 and 1855 according to plans by Friedrich August Stüler , a student of Karl Friedrich Schinkel . The museum
340-504: A catalyst's surface area and activity . For example, nickel can be supported on the material—the combination is called Ni–Kieselguhr—to improve its activity as a hydrogenation catalyst. Natural freshwater diatomaceous earth is used in agriculture for grain storage as an anticaking agent , as well as an insecticide. It is approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a feed additive to prevent caking . Some believe it may be used as
425-452: A deposit has not been proven to affect their functionality when it comes to the adsorption of lipids; however, certain applications, such as that for slugs and snails, do work best when a particularly shaped diatom is used, suggesting that lipid adsorption is not the only factor involved. For example, in the case of slugs and snails, large, spiny diatoms work best to lacerate the epithelium of the mollusk. Diatom shells will work to some degree on
510-555: A form of cultural destruction. By contrast, the design was acknowledged in 2011 when David Chipperfield Architects in collaboration with Julian Harrap were awarded the European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture . The museum houses the Egyptian museum and papyrus collection with its famous bust of Queen Nefertiti and other works of art from the time of the king Akhenaten . Portions of another major collection, artifacts from
595-589: A mean particle size below about 12 μm (i.e., food grade— see below ). Although considered to be relatively low-risk, pesticides containing diatomaceous earth are not exempt from regulation in the United States under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and must be registered with the Environmental Protection Agency . Its thermal properties enable it to be used as
680-464: A natural anthelmintic (dewormer), although studies have not shown it to be effective. Some farmers add it to their livestock and poultry feed to prevent the caking of feed. "Food-Grade Diatomaceous Earth" is widely available in agricultural feed supply stores. Freshwater diatomite can be used as a growing medium in hydroponic gardens. It is also used as a growing medium in potted plants, particularly as bonsai soil. Bonsai enthusiasts use it as
765-852: A question of life after death or issues of beauty and other topics. Museum Island is referenced in the song "On the Museum Island" by folk artist Emmy the Great . The southern section of the island, south of Gertraudenstraße, is commonly referred to as Fischerinsel (Fisher Island) and is the site of a high-rise apartment development built when Mitte was part of East Berlin . 52°31′17″N 13°23′44″E / 52.52139°N 13.39556°E / 52.52139; 13.39556 Diatomaceous earth Diatomaceous earth ( / ˌ d aɪ . ə t ə ˈ m eɪ ʃ ə s / DY -ə-tə- MAY -shəs ), also known as diatomite ( / d aɪ ˈ æ t ə m aɪ t / dy- AT -ə-myte ), celite , or kieselguhr ,
850-422: A soil additive, or pot a bonsai tree in 100% diatomaceous earth. In vegetable gardening it is sometimes used as a soil conditioner , because like perlite , vermiculite , and expanded clay , it retains water and nutrients, while draining fast and freely, allowing high oxygen circulation within the growing medium. Natural dried, not calcinated diatomaceous earth is regularly used in livestock nutrition research as
935-457: A source of acid-insoluble ash (AIA), which is used as an indigestible marker. By measuring the content of AIA relative to nutrients in test diets and feces or digesta sampled from the terminal ileum (last third of the small intestine) the percentage of that nutrient digested can be calculated using the following equation: where: Natural freshwater diatomaceous earth is preferred by many researchers over chromic oxide, which has been widely used for
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#17328451723791020-442: A stabilizing component of dynamite , a thermal insulator , and a soil for potted plants and trees as in the art of bonsai . It is also used in gas chromatography packed columns made with glass or metal as stationary phase. Diatomaceous earth consists of the fossilized remains of diatoms that accumulated over millions of years. It usually comprises 80% to 90% silica, 2% to 4% alumina minerals, and 0.5% to 2% iron oxide, although
1105-472: A strung-out exhibition room for interdisciplinary presentations. The Archaeological Promenade may be characterized as a cross-total of the collections that are shown separately (in accordance with cultural regions, epochs, and art genres) in the individual museums of the Island. The Archaeological Promenade will address multi-focus topics that have occupied the human mind irrespective of time and cultural region, be it
1190-442: A wide variety of other rock types but lacustrine diatomites are almost always associated with volcanic rock. Diatomaceous chert consists of diatomite that has been cemented with silica. Diatoms are able to extract silica from water that is less than 1% saturated in amorphous silica (saturation index (SI): -2). Their frustules remain undissolved because they are surrounded by an organic matrix. Clay minerals may also precipitate on
