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130-519: The National Holocaust Monument Act (Bill C-442), which established plans to create the memorial in Canada's capital, received Royal Assent on March 25, 2011. The law was introduced as a private members bill by Tim Uppal , Minister of State and MP for Edmonton—Sherwood Park and received unanimous support. The monument features a view of the Peace Tower and photographs by Edward Burtynsky . The team

260-753: A principality . Liechtenstein was a part of the Holy Roman Empire until the Treaty of Pressburg was signed on 26 December 1805; this marked Liechtenstein's formal independence, though it was a member of the Confederation of the Rhine and the German Confederation afterwards. While Liechtenstein was still closely aligned with Austria-Hungary until World War I, it realigned its politics and its customs and monetary institutions with Switzerland instead. Having been

390-414: A semi-presidential system , and the constitutional changes also provide for the possibility of a referendum to abolish the monarchy entirely. The current monarch is Hans-Adam II , who turned over the day-to-day governing decisions to his son and heir Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein on 15 August 2004. Luxembourg has been an independent grand duchy since 9 June 1815. Originally, Luxembourg

520-503: A Catholic emancipation bill would violate the Coronation Oath , which required the sovereign to preserve and protect the established Church of England from papal domination, and would grant rights to individuals who were in league with a foreign power which did not recognise their legitimacy. However, George IV reluctantly granted his assent upon the advice of his ministers. Thus, as the concept of ministerial responsibility has evolved,

650-564: A bill against the government's wishes, and the government of the day was effectively in a minority on the most pressing parliamentary issue at the time. As such, there were rumours that the prime minister might advise the then-Sovereign, Elizabeth II, to withhold assent on an unfavourable bill. Originally, legislative power was exercised by the sovereign acting on the advice of the Curia regis , or royal council, in which senior magnates and clerics participated and which evolved into Parliament. In 1265,

780-404: A bill that "sought to subvert the democratic basis of the constitution". However, Brazier went on to admit doing such a thing would lead to "grave difficulties of definition" and it would be better if the monarch sought a different method of expressing their concern. The only situation in which royal assent could be denied would be if a bill had been passed by the legislative houses or house against

910-692: A case. The current monarch is Albert II . Though while not using the title of king until 1815, the Dutch Royal House has been an intricate part of the politics of the Low Countries since medieval times. In 1566, the stadtholder William of Orange became the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs that set off the Eighty Years' War and resulted in the formal independence of

1040-555: A ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster for this purpose. However, royal assent is usually granted less ceremonially by letters patent . In other nations, such as Australia , the governor-general (as the Monarch's representative) has the right to dissolve the parliament and to sign a bill. In Canada , the governor general may give assent either in person at a ceremony in the Senate or by

1170-467: A constitutional monarchy since 1921, Hans-Adam II demanded more influence in Liechtenstein's politics in the early 21st century, which he was granted in a referendum held on 16 March 2003, effectively making Liechtenstein a semi-constitutional monarchy again. However, technically speaking, Liechtenstein's monarchy remains fully constitutional, and the transition was merely from a parliamentary system to

1300-563: A larger number of states in the Western part of Germany seceded The Holy Roman Empire and this brought in August 1806 the emperor Francis II to decide dissolving the entire empire , bringing an end to 1833 years of history of Roman emperors in Europe. Following Napoleon's defeat in 1814 and 1815, the reactionary Congress of Vienna determined that all of Europe should consist of strong monarchies (with

1430-567: A monarchy (though maintaining republican pretense) under Prince William IV . His son, Prince William V , was the last stadtholder of the republic, whose own son, King William I , became the first king of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , which was established on 16 March 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars . With the independence of Belgium on 21 July 1831, the Netherlands formally became

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1560-502: A monarchy still existing in fifty years and a clear majority believes that the monarchy will no longer exist a century after the poll. Public opinion is, however, certain that the monarchy will still exist in thirty years. The monarch of the United Kingdom is also the monarch of the 14 other Commonwealth realms , none of which are in Europe. Some of these realms have significant levels of support for republicanism . Differently from

1690-594: A monument to be built commemorating the Nazis' atrocities and as a beacon of light for Canadian Holocaust survivors. She campaigned and met with various Members of Parliament to support the introduction of a Private Members Bill. She is the granddaughter of a Polish-born Holocaust survivor. Among those she met with was newly elected Tory MP Tim Uppal , who later became Canada's Minister of State for Democratic Reform. Uppal introduced his first private member's bill in 2010, The National Holocaust Monument Act (Bill C-442), to establish

1820-528: A national Holocaust monument in Canada. Uppal noted that Canada was the only allied nation without a National Holocaust Memorial. "I look on it as something I did as a Canadian: Canada needed this," said Uppal, who worked with Grosman to obtain backing from all parties. Uppal also said he was influenced to support the initiative by his wife, Kiran, who joined the Ottawa March of the Living delegation in 1994,

1950-505: A national disaster, or at least have a tranquillising effect on the distracting conditions of the time". It has been mooted that, in modern times, the government could advise the monarch to withhold royal assent, but that elected politicians should strive to avoid such a scenario. Royal assent is the final stage in the legislative process for acts of the Scottish Parliament . The process is governed by sections 28, 32, 33, and 35 of

2080-564: A number of modern kingdoms were formed in a resurgence of monarchism after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the defeat of the French Empire : Many countries abolished the monarchy in the 20th century and became republics, especially in the wake of either World War I or World War II . A few new monarchies emerged for a brief period of time in the final years of World War I: Monarchies established or re-established during

