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52-559: The M-408, the first of the series, replaced the second generation Moskvitch 407 as the main production model; it had a longer wheelbase than the 407. Design work started in 1959, and the first prototype appeared in March 1961. The first production 408 was built 1 August 1964, and the 408 was given its official debut on October 21. First marketed body styles of the main version were a four-door saloon (base), five-door estate (the model M-426, an upgrade of second generation M-423 and M-424), and

104-501: A municipal division , the city of republic significance of Ufa is incorporated as Ufa Urban Okrug . Ufa is divided into seven administrative districts. According to Forbes , in 2013, Ufa was the best city in Russia for business among cities with a population of over one million. Many urban enterprises engaged in oil refining, chemistry, and mechanical engineering reside in Ufa. Additionally,

156-530: A hypothesis according to which before the construction of the foundational Russian fortress in 1574, which has since grown to become the current city of Ufa, there had already been an ancient settlement called Ufa on a hilltop near the mouth of the Ufa River. According to them, this settlement was founded by Turkic-speaking tribes to perform rituals and sacrifices to the sky god Tengri, and they called this place Upe or Ufe because, they argue, in ancient Turkic languages

208-587: A place of ritual sacrifice used to be called an "opo" or an "ope." They further hypothesize that the inhabitants of the settlement themselves also came to be called the Upe or Ufe tribe and subsequently, the river along which they flourished and expanded their settlement towards its source also came to be called Ufa. Karimov and Khabibov claim that the Russian fortress builders were probably aware of this ancient name and consequently named their new settlement Ufa. Early history of

260-863: A slightly modified interior and new engine for the M-412. In 1969, after a complete revamp of the body design occurred, the company introduced new taillights, tailfins and somewhat thicker interior dashboards. Later on, a more advanced car built on the same platform would be known as the M-2138/40 . Moskvitch designed a prototype fastback convertible in March 1964, the M-408 Tourist, with aluminum body panels and vertical taillights. Only two were built. The car had modern features for 1964: squared-off body with flat roof panel and sharp tailfins, panoramic rear window and semi-panoramic windshield. Deluxe versions had then-fashionable quad headlights and (some series) two-tone paint. Since

312-583: A small increase in power, up to 54 hp (40 kW), slightly reduced emissions, additional chrome trim and four round headlights instead of two (until the change to rectangular lights in 1969). Since 1968 all 408 intended for export outside of the Warsaw Bloc were equipped with the 54 hp version, although in the Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe the 50 hp model was still also available. Top speed

364-538: A spin-off series called " Izh Comby " was developed in Izhevsk and independently exported to Moscow and the rest of the USSR. It featured a 5-door hatchback and a windowed 3-door "trip car" (based on the panel van) that were not included in the original lineup. Izh did not manufacture four headlights version, but retained the 1964 styling. Exported cars (with an -E suffix, i.e. Moskvitch 408E ) usually had higher-compression engines,

416-565: A then-common practical artificial leather (vinyl) upholstery (colour-coded). The M-408 was a conventional rear-wheel drive economy car powered by a 1357 cc OHV straight-four, producing 50 hp (37 kW) at 4750 rpm (60.5 SAE hp). After 1967, the assembly of the engines was done by UZAM in Ufa . One two-barrel down-draft carburettor was used. Export versions had a slight increase in power, up to 54 hp (40 kW), slightly reduced emisissions and slightly higher top speed. The car

468-612: A three-door sedan delivery (the M-433, an upgrade of the second generation M-432 delivery pick-up). The IZh-408 was a duplicate version of the car made by IZh factory in Izhevsk from 1966 to 1967. It was then replaced in production by the M-412 . In 1976, alongside the M-412, the series were succeeded by the third generation M-2140 series. There were two distinct series of the M-408, which both used

520-458: Is no Continuous Emission Control System (CEMS) in the city. There are no street vacuum cleaners, road vacuum sweepers, or industrial (street) vacuum cleaners on the streets. Unfortunately, there is a complete lack of sanitation services in the city. According to the letter of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet) No. 20-18 / 218 of 11.07.18: "In