1275-604: Is 80–90% silica , with 2–4% alumina (attributed mostly to clay minerals ), and 0.5–2% iron oxide . Diatomaceous earth consists of the fossilized remains of diatoms , a type of hard-shelled microalgae , that have accumulated over millions of years. It is used as a filtration aid, mild abrasive in products including metal polishes and toothpaste , mechanical insecticide , absorbent for liquids, matting agent for coatings, reinforcing filler in plastics and rubber, anti-block in plastic films, porous support for chemical catalysts, cat litter , activator in coagulation studies,
1360-534: Is a museum complex on the northern part of Spree Island in the historic heart of Berlin , Germany. It is one of the capital's most visited sights and one of the most important museum sites in Europe . Originally built from 1830 to 1930, initially by order of the Prussian Kings , according to plans by five architects, the Museum Island was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999 because of its testimony to
1445-469: Is a naturally occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock that can be crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. It has a particle size ranging from more than 3 mm to less than 1 μm , but typically 10 to 200 μm. Depending on the granularity , this powder can have an abrasive feel, similar to pumice powder, and has a low density as a result of its high porosity . The typical chemical composition of oven-dried diatomaceous earth
1530-418: Is as a very mild abrasive and has been used in toothpaste , metal polishes , and some facial scrubs. Diatomite is of value as an insecticide because of its abrasive and physico- sorptive properties. The fine powder adsorbs lipids from the waxy outer layer of the exoskeletons of many species of insects; this layer acts as a barrier that resists the loss of water vapour from the insect's body. Damaging
1615-502: Is available commercially in several formats: In 1866, Alfred Nobel discovered that nitroglycerin could be made much more stable if absorbed in diatomite ( kieselguhr in German). This allowed much safer transport and handling than pure nitroglycerin in liquid form. Nobel patented this mixture as dynamite in 1867; the mixture is also called guhr dynamite in reference to the kieselguhr. The Celle engineer, Wilhelm Berkefeld, recognized
1700-510: Is commonly used in lieu of boric acid and can be used to help control and possibly eliminate bed bugs , house dust mite , cockroach , ant , and flea infestations. Diatomaceous earth is widely applied for insect control in grain storage. It is used to control cannibalistic behaviors in confused flour beetles , which infest flour storages. In order to be effective as an insecticide, diatomaceous earth must be uncalcinated (i.e., it must not be heat-treated prior to application) and have
1785-489: Is dependent upon the age and paleoecology of the deposit. In turn, the shape of a diatom is determined by its species. Many deposits throughout British Columbia , such as Red Lake Earth, are from the Miocene epoch and contain a species of diatom known as Melosira granulata . These diatoms have a small globular shape. A deposit containing diatoms from this epoch can provide certain benefits over others. For example, diatoms from
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#17328451723791870-593: Is kept at the Pushkin Museum in Moscow . As for the city's major museums, it took much of the 1990s for a consensus to emerge that Museum Island's buildings should be restored and modernized, with General Director Wolf-Dieter Dube's cautious plan for their use finally approved in January 1999. Then, six months later, Peter-Klaus Schuster took over and set in motion a far more ambitious program intended to turn Museum Island into
1955-563: Is not lifted by the end of the year, the "Cube" cannot be completed in time. After the consolidation of the foundations and walls, the Neues building was reconstructed. This work was done within the framework of the Masterplan for Berlin's Museum Island, with a cost of approximately €295 million for the Neues Museum. The northwest wing and the south-east façade, which were completely destroyed in
2040-528: Is thus the "original source" of the collections in the Egyptian Museum of Berlin and the Ethnological Museum of Berlin . Moreover, the Neues Museum is an important monument in the history of construction and technology. With its various iron constructions, it is the first monumental building of Prussia to consistently apply new techniques made possible by industrialization. As a further innovation,
2125-453: Is used in chemistry as a filtration aid, to increase flow rate, and filter very fine particles that would otherwise pass through or clog filter paper . It is also used to filter water, particularly in the drinking water treatment process and in fish tanks , and other liquids, such as beer and wine. It can also filter syrups, sugar, and honey without removing or altering their color, taste, or nutritional properties. The oldest use of diatomite
2210-502: Is used in some home products where dryness or the ability to wick away moisture is critical. In particular there are bath mats made of DE which absorb water from the bather and allow it to spread the material and rapidly evaporate away. There are also spoons made of DE for scooping sugar and other hydroscopic kitchen ingredients. Certain species of bacteria in oceans and lakes can accelerate the rate of dissolution of silica in dead and living diatoms by using hydrolytic enzymes to break down
