Heterodox
104-577: A NEET , an acronym for " Not in Education, Employment, or Training ", is a person who is unemployed and not receiving an education or vocational training . The classification originated in the United Kingdom in the late 1990s, and its use has spread, in varying degrees, to other countries, including Japan , South Korea , China , Serbia , Canada , and the United States . The NEET category includes
208-448: A 64M turn table Ladder. The Turntable ladder is one of 3 that are in use in london and are the tallest ladders in use in the uk fire and rescue service. Of the two stations; Dagenham is the busier, attending over 2,000 incidents in 2006/2007. The coat of arms of the borough displays the Curfew tower of Barking Abbey in its crest . The following people and military units have received
312-500: A Higher Education institute owned and governed by Coventry University, started offering courses to students in September 2017. Situated in the former Dagenham Civic Centre , they offer a range of subjects across Foundation, HNC, HND and degree level. The University of East London formerly had a campus in the borough, however this has now closed with all campuses now being located in the neighbouring borough of Newham . In March 2011,
416-451: A better match. That is, in fact, beneficial to the economy since it results in a better allocation of resources. However, if the search takes too long and mismatches are too frequent, the economy suffers since some work will not get done. Therefore, governments will seek ways to reduce unnecessary frictional unemployment by multiple means including providing education, advice, training, and assistance such as daycare centers . The frictions in
520-519: A guaranteed job, training, or work experience to 18- to 24-year-olds who have been on Jobseeker's Allowance for six months; it went live on 25 January 2010. It was announced in the 2010 budget that the scheme would end in March 2012, an extension of one year. The Education and Skills Act 2008 , which was granted royal assent in 2008, increased the school leaving age in England to 17 in 2013, and to 18 in 2015;
624-473: A hyperlocal news service distributes news, weather, travel, sport and entertainment updates on Facebook Watch . The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham has two fire stations within its boundary: Barking and Dagenham. Barking fire station operates two pumping appliances, a bulk foam unit and a command unit. The support units that are operated here will cover a large selection of station grounds and areas. Dagenham fire station operates two pumping appliances and
728-536: A job are set above the market-clearing level, causing the number of job-seekers to exceed the number of vacancies. On the other hand, most economists argue that as wages fall below a livable wage, many choose to drop out of the labour market and no longer seek employment. That is especially true in countries in which low-income families are supported through public welfare systems. In such cases, wages would have to be high enough to motivate people to choose employment over what they receive through public welfare. Wages below
832-554: A livable wage are likely to result in lower labor market participation in the above-stated scenario. In addition, consumption of goods and services is the primary driver of increased demand for labor . Higher wages lead to workers having more income available to consume goods and services. Therefore, higher wages increase general consumption and as a result demand for labor increases and unemployment decreases. Many economists have argued that unemployment increases with increased governmental regulation. For example, minimum wage laws raise
936-420: A long decline, but has now begun to rise again with new housing developments on brownfield sites. In 2013 Barking and Dagenham has England's highest fertility rate: 2.58. At the time of the 2011 census, 49.5% of the borough's community identified themselves as white British. Barking and Dagenham has been strongly influenced by immigration, with the white British population having dropped 30.6% from 2001 to 2011 -
1040-512: A mismatch can result between the characteristics of supply and demand. Such a mismatch can be related to skills, payment, work-time, location, seasonal industries, attitude, taste, and a multitude of other factors. New entrants (such as graduating students) and re-entrants (such as former homemakers) can also suffer a spell of frictional unemployment. Workers and employers accept a certain level of imperfection, risk or compromise, but usually not right away. They will invest some time and effort to find
1144-516: A monthly, quarterly, and yearly basis by the National Agency of Statistics. Organisations like the OECD report statistics for all of its member states. Certain countries provide unemployment compensation for a certain period of time for unemployed citizens who are registered as unemployed at the government employment agency . Furthermore, pension receivables or claims could depend on the registration at
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#17328545847861248-712: A poor guide to what unemployment rate coincides with "full employment". Structural unemployment occurs when a labour market is unable to provide jobs for everyone who wants one because there is a mismatch between the skills of the unemployed workers and the skills needed for the available jobs. Structural unemployment is hard to separate empirically from frictional unemployment except that it lasts longer. As with frictional unemployment, simple demand-side stimulus will not work to abolish this type of unemployment easily. Structural unemployment may also be encouraged to rise by persistent cyclical unemployment: if an economy suffers from longlasting low aggregate demand, it means that many of
1352-430: Is a distinct social policy category from that of freeter , the classification for those working low-wage part-time jobs, although in practice thousands of young people move between these categories (i.e., from the status of non-employed young person to that of a part-time worker and back) each year. The demographic prevalence of NEETs has been indicated in employment statistics. Japanese politicians expressed concern about
