Sherman Mills Fairchild (April 7, 1896 – March 28, 1971) was an American businessman and investor who founded over 70 companies , including Fairchild Aviation , Fairchild Industries , and Fairchild Camera and Instrument . Fairchild made significant contributions to the aviation industry and was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1979. His Semiconductor Division of Fairchild Camera played a defining role in Silicon Valley . He held over 30 patents for products ranging from the silicon semiconductor to the 8-mm home sound motion-picture camera. Fairchild was responsible for inventing the first synchronized camera shutter and flash as well as developing technologies for aerial cameras that were later used on the Apollo Missions .
77-484: Fairchild may refer to: Organizations [ edit ] Fairchild Aerial Surveys , operated in cooperation with a subsidiary of Fairey Aviation Company Fairchild Camera and Instrument List of Sherman Fairchild companies , "Fairchild" companies Fairchild Fashion Media Fairchild Group , a Chinese-language media company in Canada Fairchild TV ,
154-481: A "betrayal". The eight who left Shockley Semiconductor were Julius Blank , Victor Grinich , Jean Hoerni , Eugene Kleiner , Jay Last , Gordon Moore , Robert Noyce , and Sheldon Roberts . In August 1957, they reached an agreement with Sherman Fairchild , and on September 18, 1957, they formed Fairchild Semiconductor . The newly founded Fairchild Semiconductor soon grew into a leader in the semiconductor industry. In 1960, it became an incubator of Silicon Valley and
231-1000: A Cantonese-language television channel in Canada owned by the Fairchild Group Fairchild-Hiller Corporation , U.S. aviation company Fairchild Aircraft , an aircraft manufacturer, division of Fairchild, also variously known as Fairchild-Hiller, Fairchild-Republic and Fairchild-Dornier Fairchild Aircraft Ltd. (Canada) , a Canadian aircraft manufacturer Fairchild Industries , Inc., U.S. aviation company, successor to Fairchild Hiller Corporation Fairchild Corporation , U.S. aviation company, successor to Fairchild Industries Fairchild Publications, Inc. Fairchild Recording Equipment Corporation Fairchild Semiconductor , an American semiconductor company Fairchild Systems , U.S. defense contractor Sherman Fairchild Foundation People [ edit ] Fairchild (name) , including list of persons with
308-468: A Japanese visual novel The Fairchild Channel F , an early video game console Food [ edit ] Fairchild (mango) , a commercial mango cultivar originating in Panama Fairchild tangerine Other [ edit ] Fairchild Memorial Hall , Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, USA See also [ edit ] Fairchildren , semiconductor companies founded by people who left
385-915: A controlling interest in the Kreider-Reisner Co. and began building new manufacturing facilities at the Hagerstown Airfield. During the Great Depression he consolidated his aircraft business in Hagerstown to form the Fairchild Aircraft Corp in 1935, which became his principal US aircraft manufacturing subsidiary. The plant began manufacturing new aircraft, including the Fairchild Model 22 (1931), Model 24 (1932), Model 95 (1934 – USAAC XC-31), Model 91, Jungle Clipper (1935), Model 45 (1935) and Model 46 (1937). After numerous changes it became
462-524: A group of young Ph.D. graduates with the goal to develop and produce new semiconductor devices. While Shockley had received a Nobel Prize in Physics and was an experienced researcher and teacher, his management of the group was authoritarian and unpopular. This was accentuated by Shockley's research focus not proving fruitful. After the demand for Shockley to be replaced was rebuffed, the eight left to form their own company. Shockley described their leaving as
539-717: A laboratory under the condition that its discoveries should be brought to mass production within two years. The new department of Beckman Instruments took the name Shockley Semi-Conductor Laboratories (the hyphen was conventional in those years). During 1955, Beckman and Shockley signed the deal, bought licenses on all necessary patents for $ 25,000, and selected the location in Mountain View , near Palo Alto, California . Though Shockley did recruit four PhD physicists, William W. Happ (from Raytheon Corporation ) George Smoot Horsley and Leopoldo B. Valdes (both from Bell Labs), and Richard Victor Jones (a fresh Berkeley graduate),