2295-526: The East German government, but it was halted after the fall of the Berlin Wall and German reunification . In the process historical parts of the building were lost. For instance, the last remnants of the Egyptian courtyard were eliminated. In 1997, planning for the reconstruction project was resumed and English architect David Chipperfield was officially appointed for the project. Sections and fragments of
2380-537: The Eocene epoch are not as effective in their ability to absorb fluids because as older diatoms recrystallize, their small pores become filled with silica. Diatomite forms by the accumulation of the amorphous silica ( opal , SiO 2 · n H 2 O ) remains of dead diatoms (microscopic single-celled algae ) in lake sediment or marine sediments . The fossil remains consist of a pair of symmetrical shells or frustules . Marine diatomites are found in association with
2465-769: The Southern California coast . This is the world's largest deposit of diatomite. Additional marine deposits have been worked in Maryland , Virginia , Algeria and the MoClay of Denmark. Freshwater lake deposits occur in Nevada, Oregon , Washington and California . Lake deposits also occur in interglacial lakes in the eastern United States, in Canada and in Europe in Germany, France, Denmark and
2550-589: The Stone Age and later prehistoric eras from the Museum of Pre- and Early History, are on display. Thus the collections of two Berlin museums have returned to their place of origin. The museum becomes part of the archaeological promenade: an underground passageway connecting all the buildings on the Museum Island, with the exception of the Alte Nationalgalerie . This includes the Neues Museum as an important part of
2635-405: The pediments , and also started cleaning the interiors, building the marble stairway steps and began work on the flooring. This work had progressed well in 1847 and the costly interior fittings could begin. The March revolution of 1848 led to delays in the construction work, which was however not completely interrupted at any time. As soon as the respective areas were completed, the installation of
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2720-506: The Bode, and a new annex, and Museum Island will present all art from the ancient civilizations to 1900. The James Simon Gallery , a $ 94 million visitors' center designed by the British architect David Chipperfield , is being built beside the Neues Museum. It will in turn be linked to the Neues, Altes, Pergamon and Bode Museums by an underground passageway decorated with archaeological objects. Once
2805-614: The Czech Republic. The worldwide association of diatomite deposits and volcanic deposits suggests that the availability of silica from volcanic ash may be necessary for thick diatomite deposits. Diatomaceous earth is sometimes found on desert surfaces. Research has shown that the erosion of diatomaceous earth in such areas (such as the Bodélé Depression in the Sahara ) is one of the most important sources of climate-affecting dust in
2890-718: The Museum Island Master Plan is completed, the so-called Archaeological Promenade will connect four of the five museums on the Museum Island. The Promenade will begin at the Old Museum in the south, lead through the New Museum and the Pergamon Museum and end at the Bode Museum, located at the northern tip of the Island. Before World War II, these museums were connected by bridge passages above ground; they were destroyed due to
2975-610: The Neues Museum is home to the Egyptian Museum ( Ägyptisches Museum ), the Papyrussammlung [ de ] , the Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte and parts of the Antikensammlung. As part of the Museum Island complex, the museum was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1999 because of its outstanding architecture and testimony to the evolution of museums as a cultural phenomenon. The Neues Museum
3060-662: The Neues Museum that was previously inaccessible. The architectural dialogue between the two buildings is now evident, representing the culmination of a process that began when the Neues Museum reopened in 2009. The contemporary architectural plan for the James Simon Galerie was also designed by David Chipperfield. 1) Greek Courtyard 2) Egyptian Courtyard 3) Main Vestibule 4) Patriotic Room 5) South Vestibule 6) Vaulted Room 7) Ethnographic Room 8) Room behind
3145-555: The ability of the diatomaceous earth to filter and developed tubular filters (known as filter candles) fired from diatomaceous earth. During the cholera epidemic in Hamburg in 1892, these Berkefeld filters were used successfully. One form of diatomaceous earth is used as a filter medium, especially for swimming pools. It has a high porosity because it is composed of microscopically small, hollow particles. Diatomaceous earth (sometimes referred to by trademarked brand names such as Celite)
