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60-397: The IMP-16 , by National Semiconductor , was the first multi-chip 16-bit microprocessor , released in 1973. It consisted of five PMOS integrated circuits : four identical RALU chips, short for register and ALU , providing the data path, and one CROM, Control and ROM , providing control sequencing and microcode storage. The IMP-16 is a bit-slice processor ; each RALU chip provides

120-540: A 4-bit slice of the register and arithmetic that work in parallel to produce a 16-bit word length. Each RALU chip stores its own 4 bits of the program counter, several registers, the ALU, a 16-word LIFO stack, and status flags. There were four 16-bit accumulators, two of which could be used as index registers. The instruction set architecture was similar to that of the Data General Nova . The chip set could be extended with

180-486: A PC graphics company; Gulbransen Inc, a digital audio technology maker; ComCore Semiconductor Inc, a maker of digital signal processing for LANs; Cyrix , the maker of Intel x86 clones. On March 11, 1997, National Semiconductor Corporation announced the US$ 550 million sale of a reconstituted Fairchild to the management of Fairchild with the backing of Sterling LLC, a unit of Citicorp Venture Capital. Fairchild carried with it what

240-624: A collaborator into a competitor with Intel. National lost its business with Intel. Intel reinstated the relationship after the sale of Cyrix. The acquisition of Cyrix also carried with it a business obligation to use the IBM Microelectronics Division to fabricate the Cyrix chips, , as well as technical constraint to do the same, while National Semiconductor had plans to transfer their fabrication to its South Portland fab. National incurred huge losses in its processor business and announced

300-496: A compensation dispute with Sporck. In 1968, National shifted its headquarters from Danbury, Connecticut, to Santa Clara, California . However, like many companies, National retained its registration as a Delaware corporation , for legal and financial expediency. Over the years National Semiconductor acquired several companies like Fairchild Semiconductor (1987), and Cyrix (1997). However, over time National Semiconductor spun off these acquisitions. Fairchild Semiconductor became

360-428: A diversification into personal computer and graphics business. He advocated PC-on-a-chip (aka system-on-a-chip) as a business direction for National Semiconductor. During his tenure at LSI, LSI had successfully applied similar concepts. However, LSI had steered clear of getting involved with PC technologies that would make it a competitor with Intel. Halla held the vision that information appliances (IAs) would succeed

420-449: A female householder with no husband present, 2,038 (4.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2,146 (5.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 312 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 10,906 households (25.4%) were made up of individuals, and 2,945 (6.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63. There were 27,936 families (64.9% of all households);

480-638: A focus on profits implemented by Sporck was the key element to National surviving the price war and subsequently in 1981 becoming the first semiconductor company to reach the US$ 1 billion annual sales mark. However, the foundation that made National successful was its expertise in analog electronics , TTL ( transistor–transistor logic ) and MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) integrated circuit technologies. As they had while employed in Fairchild, Sporck and Lamond directed National Semiconductor towards

540-760: A pair of West Coast investment firms and a New York underwriter to take control as the chairman of National Semiconductor. At that time Sprague was 27 years old. Jeffrey S. Young characterized the era as the beginning of venture capitalism . That same year National Semiconductor acquired Molectro. Molectro was founded in 1962 in Santa Clara, California, by J. Nall and D. Spittlehouse, who were formerly employed at Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation. The acquisition also brought to National Semiconductor two experts in linear semiconductor technologies, Robert Widlar and Dave Talbert, who were also formerly employed at Fairchild. The acquisition of Molectro provided National with

600-534: A separate company again in 1997, and the Cyrix microprocessors division was sold to VIA Technologies of Taiwan in 1999. From 1997 to 2002, National enjoyed a large amount of publicity and awards with the development of the Cyrix Media Center, Cyrix WebPad, WebPad Metro and National Origami PDA concept devices created by National's Conceptual Products Group. Based largely on the success of the WebPad, National formed

660-606: Is also home to California's Great America , an amusement park currently operated by Cedar Fair, L.P. Nearby is the Santa Clara Convention Center , one of Silicon Valley's largest event and meeting venues. Santa Clara also offers several museums such as the Intel Museum , Triton Museum of Art , and the Harris – Lass historical house. The Our Lady of Peace Shrine is notable for its 32-foot-tall (9.8 m) statue which