1456-476: Is defined by Eurostat, according to the guidelines of the International Labour Organization, as: The labour force, or workforce, includes both employed (employees and self-employed) and unemployed people but not the economically inactive, such as pre-school children, school children, students and pensioners. The unemployment rate of an individual country is usually calculated and reported on
1560-614: Is defined in European Union statistics as unemployment lasting for longer than one year (while unemployment lasting over two years is defined as very long-term unemployment ). The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), which reports current long-term unemployment rate at 1.9 percent, defines this as unemployment lasting 27 weeks or longer. Long-term unemployment is a component of structural unemployment , which results in long-term unemployment existing in every social group, industry, occupation, and all levels of education. In 2015
1664-629: Is no association between ninis and crime. The World Bank noted that as of 2010 in Latin America and the Caribbean, the number of ninis is somewhat lower than the global average though much higher than in higher-income nations. Globally, of the 260 million ninis counted in 2010 by the World Bank, the Middle East, North African and South Asian regions had the highest shares. Given the lasting effects caused by
1768-431: Is not enough aggregate demand in the economy to provide jobs for everyone who wants to work. Demand for most goods and services falls, less production is needed and consequently, fewer workers are needed, wages are sticky and do not fall to meet the equilibrium level, and unemployment results. Its name is derived from the frequent ups and downs in the business cycle , but unemployment can also be persistent, such as during
1872-450: Is noted that the number of male ninis increased by 46% since 1992; males account for the entire increase of ninis in the region. Male ninis usually drop out of school to work low-paying jobs, and during periods of economic instability lose their jobs with little chance of returning to school. In Mexico, ninis statistically account for at least a quarter of increased homicides in high-crime areas during 2007-2012, but in lower-crime areas there
1976-578: Is operated along with the EURES network, and with the cooperation of businesses, youth organisations and training centres. The scheme began as a German government initiative (Integration durch Ausbildung (IdA)) in 2008. Unemployment Unemployment , according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during
2080-433: Is possible to abolish cyclical unemployment by increasing the aggregate demand for products and workers. However, the economy eventually hits an " inflation barrier" that is imposed by the four other kinds of unemployment to the extent that they exist. Historical experience suggests that low unemployment affects inflation in the short term but not the long term. In the long term, the velocity of money supply measures such as
2184-581: Is pressure for neither rising inflation rates nor falling inflation rates. An alternative technical term for that rate is the NAIRU , the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment . Whatever its name, demand theory holds that if the unemployment rate gets "too low", inflation will accelerate in the absence of wage and price controls (incomes policies). One of the major problems with the NAIRU theory
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#17328545847862288-409: Is profitable within the global capitalist system because unemployment lowers wages which are costs from the perspective of the owners. From this perspective low wages benefit the system by reducing economic rents . Yet, it does not benefit workers; according to Karl Marx, the workers (proletariat) work to benefit the bourgeoisie through their production of capital. Capitalist systems unfairly manipulate
2392-519: Is that no one knows exactly what the NAIRU is, and it clearly changes over time. The margin of error can be quite high relative to the actual unemployment rate, making it hard to use the NAIRU in policy-making. Another, normative, definition of full employment might be called the ideal unemployment rate. It would exclude all types of unemployment that represent forms of inefficiency. This type of "full employment" unemployment would correspond to only frictional unemployment (excluding that part encouraging
2496-437: Is the unemployment of potential workers that are not reflected in official unemployment statistics because of how the statistics are collected. In many countries, only those who have no work but are actively looking for work and/or qualifying for social security benefits are counted as unemployed. Those who have given up looking for work and sometimes those who are on government "retraining" programs are not officially counted among
2600-622: Is to be distinguished from the newly coined NLFET rate ("Neither in the Labour Force nor in Education or Training") used in the 2013 report on Global Employment Trends for Youth by the International Labour Organization . NLFET is similar to NEET but excludes unemployed youth (who are part of the labor force). Knowledge of the word spread after it was used in a 1999 report by the Social Exclusion Unit (SEU). Before this,
2704-750: The Church of Peter and Paul, Dagenham and Valence House . The borough borders the London Borough of Havering to the east with the River Rom forming part of the boundary. It borders the London Borough of Newham to the west with the River Roding forming much of the border. To the south is the River Thames which forms the borough's boundary with the London Borough of Bexley and the Royal Borough of Greenwich . To
2808-610: The East End . In 1931, the Ford Motor Company relocated to a 500 acres (2.0 km ) site at Dagenham , and in 1932 the District line was extended to Upminster ; bringing further development to the area. After World War II , further public housing projects were built to rehouse the many Londoners made homeless in the Blitz . As industry declined during the 1960s, the population entered
