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38-608: The city was founded in 1958, near the "Old city" originally known as Karmana under the Emirate of Bukhara , under the name of the great poet and statesman Alisher Navoiy , who wrote in Persian and Chaghatai at the court of Emir Husein Boykara (or Husayn Bayqaro ) in Herat . Even though the town is very young, it has rich history in this area and its surroundings. The Great Silk Road went through

76-547: A cold desert climate ( Köppen BWk ), characterised by hot to sweltering and arid summers, alongside chilly winters with frequent light precipitation. Karmana Karmana ( Uzbek Cyrillic & Russian : Кармана ) is a rural-type settlement and seat of Karmana District in Navoiy Region in central Uzbekistan . The town population in 1989 was 16,767 people. The original name of Karmanа city translated from Sogdian meant "big palace". The city of Kermine

114-497: A monarch held his or her court, the selection, relocation, founding, or capture of a modern capital city is a highly symbolic event. For example: The capital city is usually but not always a primary target in a war, as capturing it usually guarantees capture of much of the enemy government, victory for the attacking forces, or at the very least demoralization for the defeated forces. In ancient China , where governments were massive centralized bureaucracies with little flexibility on

152-445: A compromise between two or more cities or other political divisions, historical reasons, or enough land was needed to deliberately build a new planned city for the capital. The majority of national capitals are also the largest city in their respective countries. Modern examples are Beijing , Berlin , Cairo , London , Madrid , Mexico City , Moscow , Paris , Rome , Jakarta , Metro Manila , Seoul , and Tokyo . Counties in

190-476: A distance of 800 meters from the highway E-40, 1,8 km from the cargo terminal of Navoiy Airport , connected to international railway routes towards countries of Europe (via Russia), South Asia (via China), Middle East and the Gulf (via Iran). The distance to the nearest water and gas distribution centres is 800 m, electrical station – 8 km. Navoiy has a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk ) bordering on

228-470: A matter of convention, and because all or almost all the country's central political institutions, such as government departments, supreme court, legislature, embassies, etc., are located in or near them. Many modern capital cities are located near the centre of the country, so that they are more accessible to its population and have better protection from possible invasions. (See also § Capitals in military strategy ) The location may also be based on

266-550: A period depending on the amount of direct investments: Management of the FIEZ will be by an Administrative Council which may select an international company to manage the zone on a contract basis. A FIEZ development fund aimed to support infrastructure development is also planned. 13 joint ventures operate in Navoi FIEZ which produce car components, ADSL modems, LED lamps, cosmetics, diapers, and other products. The Zone will be located at

304-548: A territory: Plymouth in Montserrat . There are several countries where, for various reasons, the official capital and seat of government are separated: Some historical examples of similar arrangements, where the recognized capital was not the official seat of government: With the rise of the modern nation-state , the capital city has become a symbol for the state and its government , and imbued with political meaning. Unlike medieval capitals, which were declared wherever

342-805: Is located at the center of Karmana town on Toshkent Street. Furthermore, the Navoiy Regional Road Safety Department, responsible for regional-level operations, is also situated within the boundaries of Karmana town . Sights and points of interest in Karmana include: In the southern part of Karmana town, there is a historical and ethnographic museum of the Navoiy region, established in 1992. Its exhibition includes artifacts collected from Karmana town and surrounding areas, such as ancient pottery , jewelry , clothing, textiles, household items, and more. The museum also houses replicas of local wildlife and

380-626: Is related to the enduring power of the city first as the capital of the Republic and the Empire , and later as the centre of the Catholic Church . In several English-speaking states , the terms county town and county seat are also used in lower administrative divisions . In some unitary states , subnational capitals may be known as 'administrative centres'. The capital is often the largest city of its constituent, though not always . Historically,

418-582: Is the case with Nanjing by Shanghai , Quebec City by Montreal , and several US state capitals . The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its capital city, as occurred at Babylon and Cahokia . "Political nomadism" was practiced in ancient Near East to increase ties between the ruler and the subjects. Although many capitals are defined by constitution or legislation, many long-time capitals have no such legal designation, including Bern , Edinburgh , Lisbon , London , Paris , and Wellington . They are recognized as capitals as

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456-529: Is usually not a separate national capital, but rather the capital city of one constituent nation will also be the capital of the state overall, such as London , which is the capital of England and of the United Kingdom. Similarly, each of the autonomous communities of Spain and regions of Italy has a capital city, such as Seville and Naples , while Madrid is the capital of the Community of Madrid and of