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720-456: Is drained by three seasonal creeks, all of which empty into the southern portion of San Francisco Bay ; these creeks are San Tomas Aquino Creek , Saratoga Creek , and Calabazas Creek . There are some significant biological resources within the city including habitat for the burrowing owl , a species of special concern in California due to reduction in habitat from urban development during

780-636: Is represented in California's 17th congressional district for the U.S. House of Representatives , currently represented by Ro Khanna ( D ). In the California Legislature , Santa Clara is part of California's 10th State Senate district and California's 26th State Assembly district , represented in the Senate by Aisha Wahab ( D ) and in the Assembly by Evan Low ( D ). The city operates

840-583: Is visible from Highway 101 . The Mission City Center for Performing Arts is the city's venue for theatrical productions and entertainment. The Santa Clara Broncos are the Division I NCAA athletic programs of Santa Clara University . Santa Clara sponsors 19 different teams, most of which compete in the West Coast Conference . The red and white of the Santa Clara Broncos is featured on the flag of

900-725: The Santa Clara City Library , which is not part of the Santa Clara County Library District . Santa Clara Unified School District is the public school district that serves Santa Clara and small portions of Sunnyvale and North San Jose. The city is home to nineteen K–8, elementary, and high schools. Many of the schools are named for former farmers, ranchers, and other notable Santa Clara residents such as Bowers and Bracher elementary schools, Buchser Middle School, Wilcox High School , Santa Clara High School , and Mission Early College High School. A small part of

960-542: The 1980s, followed by globalisation of Taiwanese and South Korean companies. On May 27, 1991, Charles E. Sporck was replaced by Gil Amelio as CEO and president. Amelio was then president of Rockwell International 's semiconductor division and had a Ph.D. in physics from Georgia Institute of Technology . Amelio had also been formerly employed at Fairchild. Amelio was faced with a company plagued with over-capacity and shrinking market share. Amelio found that, just prior to his taking helm, despite having spent US$ 1 billion over

1020-609: The April 4, 2011, closing share price of $ 14.07. The deal made Texas Instruments one of the world's largest makers of analog technology components. On September 19, 2011, the Chinese minister approved the merger, the last one needed. The companies formally merged on September 23, 2011. The reconstitution was characterised by the new Fairchild being allotted the formerly National Semiconductor locations at Penang (Malaysia), Cebu (Philippines), West Jordan/Salt Lake City (Utah) while National retained

1080-496: The CROM chip (IMP-16A / 522D) that implemented 16-bit multiply and divide routines. The chipset was driven by a two-phase 715 kHz non-overlapping clock that had a +5 to -12 voltage swing. An integral part of the architecture was a 16-bit input mux that provided various condition bits from the ALUs such as zero, carry, overflow along with general purpose inputs. The microprocessor was used in

1140-674: The IMP-16P microcomputer and Jacquard Systems' J100 but saw little other use. The IMP-16 was later superseded by the PACE and INS8900 single-chip 16-bit microprocessors, which had a similar architecture but were not binary compatible. It was also used in the Aston Martin Lagonda , thanks to National Semiconductor's chairman Peter Sprague being a major shareholder in Aston Martin at the time. National Semiconductor On September 23, 2011,

1200-515: The Information Appliance Division (highly integrated processors & "internet gadgets") in 1998. The Information Appliance Division was sold to AMD in 2003. Other businesses dealing in such products as digital wireless chipsets, image sensors , and PC I/O chipsets have also been recently closed down or sold off as National has reincarnated itself as a high-performance analog semiconductor company. Peter Sprague, Pierre Lamond and

1260-600: The National Park Service, more than 100 persons were killed at this site in the 1906 earthquake. The site is the former home to Sun Microsystems and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places . In 1963, Santa Clara City Council voted to knock down the eight-block grid of Downtown Santa Clara, in order to receive federal funding for urban renewal . Since 2017, there has been a grassroots movement to rebuild Santa Clara's historic downtown. Santa Clara

