94-574: The Khanate of Bukhara (or Khanate of Bukhoro ) was an Uzbek state in Central Asia from 1501 to 1785, founded by the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty, a branch of the Shaybanids . From 1533 to 1540, Bukhara briefly became its capital during the reign of Ubaidullah Khan . The Khanate reached its greatest extent and influence under its penultimate Abu'l-Khayrid ruler, the scholarly Abdullah Khan II (r. 1557–1598). In
188-587: A Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia , being among the largest Turkic ethnic groups in the area. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan , next to Kazakh and Karakalpak minorities, and also form minority groups in Afghanistan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , Russia , and China . Uzbek diaspora communities also exist in Turkey , Saudi Arabia , United States , Ukraine , Pakistan , and other countries. The origin of
282-617: A Caucasus component (~35–40%), and a (Northern) European component (~5–20%), the Uzbeks eastern ancestry includes an Eastern Asian component (~35%), and a (Central and East) Siberian component (~5–20%). The best proxy for their western ancestry are modern day Abkhaz people , while the best proxy for their eastern ancestry are Yakuts (or alternatively, Tuvans ). A study on modern Central Asians comparing them to ancient historical samples found that Uzbeks can be modeled as 48.8–65.1% Iron Age Indo-Iranians , and 34.9–51.2% Eastern Steppe Xiongnu , from
376-558: A Turkic ruler were discovered. The dominance of Ghazna was curtailed, however, when the Seljuks led themselves into the western part of the region, conquering the Ghaznavid territory of Khorazm (also spelled Khorezm and Khwarazm). The Seljuks also defeated the Qarakhanids, but did not annex their territories outright. Instead they made the Qarakhanids a vassal state. The Seljuks dominated
470-584: A Turkic ruling group in the region, other Turkic tribes began to migrate to Transoxiana. The first of the Turkic states in the region was the Persianate Ghaznavid Empire , established in the last years of the 10th century. The Ghaznavid state, which captured Samanid domains south of the Amu Darya , was able to conquer large areas of Iran, Afghanistan , and northern India apart from Central Asia, during
564-475: A few surviving to tell the tale. In 1801 an army was sent toward Khiva but was recalled when Paul I was murdered. In the Khivan campaign of 1839 Perovsky tried an attack from Orenburg . The weather was unusually cold and he was forced to turn back after losing many men and most of his camels. Khiva was finally conquered by the Khivan campaign of 1873 . The Russians installed Sayyid Muhammad Rahim Bahadur Khan II as
658-638: A library "having no equal" the world over. The prominent scholar Sultan Mirak Munshi worked there from 1540. The gifted calligrapher Mir Abid Khusaini produced masterpieces of Nastaliq and Rayhani script . He was a brilliant miniature-painter, master of encrustation, and was the librarian ( kitabdar ) of Bukhara's library. Golden Horde (Before Islamization) Golden Horde (After Islamization) White Horde Bukhara Khanate Uzbeks The Uzbeks ( Uzbek : Oʻzbek , Ўзбек , اۉزبېک , plural: Oʻzbeklar , Ўзбеклар , اۉزبېکلر ) are
752-484: A majority of Uzbeks belong to West Eurasian maternal haplogroups, while considerably fewer belong to East Eurasian and South Asian haplogroups. In the southern part of Central Asia , there was a Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, which has recently been dated to c. 2250–1700 BC. That name is the modern archaeological designation for a Bronze Age civilization of Central Asia, previously dated to c. 2400–1900 BC by Sandro Salvatori. Iranian nomads arrived from
846-490: A peace treaty was signed that established Khiva as a quasi-independent Russian protectorate . The conquest ended the Khivan slave trade . After the conquest of what is now Turkmenistan (1884) the protectorates of Khiva and Bukhara were surrounded by Russian territory. The first significant settlement of Europeans in the Khanate was a group of Mennonites who migrated to Khiva in 1882. The German-speaking Mennonites had come from
940-478: A wide area from Asia Minor to the western sections of Transoxiana in the 11th century. The Seljuk Empire then split into states ruled by various local Turkic and Iranian rulers. The culture and intellectual life of the region continued unaffected by such political changes, however. Turkic tribes from the north continued to migrate into the region during this period. The power of the Seljuks however became diminished when
1034-550: Is said to have been the last proper Arabshahid. Khan Ilbars (1728–40) was a Shibanid ruler, son of Shakhniyaz khan who unwisely killed some Persian ambassadors. In a repeat of the Shah Ismail story, Nadir Shah conquered Khiva, beheaded Ilbars and freed some 12,000–20,000 slaves. Next year the Persian garrison was slaughtered, but the rebellion was quickly suppressed. Persian pretensions ended with Nadir's murder in 1747. After 1746,
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#17328554185171128-610: The Abbasid Caliphate , which ruled the Arab world for five centuries beginning in 750, was established thanks in great part to assistance from Central Asian supporters in their struggle against the then-ruling Umayyad Caliphate . During the height of the Abbasid Caliphate in the 8th and 9th centuries, Central Asia and Mawarannahr experienced a truly golden age. Bukhara became one of the leading centers of learning, culture, and art in