616-445: A limited set of templated circuits for computers and sold them initially only in the U.S. market, whereas Intersil focused on custom CMOS circuits with low power consumption and sold them worldwide. Last remained with Amelco and for twelve years served as Vice President of Technology at Teledyne. In 1982, he founded Hillcrest Press specializing in art books. After leaving Amelco, Roberts led his own business, and in 1973–1987 served as
693-406: A lot of time outside our working hours. Most of the founders were married, busy starting their families and raising small children in addition to all the time and effort they were spending building Fairchild ... I am struck by what a remarkable time it was and what innovative opportunities. – Jay T. Last, 2010 In November 1957, The Eight moved out of Grinich's garage into a new, empty building on
770-520: A meeting of the American Physical Society. Selection continued throughout 1956. Shockley was a proponent of social technologies (which later led him to eugenics ) and asked each candidate to pass a psychological test, followed by an interview. Blank, Last, Moore, Noyce, and Roberts started working in April–May, and Kleiner, Grinich, and Hoerni came during the summer. By September 1956,
847-403: A particularly bright and naturally inquisitive child, Fairchild matriculated at Harvard University in 1915 where, in his freshman year, he invented the first synchronized camera shutter and flash. During his college years he contracted tuberculosis and, under the advice of his physician, moved to Arizona to take advantage of the dry climate to aid in his recovery. While there, he enrolled at
SECTION 10
#1732837163693924-423: A professor position for Shockley and replacing him in the lab with a professional manager. Beckman refused, believing that Shockley could still improve the situation, later regretting this decision. In June 1957, Beckman finally put a manager between Shockley and the team, but by then seven key employees had already made their decision. At the last minute they were joined by Noyce. Roberts persuaded him to attend
1001-458: A small building. Shockley, not trusting his employees, was sending their reports to Bell Labs for double-checking. At some point, he sent the entire lab for a lie detector test, though everyone refused. The team started losing its members, starting with Jones, a technologist, who left in January 1957 due to a conflict with Grinich and Hoerni. Noyce and Moore then stood on different sides: Moore led
1078-693: A solution in the planar technology of Hoerni proposed on December 1, 1957. In the spring of 1958, Hoerni and Last were spending nights on experiments with the first planar transistors. The planar technology later became the second most important event in the history of microelectronics, after the invention of the transistor, but in 1959 it went unnoticed. Fairchild announced the transition from mesa to planar technology in October 1960. However, Moore refused to credit this achievement to Hoerni, and in 1996 even attributing it to unnamed Fairchild engineers. In 1959, Sherman Fairchild exercised his right to purchase shares of
1155-578: A sponsor in Raytheon , but Raytheon discontinued the project after a month. In August 1955, Shockley turned for advice to the financier Arnold Beckman , the owner of Beckman Instruments . Shockley needed one million dollars (1 million dollars in 1955 is about 11 million in 2023). Beckman knew that Shockley had no chance in the business, but believed that Shockley's new inventions would be beneficial for his own company and did not want to give them to his competitors. Accordingly, Beckman agreed to create and fund
1232-557: A successful commercial venture. To accommodate this growing commercial demand for aerial surveys, Fairchild established Fairchild Aerial Surveys in the United States. Among Fairchild's aerial photographers during the 1920s was Edith Keating, one of the first female aerial photographers and later an advocate for the inclusion of women pilots in WWII. In 1965 Fairchild sold Fairchild Aerial Surveys to Aero Services, Inc., which decided to keep only
1309-591: A trustee of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute . Amelco, after numerous mergers, acquisitions, and renaming, became a subsidiary of Microchip Technology . In 1972, Kleiner and Tom Perkins from Hewlett-Packard founded the venture capital fund Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers , which has been involved in the creation and/or funding of Amazon.com , Compaq , Genentech , Intuit , Lotus, Macromedia, Netscape, Sun Microsystems, Symantec and dozens of other companies. Kleiner later wrote that his goal