2210-494: A rather complicated process, as the change entails a constitutional amendment . Two successive parliaments will have to pass the law by a two-thirds majority and then put it to a referendum. As parliament has to be dissolved and new elections have to be called after the constitutional amendment is passed for the first time, then Prime Minister of Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero indicated he would wait until

2340-490: A republic; however, the numbers have increased since Juan Carlos I abdicated. Sweden ’s monarchy goes back almost as far as the Danish one, to the semilegendary kings before the 10th century, since then it has not been interrupted. However, the unification of the rivalling kingdoms Svealand and Götaland (consolidation of Sweden) did not occur until some time later, possibly in the early 11th century. The current royal family,

2470-477: A similar pattern, with the original monarchies being overthrown and replaced by oligarchic republics in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. The dominant poleis of Athens and Sparta were weakened by warring each other, especially during the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE) won by Sparta. They were defeated and ruled by Thebes for a time (371–360 BCE), after which Sparta's role was over. Eventually, all of Greece

2600-456: A timely manner. In Antigua and Barbuda , Saint Lucia , and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , the governor-general may not withhold assent if a bill has fulfilled all constitutional requirements. In Papua New Guinea , no royal assent is required for the passage of bills and legislation instead becomes effective on the certification of the speaker of the national parliament . For Canada,

2730-719: A treasonable offence to suggest that Parliament had "a legislative power without the king". In 1678, Charles II withheld his assent from a bill "for preserving the Peace of the Kingdom by raising the Militia , and continuing them in Duty for Two and Forty Days," suggesting that he, not Parliament, should control the militia. William III made comparatively liberal use of the royal veto, withholding assent from five public bills between 1692 and 1696. These were: Carafano suggests that William III considered

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2860-423: A vital contribution to his nation and, alongside Grosman, worked to secure all-party support. Uppal and Grosman's worked in partnership in support of the legislation. Royal Assent Philosophers Works Royal assent is the method by which a monarch formally approves an act of the legislature, either directly or through an official acting on the monarch's behalf. In some jurisdictions, royal assent

2990-412: A written declaration notifying Parliament of their agreement to the bill. The monarch would today not veto a bill, except on ministerial advice. Robert Blackburn suggested the monarch's granting of royal assent is now limited to due process and is a certification that a bill has passed all established parliamentary procedures, whereas Rodney Brazier argued that a monarch can still refuse royal assent to

3120-473: Is Philippe . In Denmark , the monarchy goes back to the legendary kings before the 10th century and the Danish monarchy is the oldest in Europe (with the first attested historical king being Ongendus around the year 710). Currently, about 80 per cent support keeping the monarchy. The current monarch is Frederik X . The Danish monarchy also includes the Faroe Islands and Greenland which are parts of

3250-492: Is a theocratic , elective monarchy ruled by the pope . The monarchies can be divided into two broad classes: premodern states and those that gained their independence during or immediately after the Napoleonic Wars . Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the UK, Spain, and Andorra are the successors to premodern monarchies. Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg were established or gained independence through various methods during

3380-417: Is always granted on the advice of the government; the monarch never takes the decision to withhold consent. In Commonwealth realms other than the UK, royal assent is granted or withheld either by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign, the governor-general . In Australia and Canada, which are federations , assent in each state or province is granted or withheld by

3510-412: Is ambiguous, representing either the future perfect ("which the common people shall have chosen"), or perfect subjunctive ("which the common people may have chosen"). Charles I, adopting the latter interpretation, considered himself committed only to uphold those laws and customs that already existed at the time of his coronation. The Long Parliament preferred the former translation, interpreting

3640-454: Is equivalent to promulgation , while in others that is a separate step. Under a modern constitutional monarchy , royal assent is considered little more than a formality. Even in nations such as the United Kingdom , Norway , the Netherlands , Liechtenstein and Monaco which still, in theory, permit their monarch to withhold assent to laws, the monarch almost never does so, except in a dire political emergency or on advice of government. While

3770-443: Is not actually necessary for the governor general to sign a bill passed by a legislature, the signature being merely an attestation. In each case, the parliament must be apprised of the granting of assent before the bill is considered to have become law. Two methods are available: the sovereign's representatives may grant assent in the presence of both houses of parliament. Alternatively, each house may be notified separately, usually by

3900-621: Is the best-known example of the latter form; classical Sparta (c. 550–371 BCE) was a militaristic polis with a remarkable mix between monarchy ( dual kingship ), aristocracy ( Gerousia ) and democracy ( Apella ); the Roman Republic (c. 509–27 BCE) had a mixed constitution of oligarchy, democracy and especially aristocracy. The city-states of the Etruscan civilization (which arose during the Villanovan period , c. 900–700 BCE) appear to have followed

4030-750: The Baleares and in southern Iberia . The Carthaginian empire, according to tradition founded in 814 BCE, started out as a monarchy, but in the 4th century transformed into a republic where suffets ("judges") ruled. Finally, Rome gradually conquered all of Italy (primarily after 350 BCE), and defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars (264–146 BCE). In 168, Macedon was subdued by the Romans , and partitioned into four client republics. These were annexed as Roman provinces in 148, as happened to Greece in 146, making Rome's territory envelop all of literate Europe. The remainder of Iberia,

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4160-612: The Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931 , all the Commonwealth realms have been sovereign kingdoms, the monarch and governors-general acting solely on the advice of the local ministers, who generally maintain the support of the legislature and are the ones who secure the passage of bills. They, therefore, are unlikely to advise the sovereign, or his or her representative, to withhold assent. The power to withhold

4290-614: The Clerk of the Parliaments . (The Prime Minister, other ministers, and Privy Counsellors do not normally have any involvement in drawing up the list.) The Clerk of the Crown then prepares letters patent listing all the relevant bills, which are then signed by the monarch. Officially, assent is granted by the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners authorised to act by letters patent . Royal assent may be granted in parliament or outside parliament; in