1222-738: The House of Mihrān , one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran . In governing their territory, the Samanids modeled their state organization after the Abbasids , mirroring the caliph 's court and organization. They were rewarded for supporting the Abbasids in Transoxania and Khorasan , and with their established capitals located in Bukhara , Balkh , Samarkand , and Herat , they carved their kingdom after defeating
1316-504: The Kalmyks , who left laden with plunder. Disorder was ended by Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (1643–1663) who twice defeated the Kalmyks and wrote a history of Central Asia. His son Anusha (1663–1685) presided over a period of urban growth until he was deposed and blinded. From 1695, Khiva was for some years a vassal of Bukhara which appointed two khans. Shir Gazi Khan (1714–1727), who was killed by slaves,
1410-572: The Khorezm SSR ) was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva, before it was finally incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1924, with the former khanate divided between the new Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, these became Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan respectively. Today, the area that was the khanate has a mixed population of Uzbeks , Karakalpaks , Turkmens , and Kazakhs . Data on
1504-575: The Mongolian Plateau . Based on the research of several studies, the paternal lineages of Uzbeks have been described: According to a 2010 study, slightly more than 50% of Uzbeks from Tashkent belong to East Eurasian and South Asian maternal haplogroups , while nearly 50% belong to West Eurasian haplogroups. A majority of Uzbeks from Ferghana belong to East Eurasian and South Asian maternal haplogroups, while considerably fewer belong to West Eurasian haplogroups. In Khorzem and Qashkadarya,
1598-679: The Parthian and Sassanid Empires. In the first centuries, the northern territories of modern Uzbekistan were part of the Kangju nomad state. With the arrival of the Greeks, writing based on the Greek alphabet began to spread on the territory of Bactria and Sogdiana. As a result of archaeological research on the territory of Sogdiana and Bactria, fragments of pottery with Greek inscriptions have been found. In 2nd century BC China began to develop its silk trade with
1692-564: The Qongrat tribe became increasingly powerful and appointed puppet khans. Their power was formalized as the Qongrat dynasty by Iltuzar Khan in 1804. Khiva flourished under Muhammad Rahim Khan (1806–1825) and Allah Quli Khan (1825–1840) and then declined. After Muhammad Amin Khan was killed trying to retake Sarakhs on March 19, 1855, there was a long Turkmen rebellion (1855–1867). In the first two years of
1786-737: The Russian conquest at the second half of the 19th century. In 1873, the Khanate of Khiva was greatly reduced in size and became a Russian protectorate . The other regional protectorate that lasted until the Revolution was the Emirate of Bukhara . Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 , Khiva had a revolution too, and in 1920 the Khanate was replaced by the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic . In 1924,
1880-568: The Saffarids . The Samanid Empire was the first native Persian dynasty to arise after the Muslim Arab conquest. The four grandsons of the dynasty's founder, Saman Khuda , had been rewarded with provinces for their faithful service to the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun : Nuh obtained Samarkand ; Ahmad, Fergana ; Yahya, Shash; and Elyas, Herat . Ahmad's son Nasr became governor of Transoxania in 875, but it
1974-581: The Shaybanid Uzbek Khaqanate that finally shaped the Turkic language and identity of modern Uzbeks, while the unique grammatical and phonetical features of the Uzbek language as well as the modern Uzbek culture reflect the more ancient Iranian roots of the Uzbek people. Uzbeks share a large portion of their ancestry with nearby Turkic populations, including Kyrgyz people , Uyghurs , Kazakhs and Bashkirs . The western ancestry of Uzbeks includes
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#17328554185172068-553: The Syr Darya . The Empire's military superiority was such that Khiva and the other Central Asian principalities, Bukhara and Kokand , had no chance of repelling the Russian advance, despite years of fighting. In 1873, after Russia conquered the great cities of Tashkent and Samarkand , General Von Kaufman launched an attack on Khiva consisting of 13,000 infantry and cavalry. The city of Khiva fell on 10 June 1873 and, on 12 August 1873,
2162-575: The Volga region and the Molotschna colony under the leadership of Claas Epp Jr. The Mennonites played an important role in modernizing the Khanate in the decades prior to the October Revolution by introducing photography, resulting in the development of Uzbek photography and filmmaking, more efficient methods for cotton harvesting, electrical generators, and other technological innovations. After