1386-639: A variety of interests. Aside from maintaining his companies, he enjoyed architecture, cooking, jazz, dancing, philosophy, and tennis. He always kept an eye out for opportunities to create or improve upon existing technology or capabilities. Sherman Fairchild died on March 28, 1971, at Roosevelt Hospital in New York after a long illness. He was buried in Glenwood Cemetery in Oneonta, Otsego County, New York, within walking distance of his childhood home, which became
1463-635: The Salvation Army , and $ 100,000 to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , in memory of his aunt May Fairchild. The foundation donated $ 6.5 million to Columbia University , Fairchild's alma mater, for a new life sciences building. Fairchildren The traitorous eight was a group of eight employees who left Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in 1957 to found Fairchild Semiconductor . William Shockley had in 1956 recruited
1540-540: The University of Arizona , where he became increasingly interested in photography. He later transferred to Columbia University in New York and was enrolled in Columbia College from 1919 to 1920, according to the official registrar. Due to his ongoing medical problems, Fairchild did not earn a degree from any of these schools. Instead he pursued his desire to become an entrepreneur. In 1917, after being rejected from
1617-542: The "leaders among equals". The group immediately set a clear goal to produce an array of silicon diffusion mesa transistors for digital devices, utilizing the research results of Bell Labs and Shockley Labs. Moore, Hoerni and Last led three teams working on three alternative technologies. The technology of Moore resulted in a higher yield of operational n-p-n transistors, and in July–September 1958, they went into mass production. The release of p-n-p transistors of Hoerni
SECTION 20
#17328371636931694-447: The "traitorous eight", though it is not known who coined the term. Shockley could never understand the reasons for this defection. After that time, he never talked to Noyce again, but continued to follow the work of "The Eight". He also combed through all records left by The Eight, basing patents, held as Shockley Labs' intellectual property, on any important ideas. (Technically, in accordance with U.S. law, those patents were issued to
1771-434: The 1936 reorganization it became Fairchild Engine and Airplane Co. and took control over all Fairchild Aircraft and engine holdings. In 1950, it became Fairchild Engine and Airplane Company. During the 1960s Fairchild went through a series of changes and acquisition. The company was renamed Fairchild-Stratos Corporation in 1961, and began building meteoroid detection satellites for NASA as well as cameras that were used during
1848-647: The 1950s, Fairchild manufactured the C-123 Provider , a short-range assault transport which was used for a variety of purposes, including spraying defoliants in Vietnam. In 1956, Fairchild built the Fokker F-27 Friendship passenger airplane, the first American-built airliner in service. Fokker licensed the design to Fairchild so it could be made in the US; Fairchild also made a stretched version of this aircraft called
1925-462: The Aircraft Division in 1967, which was broken up in a corporate reorganization after Fairchild's death. Over the years, Fairchild airplanes played major roles in the military, ferrying, freighting, and surveying industries. In 1939, Fairchild bought a process developed by Virginius E. Clark in which a composite made of hot layers of plywood soaked with resin adhesive and bonded under pressure
2002-709: The Apollo missions. After acquiring Hiller Aircraft in 1964, it became Fairchild Hiller. Later that same year Fairchild acquired Republic Aviation , which became the Republic Aviation Division of Fairchild Hiller. Fairchild created the Space & Electronic Systems division in 1965 to produce spacecraft and subsystems. The division also manufactured parts for the F-4 Phantom and the Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet. In 1929, Fairchild acquired
2079-570: The FH-227. The 40-seat plane was also the first to offer its passengers air conditioning and pressurization within the short-haul marketplace. It became widely used as a "feeder" plane for commercial carriers across the globe. After acquiring Hiller Helicopters and becoming Fairchild Hiller in 1964, it introduced the FH-1100 civilian helicopter. On December 18, 1970, the Air Force selected Fairchild to develop