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1320-480: The affectionately called Charlie Sporck worked hand-in-hand, with support of the board of directors to transform the company into a multinational and world-class semiconductor concern. Immediately after becoming CEO, Sporck started a historic price war among semiconductor companies, which then trimmed the number of competitors in the field. Among the casualties to exit the semiconductor business were General Electric and Westinghouse. Cost control, overhead reduction and

1380-675: The appropriateness of organisational strategies of National Semiconductor under Sporck. "For 13 of 14 years at National, I was a gung-ho guy. Then, the company started to get big. I kept looking at all the companies whose butts we'd been kicking. And then National started organizing itself like them. It was frustrating." Swanson said in the May 13, 1991, Business Journal-San Jose . Sporck's strategy of outsourcing sales to external sources meant National Semiconductor did not have sufficient or responsive resources to respond to requests from innovators, inventors and academic research—which would have been helpful in

1440-681: The average family size was 3.18. The age distribution of the population was as follows: 24,774 people (21.3%) were under the age of 18, 12,511 people (10.7%) aged 18 to 24, 41,876 people (36.0%) aged 25 to 44, 25,628 people (22.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 11,679 people (10.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.9 males. There were 45,147 housing units at an average density of 2,452.7 units per square mile (947.0 units/km ), of which 19,747 (45.9%) were owner-occupied, and 23,274 (54.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate

1500-659: The city and its residents. As a result, the going rate for electricity in Santa Clara is considerably cheaper than that offered by Northern California's dominant utility, Pacific Gas and Electric . Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) , Affymetrix , Agilent Technologies , Applied Materials , Arista Networks , Aruba , Auditoria.AI, Brillio , Chegg , Cloudera , Coherent , FileMaker , Hortonworks , Infoblox , Intel , Intevac , Marvell , McAfee , Move inc , National Semiconductor , Nvidia , OmniVision , Ooyala , Palo Alto Networks , Rovi , ServiceNow , SVB Financial Group , Trident Microsystems and Veritas Technologies are among

1560-404: The city and surrounding Valley of Heart's Delight ; little of its agricultural past remains. Santa Clara's first medical hospital was built in 1963. This structure, on Kiely Boulevard, was replaced in 2007 with a new Kaiser Permanente medical center located on Lawrence Expressway at Homestead Road. Santa Clara was also home to a major mental health facility, Agnews State Hospital . According to

1620-943: The city however is served by Cupertino High School and its feeder schools in the nearby town of its namesake. Private schools in Santa Clara include three Catholic schools operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose — Saint Clare School (the oldest elementary school in California), Saint Lawrence Elementary and Middle School, and Saint Justin School — and the Granada Islamic School ( Islamic school, grades K-12). Colleges and universities in Santa Clara include Santa Clara University (private Jesuit university), Mission College (public community college), UC Santa Cruz Silicon Valley extension campus, and Golden State Baptist College (private Baptist college). Santa Clara

1680-541: The city, as is the Mission which lies at the heart of the campus. The George F. Haines International Swim Center is home and host to numerous local, regional, and international competitive swimming matches. The Santa Clara Vanguard , a competitive marching music organization, has been headquartered in Santa Clara since its inception. The organization runs and operates a winter guard , an indoor percussion ensemble , and two drum and bugle corps , all of which compete across

1740-679: The companies headquartered in Santa Clara. The North American offices of Bandai Namco Entertainment (formerly Namco ) was in Santa Clara until its consolidation with its existing offices in Irvine, California . According to the city's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: The current mayor of Santa Clara is Lisa M. Gillmor. Its city councilmembers are: Kathy Watanabe (District 1), Raj Chahal (District 2), Karen Hardy (District 3), Kevin Park (District 4), Suds Jain (District 5), and Anthony Becker (District 6). Santa Clara

1800-506: The company formally became part of Texas Instruments as the " Silicon Valley " division. National Semiconductor was founded in Danbury, Connecticut , by Dr. Bernard J. Rothlein on May 27, 1959, when he and seven colleagues, Edward N. Clarke, Joseph J. Gruber, Milton Schneider, Robert L. Hopkins, Robert L. Koch, Richard R. Rau and Arthur V. Siefert, left their employment at the semiconductor division of Sperry Rand Corporation . The founding of