4420-461: The European Union : Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. At the start of the 20th century, France, Switzerland and San Marino were the only European nations to have a republican form of government. The ascent of republicanism to the political mainstream started only at the beginning of the 20th century, facilitated by the toppling of various European monarchies after

4550-487: The French Third Republic , the only great republican European power until World War I. Much of 19th century politics was characterised by the division between anti-monarchist radicalism and monarchist conservatism . The Kingdom of Spain was briefly abolished in 1873, restored 1874–1931 and again in 1975 (or in 1947 ). The Kingdom of Portugal was abolished in 1910. The Russian Empire ended in 1917,

4680-757: The Holy See , in existence for almost two thousand years, the Vatican City was not a sovereign state until the 20th century. In the 19th century the annexation of the Papal States by the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the subsequent establishment of the Kingdom of Italy, was not recognized by the Vatican. However, by the Lateran treaty of 1929, the Kingdom of Italy recognized Vatican City as an independent state, and vice versa . Since then,

4810-875: The House of Bernadotte , has reigned since 1818. The current monarch is Carl XVI Gustaf . The monarchy of the United Kingdom can be defined to have started either with the Kingdoms of England (871) and Scotland (843), with the Union of the Crowns on 24 March 1603, or with the Acts of Union of 1 May 1707. It was briefly interrupted by the English Interregnum , with the Commonwealth of England existing in its stead from 30 January 1649 until 15 December 1653 and from 26 May 1659 until 25 May 1660 and

4940-737: The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ) for review of its legality. Royal assent is signified by letters patent under the Great Seal of Scotland as set out in The Scottish Parliament (Letters Patent and Proclamations) Order 1999 ( SI 1999/737) and of which notice is published in the London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes. The authority of the Secretary of State for Scotland to prohibit

5070-456: The Kingdom of Prussia in 1918. The Kingdom of Hungary fell under Habsburg rule in 1867 and was dissolved in 1918 ( restored 1920–1946). Likewise, the Kingdom of Bohemia under Habsburg rule was dissolved in 1918. The Ottoman sultanate was abolished in 1922 and replaced by the Republic of Türkiye the following year. The Napoleonic Wars transformed the political landscape of Europe, and

5200-523: The Kingdom of Sardinia to form the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Austria and Prussia vied to unite all German states under their banner, with Prussia emerging victorious in 1866. It succeeded in provoking Napoleon III to declare war, leading to the defeat of France , and the absorption of the southern German states into the German Empire in the process (1870–71). From the ashes of the Second Empire rose

5330-530: The Kingdom of the Netherlands . The current monarch is Willem-Alexander . Norway was united and thus established for the first time in 872, as a kingdom. As a result of the unification of the Norwegian petty kingdoms , which traces the monarchs even further back in time, both legitimate and semi–legendary kings. It is thus one of the oldest monarchies in the world, along with the Swedish and Danish ones. Norway

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5460-853: The Scotland Act 1998 . After a bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament submits it to the monarch for royal assent after a four-week period, during which the Advocate General for Scotland , the Lord Advocate , the Attorney General or the Secretary of State for Scotland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (prior to 1 October 2009,

5590-870: The Tynwald of the Isle of Man . Before the Lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765 (the Revestment ), the assent of the Lord of Mann to a bill was signified by letter to the Governor. After 1765, the equivalent of the royal assent was at first signified by the letter from the Secretary of State to the Governor; but, during the British Regency , the practice began of granting

5720-489: The United Kingdom of the Netherlands with Leopold I as its first king. While in a referendum held on 12 March 1950, 57.68 per cent of the Belgians voted in favour of allowing Leopold III , whose conduct during World War II had been considered questionable and who had been accused of treason, to return to the throne; due to civil unrest, he opted to abdicate in favour of his son Baudouin on 16 July 1951. The current monarch

5850-563: The United Provinces in 1581. He was born in the House of Nassau as Count of Nassau-Dillenburg . He became Prince of Orange in 1544 and is thereby the founder of the branch House of Orange-Nassau His descendants became de facto heads of state of the Dutch Republic during the 16th to 18th centuries, which was an effectively hereditary role. For the last half century of its existence, it became an officially hereditary role and thus

5980-472: The United States Declaration of Independence , colonists complained that George III "has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good [and] has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them." Since

6110-430: The divine right of kings , partly influenced by the notion of sacral kingship inherited from Germanic antiquity . The great powers of Europe in the Early modern period were the result of a gradual process of centralization of power taking place over the course of the Middle Ages. The Early Middle Ages begin with a fragmentation of the former Western Roman Empire into " barbarian kingdoms ". In Western Europe,

6240-406: The former king even executed , to the other European courts' great shock. During the subsequent French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1799), the great European monarchies were unable to restore the monarchy; instead, the French First Republic expanded and annexed neighbouring territories, or converted them into loyal sister republics . Meanwhile, the German Mediatization of 1803 thoroughly rearranged

6370-436: The interbellum period were: Monarchies established or re-established from 1940 and onwards: There are currently twelve monarchies in Europe. Eleven of these are constitutional monarchies while one (the Vatican City State ) is an absolute monarchy. Andorra has been a co-principality since the signing of a paréage in 1278, when the count of Foix and the bishop of La Seu d'Urgell agreed to share sovereignty over

6500-407: The Assembly . Under section 14 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998 , a bill which has been approved by the Northern Ireland Assembly is presented to the monarch by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland for royal assent after a four-week waiting period during which the Attorney General for Northern Ireland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court. Assent is given by means of letters patent in