2256-530: The Zarafshan Valley , Kulab , Jizzakh , and Ura Tepe . Within three years he was also able to subdue Zamin , Panjkent , and Falgar . Although Muhammad Rakhim Khan was not a descendant of Genghis Khan, through tough politics and good organization, he was able to achieve recognition of his power, ascend the throne and even take the title of Khan. Rahim Bi had to suppress the power of the local chieftains. He attacked Turghai Murad Burqut, ruler of Nurota and
2350-730: The vassal ruler of the region. The conquest of Khiva was part of the Russian conquest of Turkestan . British attempts to deal with this were called the Great Game . One of the reasons for the 1839 attack was the increasing number of Russian slaves held at Khiva. To remove this pretext Britain launched its own effort to free the slaves. Major Todd, the senior British political officer stationed in Herat (in Afghanistan ) dispatched Captain James Abbott , disguised as an Afghan, on 24 December 1839, for Khiva. Abbott arrived in late January 1840 and, although
2444-541: The 17th and 18th centuries, the Khanate was ruled by the Janid dynasty (Astrakhanids or Toqay Timurids). They were the last Genghisid descendants to rule Bukhara. In 1740, it was conquered by Nader Shah , the Shah of Iran . After his death in 1747, the khanate was controlled by the non-Genghisid descendants of the Uzbek emir Khudayar Bi, through the prime ministerial position of ataliq . In 1785, his descendant, Shah Murad , formalized
2538-507: The 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in the October Revolution , anti-monarchists and Turkmen tribesmen joined forces with the Bolsheviks at the end of 1919 to depose the khan. By early February 1920, the Khivan army under Junaid Khan was completely defeated. On 2 February 1920, Khiva's last Kungrad khan, Sayid Abdullah , abdicated and a short-lived Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (later
2632-729: The 7th–8th centuries: kagan, tapaglig eltabir, tarkhan, tudun, the names Kutlug Tapaglig Bilga savuk, Kara-tongi, Tongaspar, Turkic ethnic names: halach, Turk. During the excavations of the Sogdian Penjikent, a fragment of a draft letter in the Sogdian language was discovered, in the text of which there is a Turkic name Turkash The Turkic population of the Fergana Valley had their own runic writing. The Turkic rulers of Ferghana, Tokharistan , Bukhara and Chach issued their own coins. The Turkic population of certain regions of Central Asia in
2726-479: The Bukhara Khanate dates back to the beginning of the 17th century. But the real growth of their power occurred after the appointment in 1712 of Khudayar-biy Manghit to the post of ataliq. His son Muhammad Hakim-biy took the post of divanbegi at the court of Abulfayz Khan. In 1715–1716, Khudayar-biy was removed from his post at the initiative of Ibrahim-parvanachi from the Uzbek family of keneges. In 1719–1720, after
2820-620: The Central Asian Turkic literary language, is currently kept in the Topkapi manuscript collection in Istanbul. The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work: "Bahr ul-Khudo", written in the Central Asian Turkic literary language in 1508, is located in London. Muhammad Shibani wrote poetry under the pseudonym "Shibani". He wrote a prose work called Risale-yi maarif-i Shibani. It was written in
2914-589: The Central Asian interfluve has been increasing. At this time, a military system was created, in which the influence of the Turkic military was strong. In the 9th century, the continued influx of nomads from the northern steppes brought a new group of people into Central Asia. These people were the Turks who lived in the great grasslands stretching from Mongolia to the Caspian Sea . Introduced mainly as slave soldiers to
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3008-547: The Khan was suspicious of his identity, he succeeded in talking the Khan into allowing him to carry a letter for the Tsar regarding the slaves. He left on 7 March 1840, for Fort Alexandrovsk , and was subsequently betrayed by his guide, robbed, then released when the bandits realized the origin and destination of his letter. His superiors in Herat , not knowing of his fate, sent another officer, Lieutenant Richmond Shakespear , after him. Shakespear had more success than Abbott: he convinced
3102-467: The Khivan Khans is sparse and sometimes contradictory, especially for the minor khans. Names and dates from Bregel/Muniz which probably gives the best modern scholarship. Short biographies are from Howarth's 1880 book which is old but has biographies of most of the khans. According to Howorth, the ancestors of Ilbars were Arabshah, Haji Tuli, Timur Sheikh, Yadigar Khan, Bereke, Ilbars. Arabshah's brother
3196-503: The Khorazm shah Kutbeddin Muhammad and his son, Muhammad II , Transoxiana continued to be prosperous and rich while maintaining the region's Perso-Islamic identity. However, a new incursion of nomads from the north soon changed this situation. This time the invader was Genghis Khan with his Mongol armies. The Mongol invasion of Central Asia is one of the turning points in the history of
3290-596: The Kidarites, made in the 5th century in Samarkand , has a Bactrian inscription containing the title of the ruler: "Oglar Khun", of Turkic origin. Since the entry of Central Asia into the Turkic Khaganate (6th century), the process of Turkicization has intensified. In subsequent centuries, the main ethnocultural process that took place on the territory of the Central Asian interfluve was the convergence and partial merging of