2912-673: The Fanshawe family. Historic records of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham and predecessor bodies the Borough of Barking and the Borough of Dagenham are held at the Barking and Dagenham Archive Service, Valence House Museum. There are a total of 52 listed buildings located within the borough's boundaries. The Grade I and Grade II* listed buildings in the borough include Eastbury Manor House ,
3016-573: The Great Depression . With cyclical unemployment, the number of unemployed workers exceeds the number of job vacancies and so even if all open jobs were filled, some workers would still remain unemployed. Some associate cyclical unemployment with frictional unemployment because the factors that cause the friction are partially caused by cyclical variables. For example, a surprise decrease in the money supply may suddenly inhibit aggregate demand and thus inhibit labor demand . Keynesian economists, on
3120-548: The Great Recession , publications such as Time have published articles discussing the number of Americans that have qualified as NEETs, with approximately 15% of Americans under the age of 25 qualifying as such during the first quarter of 2011. Journalist Peter Gumbel wrote in late 2012 that NEETs are "especially prevalent in the U.S." and constitute a "marginalized group of young people" given U.S. state and local government difficulties in maintaining social services. In 1995,
3224-624: The Labour Force Survey . A 2007 report commissioned by the Prince's Trust said almost a fifth of people aged 16–24 in England , Scotland , and Wales were NEETs; the proportion was lowest in Northern Ireland (13.8 percent). The second-quarter figures for 2011 showed that 979,000 people in England between 16 and 24 were NEETs, accounting for 16.2 percent in that age group. Between 1995 and 2008,
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3328-638: The Leonardo da Vinci programme supported transnational mobility, skills and employability. The programme was renewed until 2013. In 2021, the European Commission launched the ALMA ("Aim, Learn, Master, Achieve") social inclusion initiative to facilitate the move from NEET status to education and employment. ALMA provides bespoke training for adults under 30 in their own country, and opportunities for training and mentoring in another EU country, for 2 to 6 months. It
3432-533: The Local Government Act 1894 . The Barking Town Urban District was incorporated to become a municipal borough in 1931, at which point the name was changed from Barking Town to Barking. Dagenham was a rural parish with a parish council from 1894, subordinate to the Romford Rural District Council . In 1926 the parish council was replaced when Dagenham was made an urban district; it
3536-467: The London Borough of Camden . The Elizabeth Line serves Chadwell Heath railway station , which straddles the border between the London Borough of Redbridge and the borough. Hammersmith & City Line services terminate at Barking. Some District Line services terminate at Barking, but many also call at Upney , Becontree , Dagenham Heathway and Dagenham East in the Borough. Some services terminate at Dagenham East. Several London Buses serve
3640-498: The McJobs management strategy) and so would be very low. However, it would be impossible to attain this full-employment target using only demand-side Keynesian stimulus without getting below the NAIRU and causing accelerating inflation (absent incomes policies). Training programs aimed at fighting structural unemployment would help here. To the extent that hidden unemployment exists, it implies that official unemployment statistics provide
3744-550: The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) revealed that 580,000 young Australians (aged 15–29), or 11.8%, fall under the classification (for 2015). The report also revealed that the number of NEETs has soared by 10,000 since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and now account for one in eight Australians between the ages of 15 and 29. Statistics Canada carried out the first comprehensive study into
3848-526: The Thames Gateway ; an area designated as a national priority for urban regeneration . At the 2011 census it had a population of 187,000. The borough's three main towns are Barking , Chadwell Heath and Dagenham . The local authority is the Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council . Barking and Dagenham was one of six London boroughs to host the 2012 Summer Olympics . The London Borough of Barking (as it
3952-879: The United States ) or through registered unemployed citizens (as in some European countries), statistical figures such as the employment-to-population ratio might be more suitable for evaluating the status of the workforce and the economy if they were based on people who are registered, for example, as taxpayers . The state of being without any work yet looking for work is called unemployment. Economists distinguish between various overlapping types of and theories of unemployment, including cyclical or Keynesian unemployment , frictional unemployment , structural unemployment and classical unemployment definition. Some additional types of unemployment that are occasionally mentioned are seasonal unemployment, hardcore unemployment, and hidden unemployment. Though there have been several definitions of "voluntary" and " involuntary unemployment " in
4056-421: The capital accumulation (investment) phase of economic growth can continue. According to Karl Marx , unemployment is inherent within the unstable capitalist system and periodic crises of mass unemployment are to be expected. He theorized that unemployment was inevitable and even a necessary part of the capitalist system, with recovery and regrowth also part of the process. The function of the proletariat within