494-510: The Byzantine capital, Constantinople , Byzantine forces were able to regroup in several provinces; provincial noblemen managed to reconquer the capital after 60 years and preserve the empire for another 200 years after that. The British forces sacked various American capitals repeatedly during the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 , but American forces could still carry on fighting from

532-668: The Kingdom of Spain as a whole and Rome is the capital of Italy and of the region of Lazio . In the Federal Republic of Germany , each of its constituent states (or Länder , plural of Land ) has its own capital city, such as Dresden , Wiesbaden , Mainz , Düsseldorf , Stuttgart , and Munich , as do all of the republics of the Russian Federation . The national capitals of Germany and Russia (the Stadtstaat of Berlin and

570-510: The Latin word caput (genitive capitis ), meaning ' head ', later borrowed from Medieval Latin capitālis ('of the head'). The Latin phrase Roma Caput Mundi meaning 'Rome capital of the world' ( lit.   ' head of the world ' ) was already used by the poet Ovid in 1st century BC . It originates out of a classical European understanding of the known world : Europe , North Africa , and Southwest Asia . The phrase

608-455: The Navoiy city on December 12, 2003, and granted its own administrative status. While administratively under the jurisdiction of the Karmana district, certain locations within the town of Karmana are considered de jure as part of Navoiy City. These locations include: The former Navoiy Pedagogical and Service College (formerly known as Navoiy Pedagogical College), is situated within Karmana town. The "Navoiy Avtoshohbekat" (Navoiy Car Market),

646-524: The United Kingdom have historic county towns, which are often not the largest settlement within the county and often are no longer administrative centres, as many historical counties are now only ceremonial, and administrative boundaries are different. The number of new capitals in the world increased substantially since the Renaissance period, especially with the founding of independent nation-states since

684-513: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Naypyidaw was founded in Burma 's interior as the former capital, Rangoon , was claimed to be overcrowded. A few nation-states have multiple capitals, and there are also several states that have no capital. Some have a city as the capital but with most government agencies elsewhere. There is also a ghost town which is currently the de jure capital of

722-488: The federal city of Moscow ) are also constituent states of both countries in their own right. Each of the states of Austria and cantons of Switzerland also have their own capital cities. Vienna , the national capital of Austria , is also one of the states, while Bern is the ( de facto ) capital of both Switzerland and of the Canton of Bern . Governing entities sometimes plan, design and build new capital cities to house

760-478: The 44 material and cultural heritage objects that remain in the Karmana district, there are 5 architectural monuments, 1 monumental art monument, and 1 historically significant site located within the town of Karmana. Capital city This is an accepted version of this page A capital city or just capital is the municipality holding primary status in a country , state , province , department , or other subnational division , usually as its seat of

798-696: The capital has been changed for geopolitical reasons; Finland 's first city, Turku , which had served as the country's capital since the Middle Ages under the Swedish rule, lost its position during the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812, when Helsinki was made the current capital of Finland by the Russian Empire. The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal. Traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals as

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836-462: The citadel, behind the fortress wall. Neither the citadel nor the palace in the emir's citadel have survived to our days. During World War II , in 1942, the 7th Infantry Division of the Polish Anders' Army was stationed and organized in Karmana, before it was evacuated from Uzbekistan to fight against Nazi Germany . There is a Polish military cemetery in Karmana. Karmana was separated from

874-456: The clergy and after his removal permanently from his capital to the city of Kermine. Said Abd al-Ahad Khan spent most of his time in Kermine and was buried there. Kermine had a quadrangular citadel - urda with an area of 1.5 square versts (1.7 km ). The last Bukhara emirs had two palaces in Kermine. One of them, the summer palace, was located outside the villages, and the second - inside

912-484: The eighteenth century. In Canada , there is a federal capital , while the ten provinces and three territories each have capital cities. The states of such countries as Mexico , Brazil (including the famous cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , capitals of their respective states), and Australia also each have capital cities. For example, the six state capitals of Australia are Adelaide , Brisbane , Hobart , Melbourne , Perth , and Sydney . In Australia,

950-401: The government . A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the government's offices and meeting places; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution . In some jurisdictions , including several countries, different branches of government are in different settlements, sometimes meaning multiple official capitals. In some cases, a distinction is made between

988-534: The great crisis of Japanese invasion . National capitals were arguably less important as military objectives in other parts of the world, including the West, because of socioeconomic trends toward localized authority, a strategic modus operandi especially popular after the development of feudalism and reaffirmed by the development of democratic and capitalistic philosophies. In 1204, after the Latin Crusaders captured