3384-708: The Miyankal province between Samarqand and Bukhara. The latter was forced to accept Bukharan sovereignty. In 1753 Rahim Bi attacked Urgut and subjugated Shahr-i Sabz , Hissar, and Kulab. In 1754 he successfully incorporated Khujand , Tashkent , and Turkestan into the khanate. In November 1762, Bukharan armies conquered the town of Charjuy and subdued the Turkmen. Muhammad Shibani was fond of poetry, and Turkic language collections of his poetry are extant today. There are sources that Muhammad Shibani wrote poetry in both Turkic and Persian. The "Divan" of Muhammad Shibani's poems, written in
3478-521: The Muslim world, its magnificence rivaling contemporaneous cultural centers such as Baghdad , Cairo , and Cordoba . Some of the greatest historians, scientists, and geographers in the history of Islamic culture were natives of the region. As the Abbasid Caliphate began to weaken and local Islamic Iranian states emerged as the rulers of Iran and Central Asia, the Persian language continued its preeminent role in
3572-571: The Samanid amir, Ismail Samani , a letter urging him to fight Amr-i Laith and the Saffarids whom the caliph considered usurpers. According to the letter, the caliph stated that he prayed for Ismail who the caliph considered as the rightful ruler of Khorasan . The letter had a profound effect on Ismail, as he was determined to oppose the Saffarids. Since the 9th century, the Turkization of the population of
3666-411: The Samanid dynasty, these Turks served in the armies of all the states of the region, including the Abbasid army. In the late 10th century, as the Samanids began to lose control of Transoxiana (Mawarannahr) and northeastern Iran, some of these soldiers came to positions of power in the government of the region, and eventually established their own states, albeit highly Persianized . With the emergence of
3760-628: The Seljuk Sultan Ahmed Sanjar was defeated by the Kara-Khitans at the Battle of Qatwan in 1141. Turkic words and terms characteristic of the literature of the 11th century are used in the modern Bukhara dialect of the Uzbeks. In the late 12th century, a Turkic leader of Khorazm, which is the region south of the Aral Sea, united Khorazm, Transoxiana, and Iran under his rule. Under the rule of
3854-518: The Shibani-nama, while the, Tawarikh-i Guzida-yi Nusrat-nama , was sponsored by the Khan himself. The Khan also inspired two Persian histories by Bina'i and Shadi, while patronizing the translations of six works from Persian into Chaghatai. In the Abu'l-Khayrid era in the Bukhara Khanate, Agha-i Buzurg or "Great Lady" was a famous scholarly woman- Sufi (she died in 1522–23), she was also called "Mastura Khatun". Abd al-Aziz Khan (1540–1550) established
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3948-616: The Turkic-Chagatai language in 1507 shortly after his capture of Khorasan and is dedicated to his son, Muhammad Timur-Sultan (the manuscript is kept in Istanbul). Ubaydullah Khan was a very educated person, he skillfully recited the Koran and provided it with comments in the Turkic language, was a gifted singer and musician. The formation of the most significant court literary circle in Maverannahr in
4042-547: The West. Because of this trade on what became known as the Silk Route , Bukhara and Samarkand eventually became extremely wealthy cities, and at times Mawarannahr (Transoxiana) was one of the most influential and powerful Persian provinces of antiquity. In 350–375 AD, Sogdiana and Tashkent oasis were captured by the nomadic Xionite tribes who arrived from the steppe regions of Central Asia. The First Turkic Khaganate and migration of
4136-536: The area was formally incorporated into the Soviet Union and today it is largely a part of Karakalpakstan , Xorazm Region in Uzbekistan , and Daşoguz Region of Turkmenistan . The terms "Khanate of Khiva" and "Khivan Khanate", by which the polity is commonly known in Western scholarship, are a calque that derive from the Russian exonym : Хивинское ханство , romanized : Khivinskoe khanstvo . The term
4230-455: The armies of Genghis Khan were led by Mongols, they were made up mostly of Turkic tribes that had been incorporated into the Mongol armies as the tribes were encountered in the Mongols' southward sweep. As these armies settled in Mawarannahr, they intermixed with the local populations which did not flee. Another effect of the Mongol conquest was the large-scale damage the soldiers inflicted on cities such as Bukhara and on regions such as Khorazm. As
4324-399: The army. In 1506 he died, being succeeded by his two sons (Badi' al-Zaman Mirza and Muzaffar Husayn Mirza). Despite their differences, they agreed to jointly field an army against the Uzbeks. They assembled their forces along the Murghab River , allying with Babur to crush Muhammad Shibani. In 1506 Shibani captured Balkh, and the allied Timurid force disintegrated on its own. Finally in 1507 he
4418-427: The assassination of Abulfayz Khan, the actual power was completely in the hands of Muhammad Rahim. Until 1756, the nominal rulers were the Ashtarkhanid babies Abdulmumin Khan (1747–1751), Ubaydallah Khan III (1751–1754) and Abulgazi Khan (1754–1756). Muhammad Rahim himself married the daughter of Abulfayz Khan. Under Mohammad Rahim Bi, the Bukhara Khanate was able to expand to the regions of Hissar , Samarqand , Urgut ,