1860-421: The company's president and chief operating officer, to CEO. Don Macleod became National Semiconductor's chief executive officer on November 30, 2009. He was named chairman of the board on May 31, 2010. On April 4, 2011, Texas Instruments announced that it had agreed to buy National Semiconductor for $ 6.5 billion in cash. Texas Instruments paid $ 25 per share of National Semiconductor stock, an 80% premium over

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1920-587: The company's president, chairman and chief executive officer on February 2, 1996. National Semiconductor announced the appointment of Brian L. Halla as its chairman, president and CEO on May 3, 1996. Halla was then the head of LSI logic products division. Prior to LSI, he had been with Intel for 14 years. Halla reinforced Amelio's emphasis on the expertise of National Semiconductor in analog technology. He also was, on occasions, an evangelist for analog technology. However, he found that National Semiconductor under Amelio had too few product offerings. Halla embarked on

1980-421: The consumer market. Sporck had applied strategies that made National Semiconductor function as a low-cost mass manufacturer of semiconductor commodities. A few key executives and engineers left the company in 1981. Among them was Pierre Lamond , who had been the chief IC designer (now partner at Sequoia Capital ). Robert Swanson's departure in the same year to found Linear Technology was another indication of

2040-435: The country every year. All four ensembles have been very successful competitively, especially the two drum corps, one of which has won 6 Open Class titles and the other 7 World Class titles. The San Francisco 49ers National Football League football team has its headquarters and practice facilities in Santa Clara. On Wednesday, November 8, 2006, the 49ers announced their intention to move the team to Santa Clara in time for

2100-510: The deal better for Sporck's hiring and appointment at half his former salary at Fairchild, Sporck was allotted a substantial share of National's stock. In essence, Sporck took four of his personnel from Fairchild with him as well as three others from TI, Perkin-Elmer, and Hewlett-Packard to form a new eight-man team at National Semiconductor. Incidentally, Sporck had been Widlar's superior at Fairchild before Widlar left Fairchild to join Molectro after

2160-521: The eventual disposal of low-margin commodity products, which came to fruition later with the sale of a reconstituted Fairchild. National Semiconductor under Amelio chose to build a brand new eight-inch (200 mm) wafer fabrication plant in South Portland, Maine . It chose to divest itself of its then somewhat new plant in Migdal HaEmek , Israel, which became Tower Semiconductor . In 1995, Amelio

2220-470: The expansion. Among Sporck's cost control efforts was his offshore outsourcing of labour. National Semiconductor was among the pioneers in the semiconductor industry to invest in facilities to perform final manufacturing operations of integrated circuits in developing countries, especially in Southeast Asia. National Semiconductor's manufacturing improvements under Sporck (in collaboration with Lamond)

2280-546: The fall 2014 season, after negotiations failed with the city of San Francisco to build a new stadium. Santa Clara will host multiple matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup at Levi's Stadium . Santa Clara has two major train stations: the Santa Clara – Great America station and the Santa Clara station . Both stations are served by Amtrak 's Capitol Corridor train and the Altamont Corridor Express (ACE);

2340-549: The formerly Fairchild location of Toa Payoh (Singapore). National Semiconductor also had operations in Migdal (tower) Ha'Emeq (valley), Israel. National Semiconductor had six inch (152 mm) wafer fabrication operations there. In 1993, National Semiconductor divested to retain 19% ownership of the plant. The plant in Migdal Ha'Emeq , Israel is now constituted as Tower Semiconductor of Israel. The following picture excerpts illustrate

2400-498: The growing industrial and commercial markets and began to rely less on military and aerospace contracts. Those decisions coupled with inflationary growth in use of computers provided the market for the expansion of National. Meanwhile, sources of funds associated with Sprague coupled with creative structuring of cash flow buffering due to Sporck and Lamond provided the financing required for that expansion. Lamond and Sporck had also managed to attract and extract substantial funds to finance

2460-517: The history of identification marks of National Semiconductor. Santa Clara, California Santa Clara ( / ˌ s æ n t ə ˈ k l ær ə / SAN -tə KLARR -ə ; Spanish for " Saint Clare ") is a city in Santa Clara County in the state of California . The city's population was 127,647 at the 2020 census , making it the eighth-most populous city in the Bay Area . Located in