6630-454: The Christian Roman Empire that would be at the core of the medieval institution of kingship in Europe and its notion of the divine right of kings , as well as the position of the Pope in Latin Christendom , the restoration of the Roman Empire under Charlemagne and the derived concept of the Holy Roman Empire in Western and Central Europe. The monarchies of Europe in the Christian Middle Ages derived their claim from Christianisation and

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6760-475: The Clerk to the Assembly to present measures passed by the assembly after a four-week period during which the Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General could refer the proposed measure to the Supreme Court for a decision as to whether the measure was within the assembly's legislative competence. Following the referendum held in March 2011 , in which the majority voted for the assembly's law-making powers to be extended, measures were replaced by Acts of

6890-441: The Crown, would be seated on the throne in the Lords chamber, surrounded by heralds and members of the royal court—a scene that nowadays is repeated only at the annual State Opening of Parliament . The Commons, led by their Speaker , would listen from the Bar of the Lords, just outside the chamber. The Clerk of the Parliaments presented the bills awaiting assent to the monarch, save that supply bills were traditionally brought up by

7020-413: The Earl of Leicester irregularly called a full parliament without royal authorisation. Membership of the so-called Model Parliament , established in 1295 under Edward I , eventually came to be divided into two branches: bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed the House of Lords , while the two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough led the House of Commons . The King would seek

7150-408: The Illyrian coast and eventually Gaul by general Julius Caesar were added to the Roman Republic, which however was experiencing an institutional crisis. After defeating his rival Pompey , Caesar was appointed dictator to restore order. He almost managed to found a dynasty in the process, but was killed by a republican cabal led by Brutus in 44 BCE. Caesar's adoptive son Octavian prevailed in

7280-408: The Kingdom of Denmark with internal home rule. Due to this status, the monarch has no separate title for these regions. On his accession he assumed the title and style "His Majesty King Frederik X". Liechtenstein formally came into existence on 23 January 1719, when Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor decreed the lordship of Schellenberg and the countship of Vaduz united and raised to the dignity of

7410-408: The Napoleonic Wars. The State of the Vatican City was recognized as a sovereign state administered by the Holy See in 1929. Ten of these monarchies are hereditary , and two are elective: Vatican City (the pope, elected at the papal conclave ), and Andorra (technically a semi-elective diarchy, the joint heads of state being the elected president of France and the Bishop of Urgell , appointed by

7540-528: The National Holocaust Monument of Canada was unveiled in Ottawa, the opening plaque made no mention of the six million Jews killed by the Nazis. Subsequently, chair, Rabbi Dr. Daniel Friedman took responsibility for the error. The monument was built due to the persistent activism of a second-year university student, Laura Grosman, who sought to learn why there was no monument for a certain cause and after finding unsatisfactory answers, took it upon herself to work towards establishing one. Laura began advocating for

7670-416: The Protectorate taking its place from 16 December 1653 until 25 May 1659. The current monarch is King Charles III , son of the late Queen Elizabeth II . Support for establishing a republic instead of a monarchy was around 18 percent in the United Kingdom in 2006, while a majority thinks that there will still be a monarchy in the United Kingdom in ten years' time, public opinion is rather uncertain about

7800-404: The Roman authorities in Britannia . Most of the barbarian kingdoms established in the 5th century (the kingdoms of the Suebi , Burgundi , Vandals , Franks , Visigoths , Ostrogoths ) recognised the Roman Emperor at least nominally, and Germanic kingdoms would continue to mint coins depicting the Roman emperor well into the 6th century. It was this derivation of the authority of kingship from

7930-481: The Speaker. The Clerk of the Crown, standing on the sovereign's right, then read aloud the titles of the bills (in earlier times, the entire text of the bills). The Clerk of the Parliaments, standing on the sovereign's left, responded by stating the appropriate Norman French formula. A new device for granting assent was created during the reign of King Henry VIII . In 1542, Henry sought to execute his fifth wife, Catherine Howard , whom he accused of committing adultery;

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8060-415: The Tynwald, a measure "shall have the force and effect of an Act of Tynwald upon the Royal Assent thereto being announced to the Tynwald". Between 1979 and 1993, the Synod had similar powers, but limited to the extension to the Isle of Man of measures of the General Synod . Before 1994, the equivalent of the royal assent was granted by Order in Council, as for a bill, but the power to grant the equivalent of

8190-435: The acts mentioned. Thus, unlike the granting of royal assent by the monarch in person or by royal commissioners, the method created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 does not require both houses to meet jointly for the purpose of receiving the notice of royal assent. The standard text of the letters patent is set out in The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992, with minor amendments in 2000. In practice this remains

8320-426: The advice and consent of both houses before making any law. During Henry VI 's reign, it became regular practice for the two houses to originate legislation in the form of bills, which would not become law unless the Sovereign's assent was obtained, as the Sovereign was, and still remains, the enactor of laws. Hence, all Acts include the clause "Be it enacted by the King's (Queen's) most Excellent Majesty, by and with

8450-521: The advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal , and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows...". The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 provide a second potential preamble if the House of Lords were to be excluded from the process. The power of Parliament to pass bills was often thwarted by monarchs. Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629, after it passed motions and bills critical of—and seeking to restrict—his arbitrary exercise of power. During

8580-410: The authority to grant assent, nor, as proxies, as the British Crown's representative, deliver assent, to legislation emanating from the respective legislatures of these islands. The States of Jersey Law 2005 abolishes the power of the lieutenant governor to directly impose a formal veto to a resolution of the States of Jersey. The equivalent of the royal assent is formally granted or formally refused on