3230-494: The adjacent areas of the ground floor, suspended ceilings were added to produce modern, neutral display rooms by covering the original decorations. The museum was closed at the beginning of World War II in 1939. The destruction in the war followed these internal destructions of the original museum layout. In the bombardments on 23 November 1943, the central stairway and its frescos were burned, along with other great treasures of human history. In February 1945, Allied bombs destroyed
3315-746: The architectural and cultural development of museums in the 19th and 20th centuries. It consists of the Altes Museum , the Neues Museum , the Alte Nationalgalerie , the Bode-Museum and the Pergamonmuseum . As the Museum Island designation includes all of Spree Island north of the Karl Liebknecht Boulevard, the historic Berlin Cathedral is also located there, next to the open Lustgarten park. To
3400-546: The atmosphere. The siliceous frustules of diatoms accumulate in fresh and brackish wetlands and lakes. Some peats and mucks contain a sufficient abundance of frustules such that they can be mined. Most of Florida's diatomaceous earths have been found in the muck of wetlands or lakes. The American Diatomite Corporation, from 1935 to 1946, refined a maximum of 145 tons per year from their processing plant near Clermont, Florida . Muck from several locations in Lake County, Florida
3485-408: The barrier material in some fire-resistant safes. It is also used in evacuated powder insulation for use with cryogenics. Diatomaceous earth powder is inserted into the vacuum space to aid in the effectiveness of vacuum insulation. It was used in the classical AGA cookers as a thermal heat barrier. Diatomaceous earth also finds some use as a support for catalysts , generally serving to maximize
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3570-407: The building site and the new technical devices. On 6 April 1843 when the ceremony of laying the cornerstone took place, the foundations, including the cellars , were already built. Construction of the walls was completed at the end of 1843, so that by 1844, the cornice and roof of the museum were completed. In 1845, iron constructions, the construction of flat vaulted ceilings and brick-lining of
3655-485: The building were taken out and put in storage. In June 2003 the Federal Government Commissioner for Cultural and Media Affairs [ de ] , Christina Weiss [ de ] , said on the occasion of the ceremony for the commencement of reconstruction of the museum that the master plan had "nearly squared the circle: to emphasize the buildings as a historical inheritance, to logically direct
3740-614: The calcined form had developed pneumoconiosis . Today's standard diatomaceous earth formulations are safer to use, as they are predominantly made up of amorphous silica and contain little or no crystalline silica. The crystalline silica content of diatomaceous earth is regulated in the United States by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). There are guidelines from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health that set maximum amounts allowable in
3825-627: The classical and ornate interiors of the Glyptothek and of the Alte Pinakothek in Munich were destroyed in World War II, the partly destroyed interior of the Neues Museum ranks among the last remaining examples of interior museum layout of this period in Germany. Construction of the Neues Museum began on 19 June 1841, under the auspices of a committee established by Frederick William IV , which included
3910-492: The collection began, until the museum was finally opened in 1855 to the public, although work on parts of the interior decoration, in particular the wall frescos in the stairway, continued until 1866. When the Neues Museum opened, there were the Egyptian, patriotic and ethnographic collections in the ground floor, while the collections of the plaster casts of Greek and Roman sculptures from antiquity and Byzantine , Romanesque , Gothic , Renaissance and Classic art works occupied
3995-511: The connecting gallery to the Altes Museum were completed. An auxiliary railway transported building materials from the street just west across the River Spree , Am Kupfergraben , to the steam engine-driven elevator. On the individual floors of the museum, rails were also used to transport construction materials. In 1846, the workers began work on the building's façade, apart from the sculptures in
4080-514: The corresponding development of museum architecture. Nearby: A first exhibition hall was erected in 1797 at the suggestion of the archaeologist Aloys Hirt . In 1822, Schinkel designed the plans for the Altes Museum to house the royal Antikensammlung , the arrangement of the collection was overseen by Wilhelm von Humboldt . The island, originally a residential area, was dedicated to "art and science" by King Frederick William IV of Prussia in 1841. Further extended under succeeding Prussian kings,
4165-472: The curator of the Royal Museums, Ignaz von Olfers, as well as Friedrich August Stüler. The king, with his cabinet, had already ordered that the construction project be assigned to Stüler on 8 March 1841. The poor quality of the ground at the building site became apparent quickly, when the workers discovered deposits of diatomaceous earth just below the surface. Therefore, a pile structure was necessary under