2156-503: The Fairchild Aerial Camera Corporation (predecessor of Fairchild Camera and Instrument ). Shortly thereafter the U.S. Army ordered 20 additional Fairchild cameras and selected it as the standard for aerial cameras. The need for Fairchild's aerial cameras continued to grow; during World War II over 90% of all aerial cameras used by Allied Forces were of Fairchild design or manufacture. Fairchild wanted to expand
2233-604: The Fairchild Airplane Manufacturing Corporation of Farmingdale, New York , and the Kreider-Reisner Aircraft Company of Hagerstown, Maryland . The Aviation Corp ( AVCO ) purchased Fairchild Aviation and its subsidiaries in 1930; however, in the following year Fairchild repurchased Fairchild Aviation Corp and eventually all its subordinate companies. In 1936, Fairchild Aviation divested all of its aircraft manufacturing interests into
2310-662: The Oneonta Masonic Lodge. He left bequests to more than 50 relatives, friends and former employees. Most of the $ 200+ million estate went to two charitable foundations, the Fairchild Foundation and the Sherman Fairchild Foundation . The assets of the Sherman Fairchild Foundation in Chevy Chase, Maryland , have grown to over $ 500 million. Other bequests were $ 300,000 to Roosevelt Hospital , $ 200,000 to
2387-563: The Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory Fairchildren (album) , a 2015 album Fairbairn Fairchild House (disambiguation) Fairchild and North-Eastern Railway The Fairchild Challenge , environmental outreach program Justice Fairchild (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Fairchild . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
Fairchild - Misplaced Pages Continue
2464-608: The YA-10A prototype, which was the last aircraft project undertaken before Fairchild's death in 1971. Production of the A-10 Thunderbolt II began in 1974. It was nicknamed the "Warthog" because it was built as a workhorse and many felt it was ugly. It was used in 1991 at the start of Operation Desert Storm during the first ground battle. The planes took more responsibilities during the war, as they were strongly built and able to withstand considerable battle damage. After sixty years,
2541-479: The border of Palo Alto and Mountain View. Their starting salaries ranged from $ 13,800 to $ 15,600 per year. Hodgson, who headed the board of directors, suggested Noyce as the operational manager of the company, but Noyce refused. Fairchild, knowing Noyce's personality, also opposed his leadership. Regardless of the will of Fairchild, Noyce, and Moore, who were responsible for the research and production, respectively, became
2618-428: The capabilities of his cameras for map making and aerial surveying. In 1921, he formed Fairchild Aerial Surveys and bought a surplus World War I Fokker D.VII biplane to take his aerial photographs. Shortly afterward, Fairchild landed a contract to make a photomap of Newark, New Jersey , which was the first aerial mapping of a major city. In 1923, Fairchild formed Fairchild Aerial Surveys of Canada , Limited after he
2695-690: The collection was put up for sale. The University of California Santa Barbara acquired the collection in December, 2012. Fairchild Corporation developed the Fairchild Lunar Mapping Camera (also known as the Metric Camera) for NASA . The camera was carried on Apollo 15 , 16 , and 17 and took photos from lunar orbit throughout the missions. Over 7,000 frames were captured by the Lunar Mapping Cameras, covering approximately 20% of
2772-430: The company and returned to teaching at Stanford. In 1969, IT&T , the new owners of Shockley Labs, moved the company to Florida. When the staff refused to move, the lab ceased to exist. We were all focused on the single goal of producing our first product, a double diffused silicon mesa transistor ... We were all very young (27 to 32), only a few years beyond our school days. We were a very compatible group and spent
2849-526: The conflict with the Teledyne owners, for three years headed Union Carbide Electronics . In July 1967, supported by the watch company Société Suisse pour l'Industrie Horlogère (the predecessor of Swatch Group ) founded Intersil , the company that created the market for custom CMOS circuits. The circuits developed by Intersil for Seiko in 1969–1970 contributed to the rise of Japanese electronic watches. Intersil and Intel weren't competitors as Intel released
2926-477: The dissidents, whereas Noyce stood behind Shockley and tried to resolve conflicts. Shockley appreciated that and considered Noyce as his sole support in the group. In March 1957, Kleiner, who was beyond Shockley's suspicions, asked permission ostensibly to visit an exhibition in Los Angeles. Instead, he flew to New York to seek investors for a new company, and his parents, New York residents, assisted him. Kleiner