8710-406: The beginning of antiquity , monarchy confronted several republican forms of government, wherein executive power was in the hands of a number of people that elected leaders in a certain way instead of appointing them by hereditary succession. During the archaic period (c. 750–500 BCE), kingship disappeared in almost all Greek poleis , and also in Rome (then still a barely significant town). After

8840-443: The breaking of the thread of a possibly eloquent speech and the disruption of a debate that may be caused." Under the Royal Assent Act 1967, royal assent can be granted by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of Parliament. Then, the presiding officer makes a formal, but simple statement to the house, acquainting each house that royal assent has been granted to

8970-505: The demise of kingship, the Greek city-states were initially most often led by nobility ( aristocracy ), after which their economic and military power base crumbled. Next, in almost all poleis tyrants usurped power for two generations ( tyranny , 7th and especially 6th century BCE), after which gradually forms of governments led by the wealthy ( oligarchy ) or assemblies of free male citizens (democracy) emerged in Classical Greece (mainly after 500 BCE). Athenian democracy (6th century–322 BCE)

9100-422: The earliest examples of monarchies in protohistoric Greece. Thanks to the decipherment of the Linear B script in 1952, much knowledge has been acquired about society in the Mycenaean realms, where the kings functioned as leaders of palace economies . The role of kings changed in the following Greek Dark Ages ( c.  1100 – c.  750 BCE ) to big gentleman farmers with military power. Since

9230-470: The early modern period were: The House of Habsburg became the most influential royal dynasty in continental Europe by the 17th century, divided into the Spanish and Austrian branches. The modern resurgence of parliamentarism and anti-monarchism began with the French Revolution (1789–99). The absolutist Kingdom of France was first transformed to a constitutional monarchy (1791–92) , before being fully abolished on 21 September 1792, and eventually

9360-709: The eldest child inherits the throne, regardless of gender; Monaco and Spain have the older system of male-preference primogeniture , while Liechtenstein uses agnatic primogeniture . In 1990, Norway granted absolute primogeniture to the Norwegian throne, meaning that the eldest child, regardless of gender, takes precedence in the line of succession. This was not, however, done retroactively (as, for example, Sweden had done in 1980), meaning that Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway continues to take precedence over his older sister. There are plans to change to absolute primogeniture in Spain through

9490-575: The elected monarch of the Vatican City state has been the current pope . The pope still officially carries the title "King of the Ecclesiastical State" (in Latin : Rex Status Ecclesiæ). The succession order is determined by primogeniture in most European monarchies. Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom now adhere to absolute primogeniture, whereby

9620-461: The eleven years of personal rule that followed, Charles performed legally dubious actions such as raising taxes without Parliament's approval. The form of the Coronation Oath taken by monarchs up to and including James I and Charles I included a promise (in Latin) to uphold the rightful laws and customs quas vulgus elegerit . There was a controversy over the meaning of this phrase: the verb elegerit

9750-433: The end of World War I ; as at the beginning of the 21st century, most of the states in Europe are republics with either a directly or indirectly elected head of state . The notion of kingship in Europe ultimately originates in systems of tribal kingship in prehistoric Europe . The Minoan ( c.  3200 – c.  1400 BCE ) and Mycenaean civilisation ( c.  1600 – c.  1100 BCE ) provide

9880-607: The end of his first term in 2008 before passing the law, although this deadline passed without the referendum being called. The amendment enjoys strong public support. To change the order of succession to the British throne , all the sovereign states with the King as head of state—collectively known as Commonwealth realms —must agree. In the United Kingdom, the Succession to the Crown Act 2013

10010-471: The end of the 19th century. After World War I , however, most European monarchies were abolished. There remain, as of 2024, twelve sovereign monarchies in Europe . Seven are kingdoms : Denmark , Norway , Sweden , the United Kingdom , Spain , the Netherlands , and Belgium . Three are principalities : Andorra , Liechtenstein , and Monaco . Finally, Luxembourg is a grand duchy and Vatican City

10140-716: The ensuing civil war, and converted the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire in 27 BCE. He took on the name Augustus , with the rather humble title of princeps ("first [citizen]"), as if he were merely primus inter pares ("first among equals"), when he had in fact founded a monarchy. This limited emperorship ( Principate ) was strengthened in 284 by Diocletian to absolute reign ( Dominate ). The Empire recognised various client kingdoms under imperial suzerainty; most of these were in Asia, but tribal client kings were also recognized by

10270-462: The equivalent of the royal assent to Manx legislation by Orders in Council, which continues to this day, though limited to exceptional cases since 1981. That year an Order in Council delegated to the lieutenant governor the power to grant royal assent to bills passed by Tynwald . The lieutenant governor must however refer any bill impacting on reserved powers (defence, foreign relations, nationality law,

10400-599: The exception of Switzerland and a few insignificant republics). In France, the Bourbon dynasty was restored , replaced by the liberal July Monarchy in 1830, before the entire monarchy was again abolished during the Revolutions of 1848 . The popular Napoleon III was able to proclaim himself Emperor in 1852, thus founding the Second French Empire . The kingdoms of Sicily and Naples ( "Two Sicilies" ) were absorbed into

10530-563: The execution was to be authorised not after a trial but by a bill of attainder , to which he would have to personally assent after listening to the entire text. Henry decided that "the repetition of so grievous a Story and the recital of so infamous a crime" in his presence "might reopen a Wound already closing in the Royal Bosom". Therefore, Parliament inserted a clause into the Act of Attainder, providing that assent granted by Commissioners "is and ever