4512-465: The campaigns of the Mongols, after the beginning of the Chingizid rule, bilingualism became more common. It is generally believed that these ancient Indo-European-speaking peoples were linguistically assimilated by smaller but dominant Turkic-speaking groups while the sedentary population finally adopted the Persian language , the traditional lingua franca of the eastern Islamic lands. The language-shift from Middle Iranian to Turkic and New Persian
4606-487: The capital to be moved south to Khiva from Konye-Urgench . Although based in the Oxus delta, the Khanate usually controlled most of what is now Turkmenistan . The population consisted of agriculturalists along the river, the Turkic Sarts , and nomads or semi-nomads away from the river. It is arbitrary to anachronistically project modern ethnic and national identifications, largely based on Soviet national delimitation policies, on pre-modern societies. The settled population
4700-410: The city of Merv in 1510. Khorasan and Khwarazm were conquered by Iran and Samarqand was briefly lost to Babur in 1512. However, he was unable to establish his presence there for long and soon the Uzbeks were able to reclaim their lost territory. However, Khwarazm permanently became independent, becoming the Khanate of Khiva . It was ruled by the Arabshahids, another branch of the Shibanids. Khwarazm
4794-423: The collective name for its inhabitants. See Khwarazm , the local name of the region. After the capital was moved to Khiva , Khwarazm came to be called the Khanate of Khiva (the state had always referred to itself as Khwarazm, the Khanate of Khiva as a name was popularized by Russian historians in honor of its capital, Khiva). Some time around 1600, the Daryaliq or west branch of the Oxus dried up causing
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#17328554185174888-412: The conflict between the two was the Battle of Sar-i Pul in the spring of 1501, which resulted in Babur's defeat. In 1505 Muhammad Shibani took Urgench after a 10-month siege, resulting in the annexation of Khwarazm. The ruler of Herat, Sultan Husayn Bayqara , attempted to launch a campaign to Transoxiana but it proved to be abortive. When he decided to take the field, he was no longer capable of leading
4982-547: The country from war and strengthening his power. He had five sons: Muhammad Badal-biy, Kurban-mirahur (died in 1733), Muhammad Rahim, Yav Kashti-biy, Barat-sultan. His third son, Muhammad Rahim, joined Nadir Shah and participated in his further campaigns. Since 1740, the actual power in the Bukhara Khanate was in the hands of the last ataliqs from the Uzbek clan Manghit, Muhammad Hakim-biy (1740–1743), Muhammad Rakhim (1745–1753) and Daniyal-biy (1758–1785). The Bukhara khans turned out to be completely dependent on them. In 1747, after
5076-413: The cultural development of the Turkic culture. In the late 10th–early 11th century for the first time in the history of the Turkic peoples, Tafsir (commentary on the Koran) was translated into the Turkic language. The founder of the Western Karakhanid Kaganate, Ibrahim Tamgach Khan (1040–1068), for the first time erected a madrasah in Samarkand with state funds and supported the development of culture in
5170-400: The desire to spread their new faith, Islam , the official beginning of which was in AD 622. Because of these factors, the population of Mawarannahr was easily subdued. The new religion brought by the Arabs spread gradually into the region. The native religious identities, which in some respects were already being displaced by Persian influences before the Arabs arrived, were further displaced in
5264-421: The districts of Qarakul , Wardanzi , Wabkent , and Ghijduwan were under the new Bukharan khan, Abu'l-Fayz. Other sources report that his authority didn't stretch beyond the Bukharan citadel. The Ashtarkhanids were replaced by the Uzbek Manghit dynasty , whose members ruled Bukhara until 1920. The beginning of the strengthening of the political influence of representatives of the Uzbek Manghit aristocracy in
5358-480: The early Middle Ages had their own urban culture and used the proper Turkic terms, for example, baliq, which meant city. The Turks had a great influence in the development of the armament of the Sogdians. The Turks are depicted in the wall paintings of ancient Samarkand. The conquest of Central Asia by Muslim Arabs , which was completed in the 8th century AD, brought to the region a new religion that continues to be dominant. The Arabs first invaded Mawarannahr in
5452-536: The ensuing centuries. Nevertheless, the destiny of Central Asia as an Islamic region was firmly established by the Arab victory over the Chinese armies in 750 in a battle at the Talas River . Despite brief Arab rule, Central Asia successfully retained much of its Iranian characteristic, remaining an important center of culture and trade for centuries after the adoption of the new religion. Mawarannahr continued to be an important political player in regional affairs, as it had been under various Persian dynasties. In fact,