4160-457: The civil parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 1,937; and the area was characterised by farming, woodland and the fishing fleet at Barking . This last industry employed 1,370 men and boys by 1850, but by the end of the century had ceased to exist; replaced by train deliveries of fresh fish from the East Coast ports. The population rose slowly through the 19th century, as
4264-502: The labour market are sometimes illustrated graphically with a Beveridge curve , a downward-sloping, convex curve that shows a correlation between the unemployment rate on one axis and the vacancy rate on the other. Changes in the supply of or demand for labour cause movements along the curve. An increase or decrease in labour market frictions will shift the curve outwards or inwards. Official statistics often underestimate unemployment rates because of hidden, or covered, unemployment. That
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4368-566: The monetary authority of a country, such as the central bank , can influence the availability and cost for money through its monetary policy . In addition to theories of unemployment, a few categorisations of unemployment are used for more precisely modelling the effects of unemployment within the economic system. Some of the main types of unemployment include structural unemployment , frictional unemployment , cyclical unemployment , involuntary unemployment and classical unemployment. Structural unemployment focuses on foundational problems in
4472-419: The reference period . Unemployment is measured by the unemployment rate, which is the number of people who are unemployed as a percentage of the labour force (the total number of people employed added to those unemployed). Unemployment can have many sources, such as the following: Unemployment and the status of the economy can be influenced by a country through, for example, fiscal policy . Furthermore,
4576-615: The 1980s, employment has shifted towards service sector jobs. There are large areas of logistics and warehouse development around the A13 road. Much of the borough is within the London Riverside area of the Thames Gateway zone and is the site of considerable house building and other development, such as Beam Park. A £500 million budget has been earmarked for redevelopment of the borough's principal district of Barking . Religion in London Borough of Barking and Dagenham (2021 census) In 1801,
4680-656: The 1990s and 2000s, the United States had lower unemployment levels than many countries in the European Union , which had significant internal variation, with countries like the United Kingdom and Denmark outperforming Italy and France . However, large economic events like the Great Depression can lead to similar unemployment rates across the globe. In 2013, the ILO adopted a resolution to introduce new indicators to measure
4784-595: The Act gives the National Assembly for Wales the option to raise the leaving age in that country. A number of further education colleges seek to enrol NEETs. For example, it was reported in 2005 that a course for NEETs at Bournemouth and Poole College had offered various sign-on incentives, and completion bonuses of a free iPod and £100 in cash. The Scottish Government limits the NEET classification to those aged 16–19. NEET
4888-567: The Borough is served by both Hammersmith & City Line , and District Line trains. National Rail c2c trains call at Dagenham Dock and Barking railway stations. Most c2c trains terminate at London Fenchurch Street , whilst to the east, trains serve Grays , Southend and Shoeburyness in Essex. Barking and, from summer 2022, Barking Riverside railway stations are served by the London Overground with frequent services to Gospel Oak in
4992-491: The Borough, including the A118 , A123 , A124 , A1083 , A1112 , and A1306 , although these roads are smaller and generally carry less traffic. Time 107.5 FM broadcasts local news from nearby Romford . Bedrock is the local Hospital radio service available on-line and broadcasts a range of health related information focused around the local Hospitals; King George Hospital and Queen's Hospital . Barking & Dagenham News ,
5096-445: The Borough. Night buses 128, EL1, N15 and N86 travel into Central London , Stratford , Romford and Harold Hill every night. Cycle Superhighway 3 begins in Barking , to the south of Greatfields Park , linking the Borough to Canary Wharf , the City of London and the City of Westminster via a bike freeway , most of which is segregated from other road traffic. TfL plan to extend
5200-556: The European Commission published recommendations on how to reduce long-term unemployment. These advised governments to: In 2017–2019 it implemented the Long-Term Unemployment project to research solutions implemented by EU member states and produce a toolkit to guide government action. Progress was evaluated in 2019. It is in the very nature of the capitalist mode of production to overwork some workers while keeping
5304-523: The M25 and south and east Essex . The A13 is named Alfred's Way as it enters the Borough to the west. Crossing Barking and Dagenham, the dual carriageway can be accessed via several grade-separated junctions . Leaving the Borough to the west via the A13 will lead to the Docklands and the City of London . To the east, the A13 passes Rainham and the M25 before traffic heads into south Essex. Other A-roads cross
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#17328545847865408-451: The MZM ("money zero maturity", representing cash and equivalent demand deposits ) velocity is far more predictive of inflation than low unemployment. Some demand theory economists see the inflation barrier as corresponding to the natural rate of unemployment . The "natural" rate of unemployment is defined as the rate of unemployment that exists when the labour market is in equilibrium, and there
5512-452: The NEET status became framed in negative terms—"as reflective of a raft of risks, problems and negative orientations on the part of young people". NEET figures for England are published by the Department for Education (DfE). The methodology used in calculating the number of NEETs aged 16–18 is different from that used for those aged 16–24. The first relies on a range of sources, the second on