4250-414: The effects of the war. There have never been plans to rebuild them; instead, the central courts of individual museums will be lowered, which has already been done in the Bode Museum and in the New Museum. They will be connected by subterranean galleries. In a way, this archaeological promenade can be regarded as the sixth museum in the Island, because it is devised not only as a connecting corridor but also as
4335-532: The entire worldwide production of diatomaceous earth was from this region. In Poland diatomaceous earth deposits are found in Jawornik, and are composed mostly of diatomaceous skeletons (frustules). In Germany, diatomaceous earth was also extracted at Altenschlirf on the Vogelsberg ( Upper Hesse ) and at Klieken ( Saxony-Anhalt ). There is a layer of diatomaceous earth more than 6 meters (20 ft) thick in
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#17328451723794420-521: The first floor. The collection of etchings and engravings and the so-called art chamber ( Kunstkammer ), a collection of architectural models, furniture, clay, pottery and glass containers, and church articles shared the second floor, along with smaller works of art from the Middle Ages and modern times. The Ethnology Museum ( Völkerkundemuseum ), founded in 1873, moved to its own building in 1886 on Königgrätzer Straße (today Stresemannstraße; this building
4505-533: The flow of the host of visitors, and to make ready... a modern infrastructure." In January 2006, Chipperfield handed over his completed Museum of Modern Literature to the German Literature Archive in Marbach am Neckar ( Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach ). A new reception building for visitors to Museum Island, the "Cube", was also planned to be completed in 2009. The "Cube", which cost about €60 million,
4590-399: The frustules and protect them from dissolution in sea water. When the diatom dies, the frustule is stripped of its organic layer and exposed to sea water. As a result, only 1% to 10% of frustules survive long enough to be buried under sediments and some of this is dissolved within the sediments. Only an estimated 0.05% to 0.15% of the original amount of silica produced by diatoms is preserved in
4675-428: The ground floor housed the Egyptian collection again, while the areas in the first floor were occupied by the collection of etchings and engravings. From 1883 to 1887, an additional mezzanine level, which is not visible from the exterior, was added to the Neues Museum. The collection of plaster casts, a centerpiece of collections at the time of the construction, grew during the course of the 19th century to become one of
4760-407: The historical architectural context of the Museum Island. The building has been said to represent a lasting monument in stone for its first architect, Friedrich August Stüler, who wished that "the whole building should form a centre for the highest mental interests of the people, the likes of which no other capital would likely be able to exhibit." As originally built (see map below), the Neues Museum
4845-417: The layer increases the evaporation of water from their bodies, so that they dehydrate, often fatally. This also works against gastropods and is commonly employed in gardening to defeat slugs . However, since slugs inhabit humid environments, efficacy is very low. Diatomaceous earth is sometimes mixed with an attractant or other additives to increase its effectiveness. The shape of the diatoms contained in
4930-409: The lungs, causing silicosis . Amorphous silica is considered to have low toxicity, but prolonged inhalation causes lung changes. Diatomaceous earth is mainly amorphous silica but contains some crystalline silica, especially in the saltwater forms. In a 1978 study of workers, those exposed to natural diatomaceous earth for over five years had no significant lung changes while 40% of those exposed to
5015-472: The most extensive and most comprehensive cast collections. However, because of a change in curatorial priorities in favour of original works of art, it was handed over between 1916 and 1920 (with the exception of the largest statues) to the Berlin University , where it was destroyed to a large extent during World War II. In the halls of the first floor, the vase collection of the antique museum, as well as
5100-640: The museum as "one of the most important museum buildings in European cultural history". However, Chipperfield's construction design has been a subject of debate by those who preferred a more traditional reconstruction of Friedrich August Stüler 's original 19th-century design. A group called the Society of Ancient Berlin requested UNESCO in 2008 to put the Museum Island on the list of World Heritage Sites that are at danger of losing their status, seeing Chipperfield's architectural concept involving complete reconstructions as
5185-706: The museum's collections of art and archeology were turned into a public foundation after 1918. They are today maintained by the Berlin State Museums branch of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation . Museum Island further comprises the Lustgarten park and the Berlin Cathedral . Between the Bode and Pergamon Museums it is crossed by the Stadtbahn railway viaduct. The adjacent territory to