5546-470: The family's dynastic rule ( Manghit dynasty), and the khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara . The Manghits were non-Genghisid and took the Islamic title of Emir instead of Khan since their legitimacy was not based on descent from Genghis Khan. The first dynasty to rule the khanate was the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty, which reigned from 1501 until 1598. They were a branch of the Shibanids and claimed descent from Genghis Khan through his son Jochi. The ancestor of
5640-417: The famous historians, Abdurahman Tole, Muhammad Amin Bukhari, Mutribi should be noted. In the sources of the second half of the 17th century, the expression "92 Uzbek tribes" is used in relation to the part of the population of the Bukhara Khanate. After the assassination of Ubaydullah Khan on 18 March 1711, the Bukharan state disintegrated into multiple different principalities. According to Chekhovich, only
5734-429: The first half of the 16th century is associated with the name of Ubaydullah Khan. Ubaydullah Khan himself wrote poetry in Turkic, Persian and Arabic under the literary pseudonym Ubaydiy. A collection of his poems has survived to this day. Turkish historiography increased in the early 16th century, though their production were relatively few. Muhammad Shibani Khan's reign influenced one Chagatai's Turkish historical work,
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#17328554185175828-414: The flight of Ibrahim-bey from Bukhara, Khudayar-bey, who was in Balkh, was allowed to return to power, giving him the inheritance of Karshi, which was the result of the policy of his son Muhammad Hakim-bey. In 1721, Muhammad Hakim-biy was appointed ataliq. During the campaign of the Afsharid ruler of Persia Nadir Shah to Maverannahr in 1740, Muhammad Hakim-biy went to peace negotiations with him, thus saving
5922-431: The inscription Baqi Muhammad Bahadurkhan and the names of the first four caliphs. During this period, the Uzbek poet Turdy wrote critical poems and called for the unity of 92 tribal Uzbek people. The most famous Uzbek poet is Mashrab , writing in both Chagatai and Persian , who composed a number of poems in that are still popular today. In the 17th and early 18th centuries, historical works were written in Persian. Among
6016-408: The khan to free all Russian subjects under his control, and also to make the ownership of Russian slaves a crime punishable by death. The freed slaves and Shakespear arrived in Fort Alexandrovsk on 15 August 1840, and Russia lost its primary motive for the conquest of Khiva, for the time being. A permanent Russian presence on the Aral Sea began in 1848 with the building of Fort Aralsk at the mouth of
6110-447: The last representative of the Oghuz dynasty of Ildegizids who ruled in Tabriz was Uzbek Muzaffar 1210–1225. The name Uzbek seems to have become widely adopted as an ethnonym under the rule of Ozbeg Khan , who converted the Golden Horde to Islam. Before the 5th century, what is today's Uzbekistan was part of Sogdia , Khwarazm , Bactria mainly inhabited by Sogdians , Bactrians , and Khwarazmians , all Indo-Iranian peoples . It
6204-637: The leading province of a wealthy state, Khorazm was treated especially severely. The irrigation networks in the region suffered extensive damage that was not repaired for several generations. Many Iranian-speaking populations were forced to flee southwards in order to avoid persecution. Khanate of Khiva The Khanate of Khiva ( Chagatay : خیوه خانلیگی , romanized: Khivâ Khânligi , Persian : خانات خیوه , romanized : Khânât-e Khiveh , Uzbek : Xiva xonligi , Хива хонлиги , Turkmen : Hywa hanlygy , Russian : Хивинское ханство , romanized : Khivinskoye khanstvo )
6298-499: The lower delta was increasingly populated by Karakalpaks and there were Kazakh nomads on the northern border. The Turkmen nomads paid taxes to the Khan and were a large part of his army, but often revolted. Since the heart of the Khanate was surrounded by semi-desert the only easy military approach was along the Oxus . This led to many wars with the Khanate of Bukhara further up the river (1538–40, 1593, 1655, 1656, 1662, 1684, 1689, 1694, 1806, and others). Before 1505, Khwarazm
6392-440: The middle of the 7th century through sporadic raids during their conquest of Persia. Available sources on the Arab conquest suggest that the Soghdians and other Iranian peoples of Central Asia were unable to defend their land against the Arabs because of internal divisions and the lack of strong indigenous leadership. The Arabs, on the other hand, were led by a brilliant general, Qutaybah ibn Muslim , and were also highly motivated by
6486-435: The northern grasslands of what is now Uzbekistan sometime in the first millennium BC. These nomads, who spoke Iranian dialects, settled in Central Asia and began to build an extensive irrigation system along the rivers of the region. At this time, cities such as Bukhara and Samarkand began to appear as centers of government and culture. By the 5th century BC, the Bactrian , Khwarazm , Soghdian , and Tokharian states dominated
6580-460: The population played a large role in the formation of a sedentary Turkic population in the territory of the oases of Central Asia in the 6th–8th centuries. In the Western Turkic Khaganate, in addition to various Turkic tribes, there were Iranian nomadic elements, which were gradually assimilated by the Turks. The urban population of Sogd, Khwarazm, Bactria was in close contact with the Turks. Turkic names and titles are found in Bactrian documents of