5616-504: The UK-wide Education Maintenance Allowance offers a means-tested weekly payment of up to £30 to young people continuing education past secondary school. In 2007 the government implemented a "September guarantee" that guaranteed all 16-year-old school leavers a suitable learning place in September, extended to 17-year-olds the following year. The "Young Person's Guarantee" was announced in the 2009 budget , offering
5720-487: The United States, for example, the unemployment rate does not take into consideration part-time workers, or those individuals who are not actively looking for employment, due to attending college or having tried to find a job and given up. According to the OECD, Eurostat, and the US Bureau of Labor Statistics the unemployment rate is the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the labour force. "An unemployed person
5824-495: The acronym, however, has no agreed definition with respect to measurement, particularly in relation to defining economic inactivity. Karen Robson writes that the classification has "virtually usurped discussions of "youth unemployment" in the UK literature". Scott Yates and Malcolm Payne say that initially there was a "holistic focus" on the NEET group by policy-makers which looked at the problems young people went through, but this changed as
5928-561: The borough. Situated near the Town Hall, the Barking Learning Centre is a learning facility providing a range of courses leading to recognised qualifications. It also includes a library with free public internet access, the council's first One Stop Shop, conference and meeting space, a gallery and a café. A study in 2017 found that nearly half of Barking & Dagenham's 19 year olds lack Level 3 qualifications (A Level equivalent) which
6032-430: The capitalist system is to provide a " reserve army of labour " that creates downward pressure on wages. This is accomplished by dividing the proletariat into surplus labour (employees) and under-employment (unemployed). This reserve army of labour fight among themselves for scarce jobs at lower and lower wages. At first glance, unemployment seems inefficient since unemployed workers do not increase profits, but unemployment
6136-499: The classification comprises people aged between 15 and 34 who are not employed, not engaged in housework , not enrolled in school or work-related training , and not seeking work. A 2008 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) said the unemployment and NEET rates for people aged 16–24 in the majority of OECD countries fell in the past decade, attributed to increased participation in education. NEET
6240-614: The cost of some low-skill laborers above market equilibrium, resulting in increased unemployment as people who wish to work at the going rate cannot (as the new and higher enforced wage is now greater than the value of their labour). Laws restricting layoffs may make businesses less likely to hire in the first place, as hiring becomes more risky. However, that argument overly simplifies the relationship between wage rates and unemployment by ignoring numerous factors that contribute to unemployment. Some, such as Murray Rothbard , suggest that even social taboos can prevent wages from falling to
6344-626: The cycle network to Barking Riverside in the future, for which the first consultations closed in winter 2019. Two major A-roads cross the Borough: the A12 and A13 . The A12 has one junction in the Borough, to the north of Chadwell Heath . To the west, the A12 carries traffic through Newbury Park towards the North Circular , Stratford and Central London . To the east, the A12 heads through Romford towards
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#17328545847866448-412: The demand side must grow sufficiently quickly to absorb not only the growing labour force but also the workers who are made redundant by the increased labour productivity. Seasonal unemployment may be seen as a kind of structural unemployment since it is linked to certain kinds of jobs (construction and migratory farm work). The most-cited official unemployment measures erase this kind of unemployment from
6552-460: The differences remain despite national statistical agencies increasingly adopting the definition of unemployment of the International Labour Organization. To facilitate international comparisons, some organizations, such as the OECD , Eurostat , and International Labor Comparisons Program , adjust data on unemployment for comparability across countries. Though many people care about the number of unemployed individuals, economists typically focus on
6656-527: The district became built up; and new industries developed around Barking. The population rose dramatically between 1921 and 1931, when the London County Council developed the Becontree Estate . This public housing development of 27,000 homes housed over 100,000 people, split between the then urban district councils of Ilford , Dagenham and Barking . People were rehoused from the slums of
6760-679: The economics literature, a simple distinction is often applied. Voluntary unemployment is attributed to the individual's decisions, but involuntary unemployment exists because of the socio-economic environment (including the market structure, government intervention, and the level of aggregate demand) in which individuals operate. In these terms, much or most of frictional unemployment is voluntary since it reflects individual search behavior. Voluntary unemployment includes workers who reject low-wage jobs, but involuntary unemployment includes workers fired because of an economic crisis, industrial decline , company bankruptcy, or organizational restructuring. On
6864-436: The economy and inefficiencies inherent in labor markets, including a mismatch between the supply and demand of laborers with necessary skill sets. Structural arguments emphasize causes and solutions related to disruptive technologies and globalization . Discussions of frictional unemployment focus on voluntary decisions to work based on individuals' valuation of their own work and how that compares to current wage rates added to