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2520-616: The home of the National Football League 's San Francisco 49ers , and Six Flags Entertainment Corporation 's California's Great America Park. Santa Clara is bordered by San Jose on all sides, except for Sunnyvale and Cupertino to the west. Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the 18th century, the Tamien tribe of the Ohlone nation of Indigenous Californians had inhabited the area for several millennia. The first European to visit

2580-668: The last five years on research and development, National Semiconductor had a disappointing record in new products. The Business section of The New York Times January 11, 1991, reflected the over-capacity generated by Sporck that had to be inherited by Amelio. Amelio disposed of the non-core products and assets in which National Semiconductor had no market motivation or expertise and turned the company towards its core expertise—analog semiconductors. National Semiconductor under Amelio emphasized on reduction of cost of sales, improving capacity utilization, scrap reduction and cycle-time reduction. Redundant facilities were sold and consolidated. With

2640-497: The latter 20th century. This owl uses burrows created by ground squirrels and prefers generally level grasslands and even disturbed areas. Coyotes have also become active in the area in recent years. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city covers an area of 18.4 square miles (48 km ), all of it land. The average daily temperatures in July range from 82 °F (28 °C) to 53 °F (12 °C). Winters are mild, with

2700-451: The mean daily temperatures in January ranging from 58 °F (14 °C) to 38 °F (3 °C). Most of the annual rainfall comes in the winter months; the summer months are generally rainless. The 2010 United States census reported that Santa Clara had a population of 116,468. The population density was 6,327.3 inhabitants per square mile (2,443.0/km ). The ethnic makeup of Santa Clara

2760-414: The new company was followed by Sperry Rand filing a lawsuit against National Semiconductor for patent infringement. By 1965, as it was reaching the courts, the preliminaries of the lawsuit had caused the stock value of National to be depressed. The depressed stock values allowed Peter J Sprague to invest heavily in the company with Sprague's family funds. Sprague also relied on further financial backing from

2820-455: The personal computer as a trend. He predicted that IAs would overtake sales of PCs by the year 2000. To achieve the goal, National Semiconductor started acquiring companies that would provide the needed technological complements. Among the acquisitions were Cirrus Logic Inc's PicoPower business, for its specialised expertise in small form factor devices; Mediamatics Inc, which makes multimedia connectivity products; Future Integrated Systems Inc,

2880-877: The progress of restructuring, National Semiconductor increased revenues each year. In 1994, National Semiconductor under Amelio posted record net revenues of US$ 2.29 billion. It was also a time when US semiconductor companies had regained market leadership. Amelio introduced benchmarking to evaluate productivity, restructured marketing strategies and reorganised management by introducing modern management practices and workplace environments. Amelio divided products into two divisions: Standard Products Group which comprised low-margin, logic and memory chips—commodity products which were more susceptible to cyclical demands and through which National Semiconductor had matured; and Communications & Computing Group which comprised high-margin, value-added analog and mixed-signal chips. Amelio's division of products seemed to prepare National Semiconductor for

2940-1022: The sale of Cyrix to VIA in 1999. In 1999, National Semiconductor also put out feelers for selling if not the whole, then a majority stake of, its fabrication plant in South Portland, Maine. However, that did not come to fruition. On June 28, 2000, National Semiconductor and TSMC Taiwan signed an agreement that would allow transfer of advanced fabrication technologies from TSMC to the National Semiconductor fabrication plant in South Portland, Maine. On March 11, 2009, National announced plans to close its assembly and test plant in Suzhou, China, and its wafer fabrication plant in Arlington, Texas. On October 9, 2009, Brian Halla announced his retirement as National's CEO. He remains executive chairman. The company promoted Donald (Don) Macleod, who had previously served as

3000-482: The southern Bay Area , the city was founded by the Spanish in 1777 with the establishment of Mission Santa Clara de Asís under the leadership of Junípero Serra . Santa Clara is located in the center of Silicon Valley and is home to the headquarters of companies such as Intel , Advanced Micro Devices , and Nvidia . It is also home to Santa Clara University , the oldest university in California, and Levi's Stadium ,