572-515: Is the largest city in and the capital of Bashkortostan , Russia . The city lies at the confluence of the Belaya and Ufa rivers, in the centre-north of Bashkortostan, on hills forming the Ufa Plateau to the west of the southern Ural Mountains , with a population of over 1.1 million residents, up to 1.4 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Ufa is the tenth-most populous city in Russia, and

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624-468: The 26th among cities in Europe by city proper. As of January 1, 2009, the city accounted for 25.4% of all residents of the republic or 42.2% of the urban population. As of the 2021 Census , the ethnic composition of Ufa was: Religion in Ufa (2024) Ufa is situated in Eastern Europe near its land boundary with Northern Asia, at the confluence of the Belaya (Agidel) and Ufa Rivers , on low hills forming

676-611: The BRICS group as well as the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in 2015. The name Ufa comes from the Ufa River on which the city lies, but the origin of the river's name is disputed. The Russian linguist Aleksandr Matveyev proposes that the name is of Iranian origin, from "ap", meaning water. In a paper published in 2014, researchers Karimov and Khabibov from Bashkir State Pedagogical University present and argue for

728-456: The Ufa Plateau to the west of the southern Urals . The area of the city is 707.93 km (273.33 sq mi). It stretches from north to south for 53.5 km (33.2 mi) and from west to east for 29.8 km (18.5 mi). Ufa has a warm summer continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ). Ufa's climate is characterized by harsh winters, but in some cases, summers can be quite long and hot. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Ufa

780-429: The administrative center of Ufimsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative center, it is, together with twenty-four rural localities , incorporated separately as the city of republic significance of Ufa, an administrative unit with status equal to that of the districts , and is likewise home to a unit of Russia's Central Military District ; the 12th Separate Guards Engineer Brigade. As

832-553: The Bashkirs. By order of Ivan the Terrible a fortress was built on the site of modern Ufa in 1574, and originally bore the name of the hill it stood on, Tura-Tau . 1574 is now considered to be the official date of Ufa's foundation. Town status was granted to it in 1586. Before becoming the seat of a separate Ufa Governorate in 1781, the city, along with the rest of the Bashkir lands,

884-457: The M-412 also had identical bodies, and the M-412 received the same changes as the M-408 did in 1969. Again, the only differences between them were the engines (1300 and 1500 cc respectively). This can make identification difficult since there are no external differences between the two cars. Usually, first series' M-412 had a "412" or "1500" badge at the rear, opposite of the Moskvich logotype or near

936-420: The M-412 were produced at the same time until December 1975, when the older model was taken out of production. The M-412 was a more upmarket version, powered by a 1500 cc, 75 hp (55 kW) OHC slant-four engine. Introduced in 1967, the original Moskvitch 412 of 1967–1969 had a chassis and styling identical to that of the M-408 of 1964, both with two or four round headlights. . The 1969–1976 M-408 and

988-576: The Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries and was sold for export. In the USSR, the M-408/412 was the second best selling Moskvitch for the whole 1970s decade, bested only by its successor, the M-2140. In order to make it more competitive, the car was often upgraded during the time of its production and equipped with better gearboxes, more powerful 75 hp (SAE) motors, hydrovacuum brake boosters, etc. Export models (408E) had quadruple headlights. The car

1040-487: The Ufa branch of the Russian State Economic University. Plekhanov, where there are practically no check digits for admissions to the budget. They are housed in good-quality buildings, but they do not benefit from them to society, more and more often, rumors are circulating about them that they are designed for siphoning money – since there are practically no budget places for economic specialties in Ufa. In

1092-578: The city of Izhevsk, carrying the IZh-Moskvitch-408 name — though usually called simply "IZh". This car was a rebadged version of the MZMA Moskvitch-408. It was replaced in production with the IZh-412, a copy of the M-412, starting in 1967 and up to 1976. The M-433 debuted in mid-December 1966, early models having a dividing bulkhead with a small behind the driver; later, the height was reduced so