3003-653: The entire aircraft program was shut down in 1987 after the failure of the T-46A program. In 1931 Fairchild started the Fairchild Recording Equipment Corporation in Whitestone, New York , to augment his interests in photography and projection of images. Fairchild Recording Equipment Corporation developed the audio Fairchild 660 mono and 670 stereo dynamic range compressors . Having never been married or had any children, Fairchild spent his time exploring
3080-408: The first comprehensive textbook on integrated circuits. He later co-founded and ran several companies developing industrial radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. Blank was the last of The Eight to leave Fairchild in 1969. He founded the financial firm Xicor specializing in innovative start-ups, and in 2004 sold it for $ 529 million. Hoerni headed Amelco until the summer of 1963 and, after
3157-426: The first international airmail from Key West, Florida to Havana, Cuba . In the span of 9 months, Fairchild went from initial production to being the second largest aircraft producer in the world. Fairchild created, purchased, merged and sold his aviation company several times. He incorporated Fairchild Aviation Corporation as a holding company for all his other endeavors, with two of its largest subsidiaries being
Fairchild - Misplaced Pages Continue
3234-450: The first signs of management problems. In November 1965, the creators of integrated operational amplifiers Bob Widlar and David Talbert left for National Semiconductor . In February 1967, they were followed by five top managers who disagreed with Noyce. Noyce started litigation with shareholders and effectively removed himself from the operational management. In July 1967, the company became unprofitable and lost their leading position in
3311-455: The hotel chain Intelco and took the name of Intel . Moore held senior positions at Intel until 1997 when he was named Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation. Noyce left Intel in 1987 to lead the non-profit consortium Sematech . He died suddenly in 1990, the first of The Eight. Grinich left Fairchild in 1968 for a short sabbatical and then taught at UC Berkeley and Stanford , where he published
3388-423: The lab at a time when it had several management problems. Despite the festivities, the atmosphere in the lab was unhealthy. Although Shockley was never diagnosed by psychiatrists, historians characterized Shockley's state of mind in 1956–1957 as paranoia or autism . All phone calls were recorded, and the staff was not allowed to share their results with each other, which was not feasible since they all worked in
3465-468: The lab had 32 employees, including Shockley. Each successful candidate had to negotiate his salary with Shockley. Kleiner, Noyce, and Roberts settled for $ 1,000 per month; the less-experienced Last got $ 675. Hoerni did not bother about his payment. Shockley set his own salary at $ 2,500 and made all salaries accessible to all employees. The members of the future traitorous eight were aged between 26 (Last) and 33 (Kleiner), and six of them held PhDs. Hoerni
3542-510: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairchild&oldid=1232405261 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Fairchild Aerial Surveys Born in Oneonta, New York , Sherman Fairchild
3619-724: The location provided limited enticement for new employees. The vast majority of semiconductor-related companies and professionals were based on the East Coast, so Shockley posted ads in The New York Times and the New York Herald Tribune . Early respondents included Sheldon Roberts of Dow Chemical , Robert Noyce of Philco , and Jay Last , a former intern of Beckman Instruments. The newspaper campaign brought some three hundred responses, and fifteen people, including Gordon Moore and David Allison, Shockley himself recruited at
3696-649: The lunar surface. These frames were used to produce topographic photo maps of the moon. Fairchild soon realized that existing planes were not suitable for the type of maneuvering and extreme conditions that were often encountered during aerial photography. In 1925, he formed the Fairchild Aviation Corporation in Long Island, New York, to build the Fairchild FC-1 , an aircraft specifically designed to provide accurate aerial mapping and surveying. Fairchild