1026-465: The local inhabitants. Later, it was rebuilt and again became a major city in the 15th century. Since the 16th century, the city of Kermine was part of the Bukhara Khanate and was the administrative center of the Kermine bekdom. In the last period of the Middle Ages, Kermine was turned into a bekdom with special advantage after a major clash between Said Abd al-Ahad Khan and influential members of

1064-417: The major economic centre of a state or region has often become the focal point of political power, and became a capital through conquest or federation . Historical examples are ancient Babylon , ancient Athens , ancient Rome , Abbasid Baghdad , Constantinople , Chang'an , and ancient Cusco . The modern capital city has not always existed: in medieval Western Europe, an itinerant (wandering) government

1102-510: The official ( constitutional ) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place . English-language news media often use the name of the capital city as an alternative name for the government of the country of which it is the capital, as a form of metonymy . For example, the "relations between London and Washington " refers to the " relations between the United Kingdom and the United States ". The word capital derives from

1140-459: The provincial level, a dynasty could easily be toppled with the fall of its capital. In the Three Kingdoms period, both Shu and Wu fell when their respective capitals of Chengdu and Jianye fell. The Ming dynasty relocated its capital from Nanjing to Beijing , where they could more effectively control the generals and troops guarding the borders from Mongols and Manchus . The Ming

1178-597: The purest golds in the world. The enterprise NavoiyAzot is the largest producer of mineral fertilizers in the country. The Navoi Free Industrial Economic Zone (FIEZ) with special conditions for foreign investments was created in Navoi Region of Uzbekistan, nearby Navoiy International Airport . It is due to operate for 30 years. Businesses in FIEZ enjoy favourable customs, currency and tax regulations and simplified procedures for entry, stay and obtaining of work permit for non-resident citizens. They are exempt from taxes for

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1216-431: The region in ancient times. Archeological research in the area has also produced findings of numerous traces of Ancient Saki, Khorezm and Baktriya cultures. Navoiy Region has large stocks of natural gas and deposits of precious metals, as well as large stocks of raw materials for production of construction materials. Among enterprises there are Navoi and Zarafshan Gold Mining and Metallurgical Complexes, which extract one of

1254-424: The seat of government of a polity or of a subdivision. Deliberately planned and designed capitals include: These cities satisfy one or both of the following criteria: Some examples of the second situation (compromise locations) are: Changes in a nation's political regime sometimes result in the designation of a new capital. Akmola (renamed Astana in 1998) became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997, following

1292-606: The term "capital cities" is regularly used to refer to those six state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra , and Darwin , the capital of the Northern Territory . Abu Dhabi is the capital city of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and also of the United Arab Emirates overall. In unitary states which consist of multiple constituent nations, such as the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Denmark , each will usually have its own capital city. Unlike in federations , there

1330-450: The works of local artists. During the Soviet era, there was a cinema in Karmana named "Zarafshon." It operated during the early years of Uzbekistan's independence but was later repurposed for special events and no longer functioned as a regular cinema. Although Karmana town is famous for its historical significance, there are very few well-preserved historical sites in the town itself. Out of

1368-791: Was common. The capital city attracts politically motivated people and those whose skills are needed for efficient administration of national or imperial governments, such as lawyers , political scientists , bankers , journalists , and public policy makers . Some of these cities are or were also religious centres , e.g. Constantinople (more than one religion), Rome / Vatican City (the Roman Catholic Church ), Jerusalem (more than one religion), Babylon, Moscow (the Russian Orthodox Church ), Belgrade (the Serbian Orthodox Church ), Paris, and Beijing. In some countries,

1406-614: Was destroyed when Li Zicheng took their seat of power, and this pattern repeats itself in Chinese history, until the fall of the traditional Confucian monarchy in the 20th century. After the Qing dynasty 's collapse, decentralization of authority and improved transportation and communication technologies allowed both the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists to rapidly relocate capitals and keep their leadership structures intact during

1444-435: Was one of the famous medieval cities of Central Asia . According to the 10th century author Narshakhi , Kermine was the birthplace of many literati and poets . There was a saying that the city of Kermine was called Badgia-i-hurdak ("pitcher") in ancient times. In the 12th century, the city of Kermine was captured and destroyed by Khwarazmshah , Il-Arslan (1156-1172) in the course of military actions and resistance by

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