10660-699: The following form set out in the Northern Ireland (Royal Assent to Bills) Order 1999. Between 1922 and 1972, bills passed by the Parliament of Northern Ireland were passed to the Governor of Northern Ireland for royal assent under the Government of Ireland Act of 1920 , replacing the office of Lord Lieutenant . The lieutenant governors of the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick and Islands of Guernsey do not have

10790-517: The following formal options: The last bill that was refused assent was the Scottish Militia Bill during Queen Anne's reign in 1708. Erskine May 's Parliamentary Practice advises "...and from that sanction they cannot be legally withheld", meaning that bills must be sent for royal assent, not that it must be given. However, some authorities have stated that the Sovereign no longer has

10920-622: The formal advice of the Committee of Council for the Affairs of Jersey and Guernsey in pursuance of Queen Elizabeth II's Order-in-Council of 22 February 1952. A recent example when the equivalent of the royal assent was refused was in 2007, concerning reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark . (A revised version of the proposed reforms was subsequently given the equivalent of the royal assent. ) Special procedures apply to legislation passed by

11050-469: The formula is simply " Le Roy le veult " ("the King wills it"). For personal bills , the phrase is "Soit fait comme il est désiré" ("let it be done as it is desired"). The appropriate formula for withholding assent is the euphemistic "Le Roy s'avisera" ("the King will consider it"). When the sovereign is female, Le Roy is replaced by La Reyne . Before the reign of Henry VIII, the sovereign always granted his or her assent in person. The sovereign, wearing

11180-478: The government. The first Hanoverian monarch, George I , became heir presumptive and then king late in life. Speaking English as a second language and being at first unfamiliar with British politics and customs, he relied on his ministers to a greater extent than had previous monarchs. Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation: George III and George IV both openly opposed Catholic Emancipation and asserted that to grant assent to

11310-539: The intermediate positions of counts (or earls ) and dukes . The core of European feudal manorialism in the High Middle Ages were the territories of the kingdom of France , the Holy Roman Empire (centered on the nominal kingdoms of Germany and Italy ) and the kingdoms of England and Scotland . With the rise of nation-states and the Protestant Reformation , the theory of divine right justified

11440-732: The king's absolute authority in both political and spiritual matters. The theory came to the fore in England under the reign of James I of England (1603–1625, also James VI of Scotland 1567–1625). Louis XIV of France (1643–1715) strongly promoted the theory as well. Early modern Europe was dominated by the Wars of Religion , notably the Thirty Years' War , during which the major European monarchies developed into centralised great powers sustained by their colonial empires . The main European monarchical powers in

11570-592: The kingdom of the Franks developed into the Carolingian Empire by the 8th century, and the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England were unified into the kingdom of England by the 10th century. With the breakup of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century, the system of feudalism places kings at the head of a pyramid of relationships between liege lords and vassals, dependent on the regional rule of barons , and

11700-515: The landlocked country. The principality was briefly annexed in 1396 and again in 1512–1513 by the Crown of Aragon . The first female prince to rule Andorra was Isabella, Countess of Foix (1398–1413). After the title of the count of Foix had been passed to the kings of Navarre , and after Henry of Navarre had become Henry IV of France , an edict was issued in 1607 which established the French head of state as

11830-489: The large influence the princes still have on politics, and Vatican City, which is an absolute monarchy . There is currently no major campaign to abolish the monarchy (see monarchism and republicanism ) in any of the twelve states, although there is at least a small minority of republicans in many of them (e.g. the political organisation Republic in the United Kingdom). Currently six of the twelve monarchies are members of

11960-662: The latter case, each house must be separately notified before the bill takes effect. The Clerk of the Parliaments , the chief official of the House of Lords, traditionally pronounces a formula in Anglo-Norman Law French , indicating the sovereign's decision. The granting of royal assent to a supply bill is indicated with the words "Le Roy remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult", translated as "The King thanks his good subjects, accepts their bounty, and so wills it." For other public or private bills ,

12090-569: The legal successor to the count of Foix in regard to the paréage. Andorra was briefly annexed for a third time by the First French Empire together with Catalonia in 1812–1813. After the Empire's demise, Andorra became independent again. The current joint monarchs are Bishop Joan Enric Vives Sicília and President Emmanuel Macron of France. Belgium has been a kingdom since 21 July 1831 without interruption, after it became independent from

12220-531: The lieutenant governors may defer assent to the governor general , who may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign. If the governor general is unable to give assent, it can be done by a deputy , specifically a justice of the Supreme Court of Canada . Through Canadian history, royal assent has been withheld by a lieutenant governor approximately 90 times, the last occurring in Saskatchewan in 1961. It

12350-462: The method used to signify royal assent, it is the responsibility of the Clerk of the Parliaments , once the assent has been duly notified to both houses, not only to endorse the act in the name of the monarch with the formal Norman French formula, but to certify that assent has been granted. The Clerk signs one authentic copy of the bill and inserts the date (in English) on which the assent was notified to

12480-502: The mid-19th century before seceding in hopes of being annexed by Sardinia, were ceded to France in exchange for 4,000,000 French francs with the Franco-Monegasque Treaty in 1861, which also formally guaranteed Monaco its independence. Until 2002, Monaco would have become part of France had the house of Grimaldi ever died out; in a treaty signed that year, the two nations agreed that Monaco would remain independent even in such

12610-692: The monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack . The Lords Reading Clerk reads the commission aloud; the senior commissioner then states, "My Lords, in obedience to His Majesty's Commands, and by virtue of the Commission which has been now read, We do declare and notify to you, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, that His Majesty has given His Royal Assent to