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1144-491: The city to Kazan and Moscow and the M5 motorway links Ufa to Moscow and to the Asian part of Russia. The Ufa International Airport has international flights to Turkey , Tajikistan , Egypt , Azerbaijan , Uzbekistan , and Cyprus as well as domestic flights to many Russian cities and towns, including Moscow . The Ufa Metro is a planned and oft-delayed subway system, discussed since

1196-613: The city to the European part of the Russian Empire and stimulated the development of the city's light industry. During World War II , following eastward Soviet retreat in 1941, the Abwehr operated in Ufa, 1941–1943, some German infiltration, occurred 1914–1943 in espionage, many industrial enterprises of the western parts of the Soviet Union were evacuated to Ufa. On June 4th 1989 the Ufa train disaster would occur about 75 kilometers away from

1248-435: The city when a pipeline leak made a cloud of gas near the tracks and when 2 trains approached the sparks from the breaks of one train ignited the gas causing a massive explosion which killed 575 people. During 9–10 July 2015, Ufa hosted summits of the BRICS group and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation . Ufa is the capital of the republic and, within the framework of the administrative divisions , it also serves as

1300-518: The driver could reach the cargo box. The rear door was split in two halves, top and bottom, while the solid sides were corrugated, rather than smooth as was typical in Western deliveries. The M-426 appeared in March 1967; like the delivery version, it had stiffer rear springs. In 1967, the M-408 models were facelifted with a different grille and logo design, also featured on the co-produced Moskvitch 412 model. Both cars shared similar exterior design, with

1352-403: The economic specialties of the magistracy, the plan for admission to Ufa universities is no more than 30 budget places. Periodically, a suffocating, unpleasant chemical odor can be smelled in the Ufa region. The media reports about the smell come out with an impressive regularity. Not all these reports are groundless, and the culprits are getting out of responsibility due to the fact that there

1404-467: The economy of Ufa is composed of many fuel, energy, and engineering complexes. Ufa is home to about 200 large and medium industrial enterprises. Some important enterprises in Ufa include: Ufa Station is linked to the rest of Russia, being on a historic branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway . Ufa is the only city connected to Moscow by more than one federal highway . The M7 motorway links

1456-639: The end of The series, even when this engine was passed to the 2138/2140 series. Moskvitch 412 had a dry type air cleaner, although first series, until late 1968 also had an oil bath air cleaner. Also, in 1967 the "IZh-Moskvitch-412" came into production. For 1967, this car was a twin of the Moskvitch-412, built (like the IZh-Moskvitch-408 corresponding model) by the IZh military factory in Izhevsk. The Izh-412 were produced there between 1967 and 1976. Starting in 1971,

1508-695: The field of atmospheric air protection, under the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment of the Republic Bashkortostan operates the State Bank of the Republic of Belarus "Office of State Analytical Control," to whose tasks, including GSI "organization of periodic environmental monitoring mobile laboratories in the areas where the population lives in the republic and in the zones of protective measures in

1560-509: The fourth-most populous city in the Volga Federal District . The city was founded in 1574, when a fortress was built on the site by the order of Ivan the Terrible . Ufa was made capital of Ufa Governorate in 1865 when the governorate split from Orenburg Governorate . Ufa's population expanded during the early 20th century. Today, Ufa's economy consists primarily of the oil refining, chemistry, and mechanical engineering industries;

1612-501: The framework of solving problems at the federal level in the implementation of the state monitoring of atmospheric air, the territorial office of Roshydromet – FGBU Bashkir UGMS monitors pollution of atmospheric air in Ufa at nine stationary posts of the state observation network located in different parts of the city to estimate the level of air pollution generated by the total release and stationary and mobile sources of pollutants. Suspended substances (dust) are measured at all nine posts of

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1664-414: The late 1980s. On May 30, 1996, there was a ceremony marking the beginning of preparatory construction work, attended by then-President Boris Yeltsin. Public transportation in Ufa includes trams (since 1937) and trolleybuses (since 1962), as well as bus and marshrutka (routed cabs) lines. The population of Ufa exceeded one million in 1980. It ranks 10th among Russian cities by population, and