3773-409: The market to Texas Instruments. In March 1968, Moore and Noyce decided to leave Fairchild and again, as nine years prior, turned to Arthur Rock. In the summer of 1968, they founded NM Electronics . Blank, Grinich, Kleiner, Last, Hoerni, and Roberts set aside the past disagreements and financially supported the company of Moore and Noyce. A year later, NM Electronics bought the trade name rights from
3850-782: The mass production of diffusion bipolar transistors, but then set up a "secret project" on Shockley diodes, and in 1957 stopped all works on bipolar transistors. The reasons for this turn are unknown. According to Beckman's biographer, Shockley regarded his diode as an interesting scientific problem, and chose it, neglecting Beckman's commercial interests. Bo Lojek, based on the archives of Shockley, believes that Shockley Labs never worked on bipolar transistors; that Shockley diodes were Shockley and Beckman's original target, for which Beckman Instruments received military R&D contracts; and that Shockley diodes could have found widespread use in telephony if Shockley had improved their reliability. Historians and colleagues generally agree that Shockley
3927-470: The matter. This conflict was the last straw: on January 31, 1961, Last and Hoerni left Fairchild and to head Amelco , the microelectronics branch of Teledyne . Kleiner and Roberts joined them after a few weeks. Blank, Grinich, Moore, and Noyce stayed with Fairchild. The traitorous eight split into two groups of four. From 1960–1965, Fairchild was the undisputed leader of the semiconductor market, both technologically and in terms of sales. Early 1965 brought
SECTION 50
#17328371636934004-711: The meeting of the "California group", as they called themselves in the agreement with Fairchild. The meeting was held at the Clift Hotel in San Francisco and was attended by Rock and Coyle. These ten people became the core of a new company. Coyle, a ruddy-faced Irishman with a fondness for ceremony, pulled out 10 newly minted $ 1 bills and laid them carefully on the table. "Each of us should sign every bill", he said. These dollar bills, covered with signatures, he explained, would be their contracts with each other. Finding investors proved to be difficult. The US electronics industry
4081-480: The members of the traitorous eight. Jay Last recalled (in 2007) that this event happened too early and turned former partners into ordinary employees, destroying the team spirit. In November 1960, Tom Bay, the Vice President of Marketing at Fairchild, accused Last of squandering money and demanded termination of Last's project of developing integrated circuits. Moore refused to help Last, and Noyce declined to discuss
4158-454: The military because of his poor health, Fairchild was determined to find another way to support the World War I effort. Fairchild and his father went to Washington and won a government contract to develop an improved aerial camera. The camera featured a shutter that was inside the lens, thereby reducing the significant image distortion caused by the slow shutter speeds that could not keep up with
4235-401: The more recent photographs and dispose of the others. A former Fairchild employee learned of this plan and was able to get the older material to three Southern California Institutions, Whittier College , UCLA , and California State University at Northridge , where he knew professors who would put the material to good use. Whittier College closed access to the photographs in 2010, and in 2012
4312-464: The movement of the plane. The U.S. government gave Fairchild a budget of $ 7,000; the project, however, ended up costing $ 40,000; his father paid the difference. Although the military did not accept his camera until the war was over, the U.S. government did purchase two cameras for training. Undeterred, Fairchild focused his attention on developing a more advanced camera, and in February 1920 he established
4389-762: The name Fairchild family , descendants of Thomas Fairchild (1610–1670), English nurseryman Places [ edit ] Fairchild, Georgia Fairchild, Wisconsin , a village located within the town of Fairchild Fairchild (town), Wisconsin , a town that contains the village of Fairchild Fairchild Air Force Base , Washington state, USA Fairchild Beach , Heard Island, subantarctic waters Fairchild Glacier , Washington state, USA Fairchild Mountain , Colorado, USA Fairchild Peak , Antarctica Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables Fairchilds, Texas William R. Fairchild International Airport , Port Angeles, Washington state, USA Entertainment [ edit ] FairChild (2007 videogame),