6968-477: The effort to be in contact with an employer, have job interviews, contact job placement agencies, send out resumes, submit applications, respond to advertisements, or some other means of active job searching within the prior four weeks. Simply looking at advertisements and not responding will not count as actively seeking job placement. Since not all unemployment may be "open" and counted by government agencies, official statistics on unemployment may not be accurate. In
7072-577: The government employment agency. In many countries like in Germany , the unemployment rate is based on the number of people who are registered as unemployed. Other countries like the United States use a labour force survey to calculate the unemployment rate. The ILO describes four different methods to calculate the unemployment rate: The primary measure of unemployment, U3, allows for comparisons between countries. Unemployment differs from country to country and across different time periods. For example, in
7176-520: The impact on the economy of the growth in the NEET population. The estimated size rose from 480,000 in September 2002 to 520,000 in September 2003, according to the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Other surveys by the Japanese government in 2002 presented a much larger figure of 850,000 people who can be classified as NEET, of which 60% were people aged 25 to 34. It is therefore clear that
7280-400: The largest decrease of the 65+ population, having dropped almost 20% between 2001 and 2011. There were 69,700 households in the borough in 2011, up 3.6% from 2001. The borough also had the largest proportion of school-age (5-19) population of all the local authorities in England and Wales, 21.4%, at the 2011 census. The borough's pre-school (0-4) population rose by 49.1% from 2001 to 2011, by far
7384-594: The largest increase in London. The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents in the 2001 and 2011 census in Barking and Dagenham. The local authority is Barking and Dagenham Council, which meets at Barking Town Hall . For elections to the Greater London Council , the borough formed the Barking electoral division, electing two members. In 1973 it was divided into the single-member Barking and Dagenham electoral divisions. The Greater London Council
7488-542: The main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: driving a car or van, 22.5% of all residents aged 16–74; underground, metro, light rail, tram, 7.5%; bus, minibus or coach, 7.5%; train, 7.3%; on foot, 3.7%; passenger in a car or van, 1.7%; work mainly at or from home, 1.3%. Barking and Dagenham is served by both the London Underground and National Rail networks. On the London Underground,
7592-439: The market for labour by perpetuating unemployment which lowers laborers' demands for fair wages. Workers are pitted against one another at the service of increasing profits for owners. As a result of the capitalist mode of production, Marx argued that workers experienced alienation and estrangement through their economic identity. According to Marx, the only way to permanently eliminate unemployment would be to abolish capitalism and
7696-691: The market-clearing level. In Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in the Twentieth-Century America , economists Richard Vedder and Lowell Gallaway argue that the empirical record of wages rates, productivity, and unemployment in America validates classical unemployment theory. Their data shows a strong correlation between adjusted real wage and unemployment in the United States from 1900 to 1990. However, they maintain that their data does not take into account exogenous events . Cyclical, deficient-demand, or Keynesian unemployment occurs when there
7800-659: The most promising solutions to the NEET conundrum have been created by social entrepreneurs such as Kudo Kei and Iwamoto Mami rather than by MHLW policymakers or even scholars. Unlike most Western European countries, Japan's unemployment benefit terminates automatically after three to six months and there is a limited range of support for those with special needs. Many NEETs in Japan are thus inevitably supported by their parents or relatives, though some find their way to Youth Support Stations and other services designed and/or enacted by social enterprises, including many NPOs. A 2016 report by
7904-501: The north the borough forms a thin protrusion between Havering and the London Borough of Redbridge in order to encompass Chadwell Heath . 530 hectares within the borough are designated as part of the Metropolitan Green Belt . See List of areas of London The borough's major districts include Barking , Becontree and Dagenham . It borders five other London boroughs: Newham, Redbridge, Havering, and Greenwich and Bexley to
8008-481: The number of NEETs. One of the main goals of the Connexions service, first piloted in 2001, is to reduce the number of NEETs. Most local authorities have made a local area agreement to this end. As part of the 2004 Spending Review , the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) had a public service agreement to reduce the proportion of NEETs from 9.6 percent in 2004 to 7.6 percent in 2010. Introduced in 2004–2005
8112-608: The organizations involved in drug trafficking in order to sustain their economical and personal needs, than they are to get a job or study. Some states and organizations in Mexico are creating work programs and scholarships to keep the NEET population away from drug cartels . In Latin America and the Caribbean, the World Bank estimates one in five people ages 15–24 are ninis, 20 million in total, an increase of 2 million since 1992. The 2016 study notes that two thirds of nini are women, mostly due to early marriage, teenage pregnancies, or both. It