12740-486: The monarchy. The current monarch is Henri . Monaco has been ruled by the House of Grimaldi since 1297. From 1793 until 1814, Monaco was under French control; the Congress of Vienna designated Monaco as being a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1815 until 1860, when the Treaty of Turin ceded the surrounding counties of Nice and Savoy to France. Menton and Roquebrune-Cap-Martin , part of Monaco until

12870-544: The oath as an undertaking to assent to any law passed by Parliament, as the representative of the "common people". The restoration Convention Parliament resolved the issue by removing the disputed phrase from the Oath. After the English Civil War , it was accepted that Parliament should be summoned to meet regularly, but it was still commonplace for monarchs to refuse royal assent to bills. The Sedition Act 1661 even made it

13000-435: The only Sikh participant in the journey. Initially, Grosman teamed up with Peter Kent, a former journalist and news anchor, who pledged his support. However, due to his appointment to the cabinet, Kent couldn't introduce a private member's bill. Kent sought out Tim Uppal, a newly elected Tory MP with a prime position on the order paper, who agreed to sponsor the bill - eventually named Bill-442. Uppal considered this endeavor

13130-508: The political structure of the Holy Roman Empire, with many small principalities and all ecclesiastical lands being annexed by larger monarchies. After Napoleon seized power , however, he gradually constructed a new imperial order in French-controlled Europe, first by crowning himself Emperor of the French in 1804, and then converting the sister republics into monarchies ruled by his relatives. In July 1806 due to Napoleon's campaigns

13260-412: The pope). Most of the monarchies in Europe are constitutional monarchies , which means that the monarch does not influence the politics of the state: either the monarch is legally prohibited from doing so, or the monarch does not utilize the political powers vested in the office by convention . The exceptions are Liechtenstein and Monaco, which are usually considered semi-constitutional monarchies due to

13390-399: The power to veto by withholding royal assent was once exercised often by European monarchs , such an occurrence has been very rare since the eighteenth century. Royal assent is typically associated with elaborate ceremony. In the United Kingdom the Sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners , who announce that royal assent has been granted at

13520-417: The power to withhold assent from a bill against the advice of ministers. Under modern constitutional conventions, the Sovereign generally acts on, and in accordance with, the advice of his or her ministers. However, there is some disagreement among scholars as to whether the monarch should withhold royal assent to a bill if advised to do so by his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often enjoy

13650-559: The power to withhold royal assent has fallen into disuse, both in the United Kingdom and in the other Commonwealth realms. In 1914, George V took legal advice on withholding royal assent from the Government of Ireland Bill ; then highly contentious legislation that the Liberal government intended to push through Parliament by means of the Parliament Act 1911 . He decided not to withhold assent without "convincing evidence that it would avert

13780-407: The provincial cabinet objected. The unconstitutionality of all three bills was later confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . In Australia, technical issues arose with the royal assent in both 1976 and 2001. In 1976, a bill originating in the House of Representatives was mistakenly submitted to the governor-general and assented to. However, it

13910-613: The relationship between the island and the United Kingdom and any matters relating to the monarch) to the British government for advice, on which he is required to act. Since 1993, the Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod of the Church of England within the Province of York has had power to enact measures making provision "with respect to any matter concerning the Church of England in the Island". If approved by

14040-509: The relevant governor or lieutenant governor , respectively. In Australia, in the special case of a bill proposing to amend the constitution, the bill is submitted to the electorate in a referendum and must receive majority support before receiving royal assent. All other bills passed normally by the Parliament become acts of Parliament once they have received royal assent. In Solomon Islands and Tuvalu , royal assent may not be refused and constitutional provisions require it to be granted in

14170-508: The required stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, the House of Commons may, under certain circumstances, direct that a bill be presented for assent despite lack of passage by the House of Lords. A list of all bills that have thus passed Parliament is drawn up by the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery ; this list is then approved by

14300-515: The royal assent to measures has now been delegated to the lieutenant governor. A Measure does not require promulgation . King's Consent and Prince's Consent are distinct from royal assent. They are required only for bills affecting the royal prerogative and the personal property and "personal interests" of the monarch, and are granted before parliament has debated or voted to pass a bill. They are internal parliamentary rules of procedure that could, in principle, be dispensed with by parliament. Consent

14430-514: The royal assent was exercised by Alberta's Lieutenant Governor , John C. Bowen , in 1937, in respect of three bills passed in the legislature dominated by William Aberhart 's Social Credit party. Two bills sought to put banks under the authority of the province, thereby interfering with the federal government's powers. The third, the Accurate News and Information Bill , purported to force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which

14560-417: The royal veto "his personal legislative tool". By contrast, the last Stuart monarch, Anne , withheld her assent from a bill just once. On 11 March 1708, she vetoed the Scottish Militia Bill on the advice of her ministers. No monarch has since withheld royal assent on a bill passed by Parliament. During the rule of the succeeding Hanoverian dynasty , power was gradually exercised more by Parliament and

14690-531: The several Acts in the Commission mentioned." During the 1960s, the ceremony of assenting by commission was discontinued and is now only employed once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session. In 1960, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod arrived to summon the House of Commons during a heated debate and several members protested against the disruption by refusing to attend the ceremony. The debacle

14820-588: The speaker of that house. Both houses must be notified on the same day. Notice to the House of Commons while it is not in session may be given by way of publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons . The Senate must be sitting and the governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker. While royal assent has not been withheld for a bill backed by the government in the United Kingdom since 1708, it has often been withheld in British colonies and former colonies by governors acting on royal instructions. In

14950-528: The standard method, a fact that is belied by the wording of the letters patent for the appointment of the Royal Commissioners and by the wording of the letters patent for the granting of royal assent in writing under the 1967 Act ("... And forasmuch as We cannot at this time be present in the Higher House of Our said Parliament being the accustomed place for giving Our Royal Assent..."). Independently of