6674-449: The rebellion, two or three Khans were killed by Turkmens. Russians made five attacks on Khiva. Around 1602 some free Ural Cossacks unsuccessfully raided Khwarazm. In 1717 Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky attacked Khiva from the Caspian Sea . After he won the battle, Shir Ghazi Khan (1715–1728) made a treaty and suggested that the Russians disperse so that they could be better fed. After they dispersed they were all killed or enslaved, only
6768-555: The region as the language of literature and government. The rulers of the eastern section of Iran and of Mawarannahr were Persians. Under the Samanids and the Buyids , the rich Perso-Islamic culture of Mawarannahr continued to flourish. The Samanids were a Persian state that reigned for 180 years, encompassing a vast territoriy stretching from Central Asia to West Asia. The Samanids were descendants of Bahram Chobin , and thus descended from
6862-484: The region. Alexander the Great conquered Sogdiana and Bactria in 329 BC, marrying Roxana , daughter of a local Bactrian chieftain. The conquest was supposedly of little help to Alexander as popular resistance was fierce, causing Alexander's army to be bogged down in the region that became the northern part of Hellenistic Greco-Bactrian Kingdom . For many centuries the region of Uzbekistan was ruled by Persian empires, including
6956-511: The region. One of the famous scholars was the historian Majid ad-din al-Surkhakati, who in Samarkand wrote the "History of Turkestan", which outlined the history of the Karakhanid dynasty. The most striking monument of the Karakhanid era in Samarkand was the palace of Ibrahim ibn Hussein (1178–1202), which was built in the citadel in the 12th century, where fragments of monumental painting depicting
7050-427: The region. The Mongols had such a lasting impact because they established the tradition that the legitimate ruler of any Central Asian state could only be a blood descendant of Genghis Khan. The Mongol conquest of Central Asia , which took place from 1219 to 1225, led to a wholesale change in the population of Mawarannahr. The conquest quickened the process of Turkification in some parts of the region because, although
7144-619: The reign of Sultan Mahmud . The Ghaznavids were closely followed by the Turkic Qarakhanids , who took the Samanid capital Bukhara in 999 AD, and ruled Transoxiana for the next two centuries. Samarkand was made the capital of the Western Qarakhanid state. According to Peter Golden, the Karakhanid state was one of the first Turkic-Islamic states. The Islamization of the Karakhanids and their Turkic subjects played an important role in
7238-587: The ruling Abu'l-Khayrids, Abu'l Khayr Khan , established an empire that by the time of his death in 1469 stretched from Siberia to the Syr Darya river. He controlled the cities of Sighnaq , Suzaq, Arquq, Uzgend , and Yassi along the Syr Darya. However, the Uzbek tribes remained nomadic, living a life on the steppe, and Abu'l Khayr Khan had no interest in conquering the lands of Transoxiana or Khorasan . Following his death, his empire broke up into smaller pieces led by sultans and tribal chieftains. One of these units
7332-516: The settled, Iranian-speaking and Turkic-speaking, with the nomadic, mainly Turkic-speaking population. Turkic and Chinese migration into Central Asia occurred during the Chinese Tang dynasty , and Chinese armies commanded by Turkic generals stationed in large parts of Central Asia. But Chinese influence ended with the An Lushan Rebellion . During the ninth and tenth centuries, Transoxiana
7426-403: The word Uzbek is disputed. One view holds that it is eponymously named after Oghuz Khagan , also known as Oghuz Beg , became the word Uzbeg or Uzbek . Another theory states that the name means independent , genuine man , or the lord himself , from Öz (self) and the Turkic title bek/bey/beg . A third theory holds that the variant Uz , of the word uğuz , earlier oğuz , united with
7520-554: The word bek to form Uğuz-bek > Uz-bek , meaning "leader of an oğuz". The personal name "Uzbek" is found in Arabic and Persian historical writings. Historian Usama ibn Munqidh (d. 1188), describing the events in Iran under the Seljuk Empire , notes that one of the leaders of Bursuk's troops in 1115–1116 was the "emir of the troops" Uzbek, the ruler of Mosul. According to Rashid ad-din,
7614-463: Was a Central Asian polity that existed in the historical region of Khwarazm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid occupation by Nader Shah between 1740 and 1746. Centred in the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya , south of the Aral Sea , with the capital in the city of Khiva . It covered present-day western Uzbekistan , southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan before
7708-509: Was able to take Herat and the rest of the Timurid lands. By this time he ousted the Timurids from Qunduz , Balkh , Khorasan, Khwarazm , and other regions and incorporated them into his empire. However Shah Isma'il I of the newly founded Safavid Empire , wishing to conquer the Timurid lands for himself and enraged by Shibani's staunch Sunnism, invaded Khorasan and killed Mohammad Shibani outside