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#17328451723795270-621: The nature reserve of Soos in the Czech Republic. Deposits on the Isle of Skye , off the west coast of Scotland, were mined until 1960. In Colorado and in Clark County, Nevada , United States, there are deposits that are up to several hundred meters thick in places. Marine deposits have been worked in the Sisquoc Formation in Santa Barbara County, California near Lompoc and along
5355-471: The northwest wing as well as the connection to the Altes Museum and damaged the southwest wing as well as the south-east façade ( risalit ). In the post-war period, the ruin of the Neues Museum in the Soviet-occupied part of the city was left decaying for a long period of time. Other museums on Museum Island used the least damaged areas of the building for storage. Reconstruction work was started in 1986 by
5440-521: The organic algal material. The Earth's climate is affected by dust in the atmosphere , so locating major sources of atmospheric dust is important for climatology . Recent research indicates that surface deposits of diatomaceous earth play an important role. Research shows that significant dust comes from the Bodélé Depression in Chad , where storms push diatomite gravel over dunes , generating dust by abrasion . Inhalation of crystalline silica harms
5525-476: The papyrus collection of the Egyptian museum were installed. Changes in the ground floor, from 1919 to 1923, led for the first time to substantial changes in the original building. In the Greek courtyard, the apse was removed, the courtyard covered with a glass roof, and a new floor at the same height as the ground floor was added. Thus several rooms and cabinets for the display of the Amarna collection were created. In
5610-400: The precise composition of every deposit is different. Deposits may contain different amounts of silica depending on the sedimentation conditions , the presence of other sediments (clay, sand, volcanic ashes), and the age of the deposit ( diagenesis , silica (SiO 2 ) dissolution/precipitation, diatoms tests ageing). The species of diatom may also differ among deposits. The species of diatom
5695-411: The product (1%) and in the air near the breathing zone of workers, with a recommended exposure limit at 6 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. OSHA has set a permissible exposure limit for diatomaceous earth as 20 mppcf (80 mg/m /%SiO 2 ). At levels of 3,000 mg/m , diatomaceous earth is immediately dangerous to life and health. In the 1930s, long-term occupational exposure among workers in
5780-545: The renowned bust of Queen Nefertiti . The Altes Museum, the oldest on the island, displayed Greek and Roman art objects on its first floor and hold exhibitions on its second floor. The Bode Museum's paintings went from Late Byzantine to 1800. And, as now, the Alte Nationalgalerie will cover the 19th century. Once this process is completed, perhaps by 2020, the Gemäldegalerie's painting collection will be transferred to
5865-505: The same purpose, the latter being a known carcinogen and, therefore, a potential hazard to research personnel. Spent diatomaceous earth from the brewing process can be added to ceramic mass for the production of red bricks with higher open porosity. Diatomaceous earth is considered a very prominent inorganic non-metallic material that can be used for the production of various ceramics, including production of porous ceramics under low temperature hydrothermal technology. Diatomaceous earth
5950-572: The sedimentary record. In 1836 or 1837, German peasant Peter Kasten discovered diatomaceous earth (German: Kieselgur ) when sinking a well on the northern slopes of the Haußelberg hill, on Lüneburg Heath in North Germany . The extraction site on Lüneburg Heath was 1863–1994 Neuohe, while the storage sites were: The deposits are up to 28 meters (92 ft) thick and are all of freshwater diatomaceous earth. Until World War I , almost
6035-794: The south is the site of the former royal and imperial Berlin Palace and the Palace of the Republic . The Prussian collections became separated during the Cold War during the division of the city, but were reunited after German reunification , with the exception of some art and artifacts removed after World War II by Allied troops . These include the Priam's Treasure , also called the gold of Troy , excavated by Heinrich Schliemann in 1873, then smuggled out of Turkey to Berlin and smuggled out of Germany to Moscow. Today it
6120-598: The south of Liebknecht Boulevard, the reconstructed Berlin Palace houses the Humboldt Forum museum and opened in 2020. Also adjacent, across the west branch of the Spree is the German Historical Museum . Since German reunification , the Museum Island has been rebuilt and extended according to a master plan. In 2019, a new visitor center and art gallery, the James Simon Gallery (by a sixth architect),
6205-662: The stairs 9) Historical Room 10) Hypostyle 11) Egyptian Tombs Room 12) Mythological Room 13) Main Stairs 14 ) Bacchus Room 15) Roman Room 16) South Cupola Room 17) Connection to Altes Museum 18) Room of the Middle Ages 19) Bernward Room 20) Modern Room 21) Greek Room 22) Cabinet of Laocoön 23) Apollo Room 24) North Cupola Room 25) Nubian Room Museum Island The Museum Island ( German : Museumsinsel )