8216-846: The other hand, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and classical unemployment are largely involuntary in nature. However, the existence of structural unemployment may reflect choices made by the unemployed in the past, and classical (natural) unemployment may result from the legislative and economic choices made by labour unions or political parties. The clearest cases of involuntary unemployment are those with fewer job vacancies than unemployed workers even when wages are allowed to adjust and so even if all vacancies were to be filled, some unemployed workers would still remain. That happens with cyclical unemployment, as macroeconomic forces cause microeconomic unemployment, which can boomerang back and exacerbate those macroeconomic forces. Classical, natural, or real-wage unemployment, occurs when real wages for
8320-434: The other hand, see the lack of supply of jobs as potentially resolvable by government intervention. One suggested intervention involves deficit spending to boost employment and goods demand. Another intervention involves an expansionary monetary policy to increase the supply of money , which should reduce interest rates , which, in turn, should lead to an increase in non-governmental spending. In demands based theory, it
8424-499: The phrase "status zero", which had a similar meaning, was used. Andy Furlong writes that the use of the term NEET became popular partly because of the negative connotations of having "no status". The classification is specifically redefined in other local government papers, such as "respondents who were out of work or looking for a job, looking after children or family members, on unpaid holiday or traveling, sick or disabled, doing voluntary work or engaged in another unspecified activity";
8528-410: The proportion of NEETs aged 16–18 in England remained fairly stable at around 8–11 percent. The Guardian reported in 2011 that, since 2003, there has been a 15.6 percent decrease in people aged 16–18 in employment, but a 6.8 percent increase in those in education and training. NEET figures tend to peak in the third quarter, when school and university courses are ending. There is some stigma attached to
8632-447: The replacement of workers by machines might be counted as structural unemployment. Alternatively, technological unemployment might refer to the way in which steady increases in labour productivity mean that fewer workers are needed to produce the same level of output every year. The fact that aggregate demand can be raised to deal with the problem suggests that the problem is instead one of cyclical unemployment. As indicated by Okun's law ,
8736-478: The rest as a reserve army of unemployed paupers. Marxists share the Keynesian viewpoint of the relationship between economic demand and employment, but with the caveat that the market system's propensity to slash wages and reduce labor participation on an enterprise level causes a requisite decrease in aggregate demand in the economy as a whole, causing crises of unemployment and periods of low economic activity before
8840-621: The second largest decrease in the country, behind neighbouring Newham . The population of non-UK born residents increasing by 205%. The largest decrease of White British occurred in the Longbridge ward (79.8% in 2001 to 35% in 2011), and the Abbey ward, which contains the main Barking area (from 46.2% to 15.8%). The smallest decrease was in the Eastbrook ward. The largest minority communities were of Black and Asian heritage. Barking and Dagenham had by far
8944-471: The south of the Thames. Much of the housing of the borough was constructed by the London County Council during the interwar period of 1921–1939. Major settlement of the area, mostly escaping slum conditions in the East End of London , occurred during this period when the new motor and chemical industries such as the Ford Motor Company plant at Dagenham were set up. Since the decline of these industries in
9048-499: The start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In Spain, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Peru and Uruguay, the term "ni-ni" ("neither-nor") has become a popular equivalent of NEET. The term means 'ni estudia, ni trabaja' ("neither studies, nor works"). In Portuguese there is the equivalent term "nem-nem". The term has become a controversial topic in Mexico, where the government feels that people who might be considered NEET are more likely to choose to join
9152-556: The state of NEETs in Canada in 2012. It was revealed that around 13% of Canadians between the ages of 15 and 29 fell into the category. Despite the percentage being the second lowest in the G7 nations the total number of young Canadians that were classified as NEETs currently stands at 904,000. The study also revealed that out of the total 904,000 NEETs, around 513,000 were not looking actively for jobs. The study also suggested that long-term unemployment
9256-618: The statistical number of NEETs depends greatly on the specific definition adopted, so all figures should be treated with caution. When the NEET issue erupted in the Japanese media in 2004 and 2005, non-employed young people falling into this category were framed as lazy, work-shy, and voluntarily out of employment. This media portrayal was effective in arousing the concern of Japan's (conservative) middle aged population, but it led only to moderate support for new youth policies. Indeed, as argued by Toivonen in an empirical monograph that juxtaposes media and policy discourses with youth support practices,
9360-462: The statistics using "seasonal adjustment" techniques. That results in substantial and permanent structural unemployment. Frictional unemployment is the time period between jobs in which a worker searches for or transitions from one job to another. It is sometimes called search unemployment and can be voluntary, based on the circumstances of the unemployed individual. Frictional unemployment exists because both jobs and workers are heterogeneous , and
9464-429: The system of forced competition for wages and then shift to a socialist or communist economic system. For contemporary Marxists, the existence of persistent unemployment is proof of the inability of capitalism to ensure full employment. There are also different ways national statistical agencies measure unemployment. The differences may limit the validity of international comparisons of unemployment data. To some degree,