1716-491: The layout of the first prototypes was created on the basis of the preceding M-407 , the rear end design of the pre-facelift models inherited such characteristic features of the previous Moskvitch series as tailfins decorated with chrome trims, narrow taillights, a recognisable trunk handle, and a fuel tank flap in the middle, behind the number plate. The interior featured a stylish trapezoidal instrument cluster, column-mounted gear shift lever (until 1973), effective heater and had

1768-403: The logo, depending on The version. Other had a 1500 or 412 sign on the front fenders near the doors or directly on the front grill. The 412 has sometimes mistakenly been referred to as the 408-1500, however such a name never existed. Another difference was that the M-412's speedometer read up to 160 km/h while that of the 408 only reached 140 km/h. The gear lever of The first series of 412

1820-506: The most notable difference between 408 and 412 is the sound of the engine, 412 being more silent and smooth than 408. Also, The exhaust pipe of 412 was slightly larger in diameter. First M-412 series, between 1967 and 1969 are a rare sight today, because they were manufactured in lower counts than M-408, and it was more expensive and barely exported as the UFA motor plant could not supply enough 412 engines. Moskvitch 408 had an oil bath air cleaner until

1872-660: The most successful speedway clubs in the country. They won the Soviet Union Championship eleven times from 1962 to 1988 but disbanded in 1998. They raced at the Trud Stadium (Ufa) , which was demolished in 2005, making way for the Ufa Arena. Educational institutions include: Graduate universities and law schools: Scientific institutions include: In Ufa, there is the Ufa branch of the Financial University and

1924-486: The petroleum company Bashneft and several of its subsidiaries are headquartered in Ufa. Ufa is an ethnically diverse city, home to a substantial number of ethnic Bashkirs and Tatars , with an ethnic Russian majority population. Several educational institutions are located in Ufa, including Bashkir State University , Ufa State Aviation Technical University , Ufa State Petroleum Technological University , and Ural State Law University . The city hosted separate summits of

1976-572: The position of Pascherti with the current location of Ufa. Ibn Khaldun called the town, among the largest cities of the Golden Horde , Bashkort. Russian historian of the 18th century Peter Rychkov wrote that there was a great city on the territory of Ufa before the arrival of the Russians. The official of the Orenburg Governorate government Vasily Rebelensky wrote that Ufa was founded by

2028-474: The post: Dostoyevsky St., 102/1, located in the area of the industrial enterprise. During 2017 almost all posts of the state observation network recorded exceedances of a single concentration of suspended substances. At the same time, in order to implement regional state environmental oversight aimed at preventing, detecting, and suppressing violations by public authorities, local authorities, and legal entities, individual entrepreneurs and citizens of requirements in

2080-453: The same name. On 20 August 1966, Moskvitch produced its 100,000th M-408. The first series of cars were produced between 1964 and 1969 in Moscow . These automobiles had vertical rear lights, two or four round headlights , a front bench seat, and a 4-speed manual transmission with column mounted gear lever . The length of the standard model was 4,090 mm (161.0 in). The second series

2132-578: The state observation network. The results of observations of the pollutants content are presented on the official website of the Bashkir State Hydrometeorological Service in the section "Monitoring of environmental pollution" daily and monthly. In 2017, the maximum single concentration of suspended solids reached 4.6 MPC m. in March 2017, at the address: Oktyabrya Ave., 141, located near the motorway with heavy traffic, and in April 2017 at

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2184-605: The surrounding area of Ufa dates back to Paleolithic times. Presumably, from the 5th to 16th centuries there was a medieval city on the site of Ufa. On the Pizzigano brothers ' map (1367) and on the Catalan Atlas (1375) a town approximately on the Belaya River was designated Pascherti (Bashkort), and Gerardus Mercator 's map (1554) also marked the settlement with the name Pascherti. French orientalist Henri Cordier associates