3060-552: The technological innovation boom of the 1980s. National Semiconductor's lack and loss of innovation meant it was producing products that were easily copied and reproducible. It may have been the cheapest manufacturer in the United States, but it was not the cheapest compared to the Asian manufacturers. This weakness in National Semiconductor was evident in its failure to compete during the globalisation of Japanese semiconductor companies in

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3120-433: The technology to launch itself in the fabrication and manufacture of monolithic integrated circuits. In 1967, Sprague hired five top executives away from Fairchild, among whom were Charles E. Sporck and Pierre Lamond . At the time of Sporck's hiring, Robert Noyce was de facto head of semiconductor operations at Fairchild and Sporck was his operations manager. Sporck was appointed president and CEO of National. To make

3180-514: The valley was José Francisco Ortega in 1769. The Spanish began to colonize California with 21 missions , and the Mission Santa Clara de Asís was founded in 1777. The Battle of Santa Clara , one of the last battles of the Conquest of California , was fought between a contingent of Californios , led by Francisco Sánchez , against the invading American forces. In 1851, Santa Clara College

3240-496: Was 1.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.6%. 53,694 people (46.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 59,578 people (51.2%) lived in rental housing units. Santa Clara owns and operates an electric utility called Silicon Valley Power . In 2005 Silicon Valley Power brought online the Donald Von Raesfeld (DVR) Power Plant . The new combined cycle gas turbine plant produces 147 megawatts of electricity for

3300-417: Was 52,359 (45.0%) White , 3,154 (2.7%) African American , 579 (0.5%) Native American , 43,889 (37.7%) Asian (13.6% Indian, 6.9% Chinese, 6.2% Filipino, 3.9% Vietnamese, 3.0% Korean, 1.5% Japanese), 651 (0.6%) Pacific Islander , 9,624 (8.3%) from other races , and 6,212 (5.3%) from two or more races. There were 22,598 people (19.4%) who identified as Hispanic or Latino ; 14.6% of Santa Clara's population

3360-456: Was elected as the chairman of the board of directors of National Semiconductor. In 1996, Amelio accepted an invitation from Apple Computer , a customer of National Semiconductor, to join its board of directors. Troubles at Apple later prompted the board to invite Amelio to take on the position of CEO, which he accepted in February 1996. National Semiconductor announced the resignation of Amelio as

3420-423: Was enabled not by emphasizing process innovation but by improving and standardizing processes already established by other companies like Fairchild and Texas Instruments, as well as by frequent raiding to hire from Fairchild's pool of talents. National Semiconductor under Sporck was not particularly invested in marketing strategies, even though it had the vision to launch itself into new and apparent opportunities in

3480-577: Was established on the grounds of the original Mission. In 1852, Santa Clara was incorporated as a town; it became state-chartered by 1862. For the next century, the economy centered on agriculture since orchards and vegetables were thriving in the fertile soil. By the beginning of the 20th century, the population had reached 5,000 and stayed about the same for many years. In 1905, the first public high-altitude flights by humans were made over Santa Clara in gliders designed by John J. Montgomery . The semiconductor industry , which sprouted around 1960, changed

3540-808: Was mostly the Standard Products group previously segregated by Amelio. Incidentally, the effective price of acquisition of Cyrix was also US$ 550 million. On November 17, 1997, National Semiconductor and Cyrix announced the merger of the companies. Cyrix would become an autonomous wholly owned subsidiary. Halla had earlier emphasized that National was after the low-end CPU market as part of the system-on-a-chip pursuit and therefore would not place emphasis on Cyrix's current development of high-end 6x86MX design. However, Cyrix later announced that its merger with National Semiconductor would not change its development or marketing plans. The acquisition of an independent-minded Cyrix subsequently turned National Semiconductor from

3600-406: Was of Mexican ancestry. The Census reported that 113,272 people (97.3% of the population) lived in households, 2,860 (2.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 336 (0.3%) were institutionalized. There were 43,021 households, out of which 14,477 (33.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 21,817 (50.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 4,081 (9.5%) had

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