15080-584: The submission of an act of the Scottish Parliament for royal assent was first used in January 2023 for the Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill . Measures , which were the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011, were assented to by Queen Elizabeth II by means of an Order in Council . Section 102 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 required

15210-481: The support of Parliament and obtain the passage of bills, it is improbable that they would advise the Sovereign to withhold assent. Hence, in modern practice, the issue has never arisen, and royal assent has not been withheld. This possibility did arise during the early days of the premiership of Boris Johnson while the UK was negotiating a Brexit agreement with the EU. The Speaker of the House of Commons had allowed debate on

15340-669: The two houses after the title of the act. Monarchies in Europe In the European history , monarchy was the prevalent form of government throughout the Middle Ages , only occasionally competing with communalism , notably in the case of the maritime republics and the Swiss Confederacy . In the early modern period (1500 - 1800 CE), Republicanism became more prevalent, but monarchy still remained predominant in Europe until

15470-462: The wishes of the cabinet and the royal assent stage offered the latter with a last-ditch opportunity to prevent the bill from becoming law. Before the Royal Assent by Commission Act 1541 allowed for delegation of the power to Lords Commissioners , assent was always required to be given by the Sovereign in person before Parliament. The last time it was given by the Sovereign in person in Parliament

15600-644: Was also the monarch until his abdication in 2014. His son Felipe VI is the current monarch . The 1978 constitution confirms the title of the monarch is the King of Spain , but that he may also use other titles historically associated with the Crown, including the kingdoms of Castile and León , Aragon , the Two Sicilies , Jerusalem , Navarre , Granada , Seville , Toledo , Valencia , Galicia , Sardinia , Córdoba , Corsica , etc. Data from 2006 suggested that only 25 per cent of Spaniards were in favour of establishing

15730-528: Was and ever shall be, as good" as assent granted by the sovereign personally. The procedure was used only five times during the 16th century, but more often during the 17th and 18th centuries, especially when George III 's health began to deteriorate. Queen Victoria became the last monarch to personally grant assent in 1854. When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are privy counsellors to declare assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners , as

15860-530: Was briefly abolished by the First Spanish Republic from 11 February 1873 until 29 December 1874. The monarchy was abolished again on 14 April 1931, first by the Second Spanish Republic – which lasted until 1 April 1939 – and subsequently by the dictatorship of Francisco Franco , who ruled until his death on 20 November 1975. Monarchy was restored on 22 November 1975 under Juan Carlos I , who

15990-464: Was during the reign of Queen Victoria at a prorogation on 12 August 1854. The Act was repealed and replaced by the Royal Assent Act 1967 . However section 1(2) of that Act does not prevent the Sovereign from declaring assent in person if he or she so desires. Royal assent is the final step required for a parliamentary bill to become law. Once a bill is presented to the Sovereign, he or she has

16120-521: Was enacted, and after legislation in some other realms, the changes came into effect across all realms simultaneously on 26 March 2015. Liechtenstein uses agnatic primogeniture (aka Salic law), which completely excludes women from the order of succession. It was criticised for this by a United Nations committee for this perceived gender equality issue in November 2007. Luxembourg also used agnatic primogeniture until 20 June 2011, when absolute primogeniture

16250-497: Was in personal union with the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 16 March 1815 until 23 November 1890. While Wilhelmina succeeded Willem III in the Netherlands, this was not possible in Luxembourg due to the order of succession being based on Salic law at that time; he was succeeded instead by Adolphe . In a referendum held on 28 September 1919, 80.34 per cent voted in favour of keeping

16380-440: Was later discovered that it had not been passed by the Senate. The error arose because two bills of the same title had originated from the House. The governor-general revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed the Senate and the House. The same procedure was followed to correct a similar error that arose in 2001. In the United Kingdom, a bill is presented for royal assent after it has passed all

16510-579: Was led by Lord Cultural Resources. Claude Cormier also lent his expertise; Cormier was initially reluctant to participate, but Libeskind persuaded him to join the project, hoping that Cormier would bring a sense of "hope and optimism." The monument is overseen by the National Capital Commission . The monument was planned to be unveiled in the fall of 2015, but later pushed back to the spring of 2017 due to delays in construction. The official unveiling occurred on September 27, 2017. In 2017, when

16640-528: Was part of the Kalmar Union from 1397 until 1524, then part of Denmark–Norway from 1536 until 1814, and finally an autonomous part of the Union between Sweden and Norway from 1814 until 1905. Norway became completely independent again on 7 June 1905. Support for establishing a republic lies around 20 per cent. The current monarch is Harald V . Spain came into existence as a single, united kingdom under Charles I of Spain on 23 January 1516. The monarchy

16770-449: Was repeated in 1965; this time, when the Speaker left the chair to go to the House of Lords, some members continued to make speeches. As a result, the Royal Assent Act 1967 was passed, creating an additional form for the granting of royal assent. As the attorney-general explained, "there has been a good deal of resentment not only at the loss of Parliamentary time that has been involved but at

16900-783: Was subjugated by the Macedonian monarchy in 338 BCE, that put an end to the era of free autonomous city-states, and Athenian democracy as well in 322 BCE. In the subsequent Hellenistic period (334–30 BCE) numerous diadochs (successors of Alexander the Great ) fought one another for the kingship of Macedon, definitively obtained by the Antigonids in 277 BCE. Meanwhile, the Phoenician city-state of Carthage , located in present-day Tunisia , aside from settling large swaths of North Africa's coast, also set up several colonies on Sicily , Sardinia, Corsica,

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