2236-489: The system of the general program of integrated environmental and sanitary-hygienic monitoring." Going to the site found that all 9 posts of the state observational network of Roshydromet are located at a considerable distance from the area of Inors and Sipaylovo, from residential areas. Control of MPC and air quality in residential areas is not carried out. The major religions in the city are Sunni Islam and Russian Orthodoxy . The Bezpopovtsy strain of Russian Old Believers

2288-409: The twin headlamps of the petrol-engined export 408. It offered a 120 km/h (75 mph) top speed, not a dramatic change from the classic 408 engine, but offered better fuel economy. The 1.6-liter, 44 hp (32 kW) Perkins 4.99 engine was mounted between 1965 and early 1966, when it was replaced by the 1.8-liter version. This smaller engine was also mounted on the Moskvich 407. The M-408 and

2340-411: Was a column mounted type, because first M-412 series had a front bench and used the same gearbox as 408. Since late 1968, the lever was floor mounted because a newer gearbox was used to improve performances and make a better use of the new engine and bucket seats were adopted. By comparison, IZH 412 had the floor mounted gearbox and bucket seats from the very beginning of their series. While in operation,

2392-451: Was initially equipped with self-adjusting manual drum brakes, then from 1969 with power brakes with a hydrovacuum servo and a split circuit braking system . This Moskvitch was the first Soviet-built car to have deliberate safety equipment (since 1969): crumple zones , a safer steering column, a soft grip steering wheel cover, soft interior parts, seat belts, a padded dashboard , and a split circuit braking system. The car sold well in both

2444-656: Was its slogan for export sales. It proved a good value in Britain, Finland, and Norway, for instance, and in 1968, 55 percent of production was for export. It was also assembled by Scaldia-Volga SA in Brussels , Belgium . In Belgium the car was sold as the Scaldia 1300/1400 , although Scaldia also installed Perkins' 1.8-litre 4.108 engine in the Scaldia Diesel beginning in 1968. This model offered 52 hp (38 kW) SAE, but lacked

2496-406: Was produced between 1969 and 1976. It had the same engine and transmission as its predecessor, but an updated body fitted with rectangular headlights and horizontal rear lights, with triangular turn signal markers mounted on tailfins. Also it had separated bucket seats and the transmission used a floor-mounted gear lever. Between 1966 and 1967, the car was also produced by the IZh military factory in

2548-508: Was slightly higher, 130 km/h, while the sprint from 0 – 100 km/h was slightly reduced to 27 seconds from 29 seconds. List of Moskvitch vehicles#Second (1956—1965) This is a list of vehicles designed or produced by AZLK , a defunct Russian carmaker best known under its Moskvitch brand. Ufa Ufa ( / ˈ uː f ə / OO-fə ; Russian : Уфа [ʊˈfa] ; Bashkir : Өфө , romanized :  Öfö , IPA: [ʏ̞ˈfʏ̞] )

2600-736: Was sold in France as the Moskvitch 1300 , as the Moskvitsh Elite (408)/Elite De Luxe (408E)/Elite 1300 in Finland and as the Moskvich Carat in Norway . It was powered, since 1966 by 1,357 cc (82.8 cu in) straight four petrol engine , producing 54 hp (40 kW). It had a top speed of 80 mph (130 km/h), which was faster than the contemporary Volga . "More worth than its price" ,

2652-527: Was under the jurisdiction of the Orenburg governors. And even though the 1796 reform reunited Orenburg and Ufa again, in 1802, the city of Ufa became a new center of the entire Orenburg Governorate that included large territories of modern-day Republic of Bashkortostan , Orenburg Oblast , and Chelyabinsk Oblast . The Belaya River Waterway (1870) and the Samara-Zlatoust Railroad (1890) connected

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2704-569: Was −48.5 °C (−55.3 °F) on January 1, 1979. The highest temperature ever recorded was 39.4 °C (102.9 °F) on July 10, 2023. The bodies of local self-government of Ufa are: The Stroitel Stadium is a sports stadium located north of the centre of the city, off the Aleksandra Nevskogo Ulitsa street in Neftekhimikov (Petrochemists') Park. The stadium is primarily an Ice speedway venue. Bashkiria Ufa were one of

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