9568-665: The term NEET. Simon Cox of BBC News said the word is "the latest buzzword for teenage drop-outs". He says "Neets are 20 times more likely to commit a crime and 22 times more likely to be a teenage mum", and that Barking and Dagenham has been called the country's "Neet capital". David Smith of The Times calls them "the yobs hanging around off-licences late into the night". According to Colin Webster, NEETs commit disproportionately large amounts of crime . Children with high levels of truancy and exclusions at school are likely to become NEETs. Several schemes and ideas have been developed to reduce
9672-459: The time and effort required to find a job. Causes and solutions for frictional unemployment often address job entry threshold and wage rates. According to the UN's International Labour Organization (ILO), there were 172 million people worldwide (or 5% of the reported global workforce) without work in 2018. Because of the difficulty in measuring the unemployment rate by, for example, using surveys (as in
9776-440: The unemployed (individuals without a job and seeking one), as well as individuals outside the labour force (without a job and not seeking one). It is usually age-bounded to exclude people in old-age retirement . In the United Kingdom, the classification comprises people aged between 16 and 24 (some 16 and 17 year-olds are still of compulsory school age); the subgroup of NEETs aged 16–18 is frequently of particular focus. In Japan,
9880-591: The unemployed become disheartened, and their skills (including job-searching skills) become "rusty" and obsolete. Problems with debt may lead to homelessness and a fall into the vicious cycle of poverty, which means that people affected in this way may not fit the job vacancies that are created when the economy recovers. The implication is that sustained high demand may lower structural unemployment. This theory of persistence in structural unemployment has been referred to as an example of path dependence or " hysteresis ". Much technological unemployment , caused by
9984-568: The unemployed even though they are not employed. The statistic also does not count the " underemployed ", those working fewer hours than they would prefer or in a job that fails to make good use of their capabilities. In addition, those who are of working age but are currently in full-time education are usually not considered unemployed in government statistics. Traditional unemployed native societies who survive by gathering, hunting, herding, and farming in wilderness areas may or may not be counted in unemployment statistics. Long-term unemployment (LTU)
10088-558: The unemployment rate, which corrects for the normal increase in the number of people employed caused by increases in population and increases in the labour force relative to the population. The unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage and calculated as follows: As defined by the International Labour Organization , "unemployed workers" are those who are currently not working but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work, and have actively searched for work. Individuals who are actively seeking job placement must make
10192-473: The unemployment rate. Barking and Dagenham The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham ( pronunciation ) is a London borough in East London . It lies around 9 miles (14 km) east of Central London . The borough was created in 1965 as the London Borough of Barking ; the name was changed in 1980. It is an Outer London borough and the south is within the London Riverside section of
10296-438: Was abolished in 1986. Since 2000, the borough is within the City and East London Assembly constituency, returning Unmesh Desai as the directly elected Assembly Member. The borough is covered by two parliamentary constituencies: Barking and Dagenham and Rainham . The latter was first contested in 2010 . London Borough of Barking and Dagenham is twinned with: There are many schools and further education facilities in
10400-478: Was made a municipal borough in 1938. The council changed the London borough's name from 'Barking' to 'Barking and Dagenham' with effect from 1 January 1980. In 1994, the borough was expanded to cover the part of the Becontree estate that until then had been within the Borough of Redbridge and other areas. The area covered by Mayesbrook Park in the Borough was once part of the historic Manor of Jenkins , seat of
10504-520: Was not necessarily due to wider disenchantment with the labour market but rather arose out of varying factors. The study also revealed that 82% of the young people not in the labour force actually want to be placed in long-term employment. The study classified the Canadian NEET population not to be "in a high risk, negative state". According to a Labour Force Survey by Statistics Canada, the proportion of NEETs in Canada rose to 24% in 2020, coinciding with
10608-577: Was originally called) was created in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963 , covering the combined area of the former Municipal Borough of Barking and the Municipal Borough of Dagenham , with the exceptions of a small area at Hog Hill from Dagenham which went to Redbridge , and the Gallions Reach area, being the part of Barking west of Barking Creek , which went to Newham . The area
10712-610: Was the highest figure in London. Barking & Dagenham College is a general further education college offering courses for leaners 16+. It has four campuses across the borough with their main campus being located in Rush Green less than a mile from the Romford town centre. Their other campus is located in Barking town center at the Technical Skills Academy, The Broadway Theatre and Barking Learning Centre. CU London ,
10816-483: Was transferred from Essex to Greater London to become one of the 32 London Boroughs. At the time of its creation the combined population of Barking and Dagenham was around 180,000. The pre-1965 borough of Barking had evolved from the Barking Town local government district , which had been created in 1882 covering the central part of the parish of Barking . Such districts were reconstituted as urban districts under
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