6290-416: The vast majority of animals that undergo ecdysis in shedding cuticle , such as arthropods or nematodes . It also may have other effects on lophotrochozoans , such as mollusks or annelids . Medical-grade diatomite has been studied for its efficacy as a deworming agent in cattle; in both studies cited the groups being treated with diatomaceous earth did not fare any better than control groups. It
6375-507: The war, have been reconstructed according to Chipperfield's plan, in a manner close to their original layout in the museum building. In March 2009, the museum briefly reopened to the public with its empty building; artifacts had not been installed at that time. On 16 October 2009, the museum officially reopened. At the reopening ceremony, the Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel described Chipperfield's work as "impressive and extraordinary" and
6460-413: The war. The artifacts it houses include the iconic bust of the Egyptian queen Nefertiti . Both as a part of the Museum Island complex and as an individual building, the museum testifies to the neoclassical architecture of museums in the 19th century. With its new industrialized building procedures and its use of iron construction, the museum plays an important role in the history of technology . Since
6545-500: The whole building, consisting of 2344 wooden foundation piles between 6.9 and 18.2 meters (23 and 60 ft) long. To ram the piles in, a 5-horsepower (3.7 kW) steam engine was used, whose power could be increased if necessary to 10 hp (7.5 kW). It drove the pumps that drained the building site, the elevators, and the mortar mixing machines. The newsletter of the Berlin Architecture Association reported on
6630-588: Was closed at the beginning of World War II in 1939, and was heavily damaged during the bombing of Berlin . The rebuilding was overseen by the English architect David Chipperfield . The museum officially reopened in October 2009 and received a 2010 RIBA European Award and the 2011 European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture . Exhibits include the Egyptian and Prehistory and Early History collections, as it did before
6715-606: Was destroyed in World War II). Connected with this were the removal of the Ethnographic collection, the collection of the patriotic antiquities, and part of the "art chamber" collection. The newly founded Museum of Arts and Crafts ( Kunstgewerbemuseum ) took possession of the remaining nearly 7,000 objects of the "art chamber" in 1875, and also moved to its own building, the Martin Gropius Bau , in 1881. The areas thus freed in
6800-747: Was dried and burned ( calcined ) to produce the diatomaceous earth. It was formerly extracted from Lake Mývatn in Iceland. The commercial deposits of diatomite are restricted to Tertiary or Quaternary periods. Older deposits from as early as the Cretaceous Period are known, but are of low quality. Diatomite deposits rich in fossils have been located in New Zealand, but mining of the Foulden Maar deposits on an industrial scale, for conversion to animal feed, has drawn strong opposition. Diatomaceous earth
6885-477: Was located in the center of the building, which was the highest section (31 m or 102 ft tall). The three main wings surround two interior courtyards, the Greek courtyard and the Egyptian courtyard. The northern Egyptian courtyard was covered with a glass ceiling from the beginning, but the southern Greek courtyard was first covered with a glass ceiling between 1919 and 1923. The James Simon Gallery , located on Museum Island, provides access to an area near
6970-614: Was nearly rectangular, with the long axis of the building (105 m or 344 ft) oriented north to south, parallel to Am Kupfergraben (the street to the west, across the River Spree), and a width of 40 meters (130 ft). The building is nearly perpendicular to the Altes Museum, with the Bodestraße between them. The bridge connecting the two museums (destroyed during World War II) was 6.9 m (23 ft) wide, 24.5 m (80 ft) long, and supported by three arches. The main stairway
7055-459: Was opened within the Museum Island heritage site. The Museum Island is so-called for the complex of internationally significant museums , all part of the Berlin State Museums , that occupy the Spree island's northern part. In 1999, the museum complex was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites because of its unique testimony to the evolution of museums as a social and cultural phenomena and
7140-427: Was the second museum to be built on Museum Island and was intended as an extension to house collections which could not be accommodated in the Altes Museum. Among these were collections of plaster casts , ancient Egyptian artifacts, the prehistoric and early historic collections ( Museum der vaterländischen Altertümer ), the ethnographic collection, and the collection of prints and drawings ( Kupferstichkabinett ). It
7225-478: Was under a planning freeze, which Chipperfield saw as endangering progress on the Neues Museum, according to ZDF , the Second German Television channel. In view of the total cost of the Museum Island master plan, estimated to be €1.5 billion, the controversy over the €60 million for the "Cube" appeared disproportionate not only to the architect. A March 2006 report on ZDF commented, "if the planning freeze
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