4466-501: The new Fairchild Engine and Airplane Co. Created in 1924, Fairchild Airplane and Manufacturing Co. was the original aircraft manufacturing subsidiary of Fairchild Aviation Corp. Its primary purpose was to design and build aircraft for Fairchild's aerial cameras. It was purchased by AVCO in 1930, then combined with Fairchild Engine Co. to form American Airplane and Engine Corp, which then bought American Airplane and Engine in 1934 to become Fairchild Aircraft Manufacturing and Engine Co. In
4543-480: The new companies of the 1960s were created for a quick (within 3–5 years) public sale of shares. Their founders built a business strategy based on the expectations of the investment banks. Another characteristic of Silicon Valley was the mobility of managers and professionals among companies. Partly because of Noyce, Silicon Valley developed a culture of openly denying the hierarchical culture of traditional corporations. People remained faithful to each other, but not to
4620-559: The new company, Fairchild Semiconductor, was divided into 1,325 shares. Each member of the traitorous eight received 100 shares, 225 shares went to Hayden, Stone & Co and 300 shares remained in reserve. Fairchild provided a loan of $ 1.38 million. To secure the loan, the traitorous eight gave Fairchild the voting rights on their shares, with the right to buy their shares at a fixed total price of $ 3 million. On September 18, 1957, Blank, Grinich, Kleiner, Last, Moore, Noyce, Roberts, and Hoerni resigned from Shockley Labs. They became known as
4697-489: The parent of so many spin-offs appeared in Innovation Magazine in 1969. The spin-off companies, such as AMD, Intel, Intersil and restructured National Semiconductor, were different from those of the east coast and California's electronic companies established in the 1940s and 1950s. "Old Californians" like Beckman and Varian Associates did not trust Wall Street and kept control of their companies for decades, whereas
SECTION 60
#17328371636934774-596: The plane in a U.S. Army competition against other primary trainer candidates. When the M-62 won the contest, the Air Corps awarded Fairchild with a contract for 270 planes to be designated the PT-19 . The PT-19 model was the main product of the Fairchild plant in Hagerstown. In 1942, Fairchild developed the Fairchild Model 78, which was designed specifically for military transport. He
4851-401: The respective inventing employees.) In 1960, with the help of a new team, Shockley brought his own diode to serial production, but time had been lost, and competitors had already come close to the development of integrated circuits. Beckman sold the unprofitable Shockley Labs to investors from Cleveland. On July 23, 1961, Shockley was seriously injured in a car crash, and after recovery left
4928-447: The work on a field effect transistor for Beckman Instruments. Shockley refused to work on bipolar transistors, which later was proven a strategic mistake. Because the work on Shockley diodes took so much effort the produced devices were commercial failures. According to Noyce and Moore, as well as David Brock and Joel Shurkin , the shift from bipolar transistors to Shockley diodes was unexpected. Shockley initially planned to work on
5005-599: Was a dominant force in the aviation industry during this period, becoming one of the nation's largest manufacturers of commercial aircraft. Between 1927 and 1930, the company delivered over 300 of the FC-2, the production version of the FC-1 aerial mapping aircraft The aircraft could hold up to five passengers and could also be equipped with float or ski landing gear. The FC-2 was later chosen to accompany Charles A. Lindbergh on his 23,000-mile (37,000 km) tour of America. It also carried
5082-482: Was a poor manager and businessman. From early childhood he was prone to outbursts of unprovoked aggression, which were suppressed only due to the internal discipline of his past working environment. He also tended to see rivals, even in his own subordinates. On November 1, 1956, it was announced that the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics would be awarded to Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain. The related public events of November–December overtired Shockley and took him away from
5159-627: Was able to remain profitable after the war by manufacturing the C-119 Flying Boxcar , an upgraded version of the Packet which incorporated more powerful engines and greater capacity. From December 1949 until 1955 over 1,100 C-119s were constructed. This was the last Fairchild design to be mass-produced. The C-119 was eventually converted into the AC-119 , a night attack gunship used in the Vietnam War . In