7802-405: Was briefly conquered by Ubaidullah Khan (1533–1539) but shortly after it became independent once again. The Janid dynasty (descendants of Astrakhanids ) ruled the Khanate from 1599 until 1747. Yar Muhammad and his family had escaped from Astrakhan after Astrakhan fell to Russians. He had a son named Jani Muhammad who had two sons named Baqi Muhammad and Vali Muhammad Khan from his wife, who
7896-478: Was composed of aristocrats and peasants bound to the land. During the mid-1600s many Persian slaves were captured by Turkmens and a few Russian and Turkic slaves. Before and during this period, the settled area was increasingly infiltrated by Uzbeks from the north, with their Turkic dialects evolving into what is now the Uzbek language , while the original Iranian Khwarezmian language died out. The swampy area of
7990-682: Was conquered by the Qara Khitai (Western Liao), a sinicized Khitan dynasty, they brought to Central Asia the Chinese system of government. In the 13th century, Kara-Khanid Khanate was destroyed by the Turkic Anushtegin dynasty , a former vassal of the Qara Khitai. Although Turko-Mongol infiltration into Central Asia had started early, and the influence of the Turkic tribes was felt in Khwarazm before
8084-509: Was expelled and power passed to Ilbars, who founded the long-lived Arabshahid dynasty. Around 1540 and 1593, the Khans were driven out by the Bukharans. In both cases they fled to Persia and soon returned. In 1558, Anthony Jenkinson visited Old Urgench and was not impressed. Following Arap Muhammad (1602–23), who moved the capital to Khiva , there was a period of disorder, including an invasion by
8178-486: Was first used by the Russians in the second half of the 17th century, or in the 18th century. Locals of the polity did not use this term, and instead referred to it as the vilayet Khwārazm ("country of Khwārazm"). Prior to the 17th/18th centuries, the polity was often called "Urgench" (or "Iurgench" in Russian sources). This name was also sometimes used in Iran and Bukhara, with the designation "Urganji" often being used as
8272-542: Was his brother and successor, Ismail Samani who overthrew the Saffarids and the Zaydites of Tabaristan, thus establishing a semiautonomous rule over Transoxania and Khorasan, with Bukhara as his capital. Samanid rule in Bukhara was not formally recognized by the caliph until the early 10th century when the Saffarid ruler 'Amr-i Laith had asked the caliph for the investiture of Transoxiana. The caliph, Al-Mu'tadid however sent
8366-605: Was led by Muhammad Shibani , Abu'l Khayr's grandson. He was well-educated, had great military intellect, and desired to conquer the sedentary lands of Mawarannahr for himself. In the 1490s Muhammad Shibani swept through Central Asia and conquered Samarqand, Bukhara, Tashkent , and Andijan from 1500 to 1503. One of his most ferocious enemies was Zahir ud-Din Muhammad Babur , the Timurid prince of Ferghana . He managed to briefly occupy Samarqand from Muhammad Shibani, and attempted on two other occasions to take it. A turning point in
8460-662: Was nominally dependent on the Timurid Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara based in Khorasan . From 1488 Muhammad Shaybani built a large but short-lived empire in southern Central Asia , taking Khwarazm in 1505. At nearly the same time, Shah Ismail I was building a powerful Shiite state in Persia . The two consequently clashed in 1510 near Merv with Muhammad killed in the battle and Khwarazm shortly occupied. The Shah's religion provoked resistance and in 1511 his garrison
8554-582: Was part of the Achaemenid Empire in the sixth to fourth centuries BC and, by the 3rd century CE, part of Sasanian Empire . From the fifth to sixth century, what is today's Uzbekistan was part of the Hephthalite Empire . From 6th to 8th century, what is today's Uzbekistan was under the rule of First Turkic Khaganate . The Turkic component was part of the Kidarites in the fifth century. The seal of
8648-507: Was predominantly the result of an elite dominance process. Peter B. Golden listed three basic ethnic elements contributing to the Uzbeks' ethnogenesis: The modern Uzbek language is largely derived from the Chagatai language which gained prominence in the Timurid Empire . The position of Chagatai (and later Uzbek) was further strengthened after the fall of the Timurids and the rise of
8742-665: Was ruled by the Persian Samanid Empire . From the 11th century on, Transoxiana was under the rule of the Turkic Kara-Khanid Khanate , their arrival in Transoxiana signalled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia. The Kara-Khanid ruler Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan was the first Turkic ruler to convert to Islam, most people of Central Asia soon followed. In the 12th century, Transoxiana
8836-514: Was the daughter of the last Shaybanid ruler. The son of Din Muhammad Sultan – Baqi Muhammad Khan in 1599 defeated Pir Muhammad Khan II, who had lost his authority. He became the real founder of a new dynasty of Janids or Ashtarkhanids in the Bukhara Khanate (1599–1756). Baqi Muhammad Khan, despite his short reign, carried out administrative, tax and military reforms in the country, which contributed to its further development. He issued coins with
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