5236-632: Was an experienced scientist and gifted manager, and, according to Bo Lojek , matched Shockley in intellect. Only Noyce was involved in semiconductor research, and only Grinich had experience in electronics. Throughout 1956, most members of the lab were assembling and tuning the equipment, and "pure scientists" Hoerni and Noyce carried out individual applied research. Shockley refused to hire technical staff, believing that his scientists should be able to handle all technological processes. After resettlement, he focused on fine-tuning Shockley diodes for mass production, and five employees, led by Noyce, continued
5313-483: Was asked by the chief forester of the Laurentide Paper Company to perform aerial surveys of Canada . Back in the United States he made an aerial map of Manhattan Island which became a commercial success and was implemented by several New York businesses. Other cities began using aerial mapping, as they found it was faster and less expensive than the ground surveys of the time. Aerial photography proved to be
5390-465: Was awarded a military contract to build his large-capacity twin-boom plane, which featured a hinged rear door used to load bulky cargo to be designated the C-82 Packet . It was nicknamed the "Flying Boxcar" because the plane's cargo capacity of 2,870 cubic feet (81 m ) was the same as that of a standard railway boxcar. It was used after World War II to fly assembled vehicles into Berlin. Fairchild
5467-458: Was concentrated in the east, and the California group preferred to stay near Palo Alto. In August 1957, Rock and Coyle met with the inventor and businessman Sherman Fairchild, founder of Fairchild Aircraft and Fairchild Camera . Fairchild sent Rock to his deputy, Richard Hodgson. Hodgson, risking his reputation, accepted the offer and within a few weeks completed all paperwork. The capital of
5544-656: Was delayed until early 1959. This created the Moore-Hoerni conflict at Fairchild: Moore ignored the contribution of Hoerni, and Hoerni believed that his work was unfairly treated. However, the Moore transistors formed the prestige of Fairchild Semiconductor – for several years, they beat all the competitors. In 1958, Fairchild mesa transistors were considered for the D-17B Minuteman I guidance computer, but they did not meet military standards of reliability. Fairchild already had
5621-405: Was directly or indirectly involved in the creation of dozens of corporations, including Intel and AMD . These many spin-off companies came to be known as "Fairchildren". In the winter of 1954–1955, William Shockley, an inventor of the transistor and a visiting professor at Stanford University , decided to establish his own mass production of advanced transistors and Shockley diodes . He found
5698-407: Was supported by Blank, Grinich, Last, Roberts, Hoerni and Moore. Arthur Rock and Alfred Coyle from Hayden, Stone & Co. became interested in the offer, believing that trainees of a Nobel laureate were destined to succeed. As a last resort, on May 29, 1957, a group led by Moore presented Arnold Beckman with an ultimatum: solve the "Shockley problem" or they would leave. Moore suggested finding
5775-516: Was the only child of George Winthrop Fairchild (1854–1924) and Josephine Mills Sherman (1859–1924). His father was a Republican Congressman as well as a co-founder and the first Chairman of IBM . His mother was the daughter of William Sherman, of Davenport, Iowa. As an only child he inherited his father's multimillion-dollar estate after his father died on December 31, 1924. He also inherited his father's IBM stock, becoming IBM's largest individual stockholder until his death in 1971. Known to be
5852-482: Was to geographically spread the venture financing. In May 2011, the California Historical Society gave the "Legends of California Award" to The Eight. Blank, Last, Moore, and Roberts' son Dave attended the event in San Francisco. In research, reporting, and popular lore related to Silicon Valley, the term "Fairchildren" has been used to refer to: One of the first articles to identify Fairchild as
5929-525: Was used for building airframes. Fairchild was involved in the development and production of the process which he renamed Fairchild Duramold and then used on the AT-21 Gunner trainer. Before the outbreak of the war, Fairchild realized the large sales potential for trainers and developed the Model 62(M-62), which met the requirements for both military and civilian flying schools. In the summer of 1939, he entered
#692307