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53-609: The name "Mogocha" is derived from the river on which it stands, whose name comes from the Evenki word mongochi . This meaning of this word is ambiguous; it can be translated as golden valley , but also as belonging to the Mongo tribe . Mogocha is located near of the southern slopes of the Olyokma-Stanovik , at the confluence of the Mogocha and Amazar rivers. It was founded in 1910, with

106-510: A or e ( ᠎ᠠ ‑a/‑e ) is common, and can appear at the end of a word stem , or suffix . This form requires a final-shaped preceding letter, and an word-internal gap in between. This gap can be transliterated with a hyphen. The presence or lack of a separated a or e can also indicate differences in meaning between different words (compare ᠬᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ qar‑a 'black' with ᠬᠠᠷᠠ qara 'to look'). It has

159-550: A municipal division , the town of Mogocha, together with four rural localities, is incorporated within Mogochinsky Municipal District as Mogochinskoye Urban Settlement . Other than railway-related industries, there is logging and timber milling conducted in the surrounding area. Mogocha has a station on the Trans-Siberian Railway . The town's small airport, which had opened in 1937, was closed during

212-695: A pinyin -like Latin spelling. They published an Evenki–Mongolian–Chinese dictionary ( Kesingge, Cidaltu & Alta 1983 ) with Evenki words spelled in IPA, a pinyin-like orthography, and Mongolian script, as well as a collection of folk songs in IPA and Mongolian script (and Chinese-style numbered musical notation ). The orthographic system developed by Chinese Evenki scholars reflects differences between Evenki and Mongol phonology . It uses both ᠬ and ᠭ (usually romanised from Mongolian as q and ɣ ) for /g/ . The system uses double letters in both Mongolian and Latin to represent most long vowels; however for /ɔː/ ao

265-450: A "pioneer treatise" in the field of Tungusology. The exact internal structure of the Tungusic family is a matter of some debate. Some scholars propose two sub-families: one for Manchu, and another for all the other Tungusic languages, including Evenki. SIL International 's Ethnologue divides Tungusic into two sub-families, Northern and Southern, with Evenki alongside Even and Negidal in

318-463: A "poor ability to speak their mother tongue...". The Evenki language varies considerably among its dialects, which are divided into three large groups: the northern, the southern and the eastern dialects. These are further divided into minor dialects. A written language was created for Evenkis in the Soviet Union in 1931, first using a Latin alphabet , and from 1937 a Cyrillic one. In China, Evenki

371-551: A classical five-vowel system with distinctions between long and short vowels (except in /e/ ) and the addition of a long and short /ə/ , while Nedjalkov claims that there are 13 vowel phonemes. Evenki has a moderately small consonant inventory; there are 18 consonants (21 according to Nedjalkov 1997) in the Evenki language and it lacks glides or semivowels. Below are tables of Evenki consonant phonemes, including those identified by Nedjalkov (1997) in italics. The phoneme ( /β/ ) has

424-815: A final tail as in ⟨ ᠪᠣ ⟩ bo / bu or ⟨ ᠮᠣ᠋ ⟩ mo / mu , and with a vertical tail as in ⟨ ᠪᠥ᠋ ⟩ bö / bü or ⟨ ᠮᠥ᠋ ⟩ mö / mü (as well as in transcriptions of Chinese syllables). Only in a late form can a definite order of signs be established for the alphabet, but can likely be traced back to an earlier Uyghur model. ‍ᠠ᠋ ‍ᠡ᠋ ‍ᠥ‍ ‍ᠦ‍ ‍ᠨ᠋‍ ‍ᠨ᠎ [REDACTED] [REDACTED] k [REDACTED] ‍ᠭ᠋‍ [REDACTED] ‍ᠭ᠎ [REDACTED] g ‍ᠳ᠋‍ In 1587,

477-544: A reader who knows the orthography. Letters have different forms depending on their position in a word: initial, medial, or final. In some cases, additional graphic variants are selected for visual harmony with the subsequent character. The rules for writing below apply specifically for the Mongolian language, unless stated otherwise. Mongolian vowel harmony separates the vowels of words into three groups – two mutually exclusive and one neutral: Any Mongolian word can contain

530-557: A stem. Such single-letter vowel suffixes appear with the final-shaped forms of a / e , i , or u / ü , as in ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠ [γaǰar‑a] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) ( help ) 'to the country' and ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠡ edür‑e 'on the day', or ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ulus‑i 'the state' etc. Multi-letter suffixes most often start with an initial- (consonants), medial- (vowels), or variant-shaped form. Medial-shaped u in

583-944: A wide variety of names. As it was derived from the Old Uyghur alphabet , the Mongol script is known as the Uighur(-)Mongol script . From 1941 onwards, it became known as the Old Script , in contrast to the New Script , referring to Cyrillic. The Mongolian script is also known as the Hudum or 'not exact' script, in comparison with the Todo 'clear, exact' script, and also as 'vertical script'. The traditional or classical Mongolian alphabet , sometimes called Hudum 'traditional' in Oirat in contrast to

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636-525: A word-final allophone , [f] , as well as an intervocalic variant, [w] . Likewise, some speakers pronounce intervocalic /s/ as [h] . Speakers of some dialects also alternate /b/ and /β/ . Consonant inventories given by researchers working on dialects in China are largely similar. The differences noted: Chaoke and Kesingge et al. give /h/ instead of /x/ and lack /β/ , /ɣ/ , or /ɲ/ ; furthermore, Kesingge et al. give /dʐ/ instead of /dʒ/ . Below

689-500: Is a chart of Evenki vowels found among Russian dialects, including those identified by Nedjalkov (1997) in italics. The vowel inventory of the Chinese dialects of Evenki, however, is markedly different (Chaoke, 1995, 2009): Like most Tungusic languages , Evenki employs back-front vowel harmony—suffix vowels are matched to the vowel in the root. However, some vowels – /i, iː, u, uː/ – and certain suffixes no longer adhere to

742-418: Is easily recognizable and carries only one piece of meaning. Evenki pronouns distinguish between singular and plural as well as inclusive and exclusive in the first person. The Evenki language has a rich case system — 13 cases, though there is some variation among dialects — and it is a nominative–accusative language. Evenki differentiates between alienable and inalienable possession: alienable possession marks

795-454: Is one among Oirat Clear , Manchu , and Buryat are the only known vertical scripts written from left to right. This developed because the Uyghurs rotated their Sogdian -derived script, originally written right to left, 90 degrees counterclockwise to emulate Chinese writing, but without changing the relative orientation of the letters. The reed pen was the writing instrument of choice until

848-618: Is sometimes wrongly given as "Evenks". It is spoken by the Evenki or Ewenkī(s) in Russia and China . In certain areas the influences of the Yakut and the Buryat languages are particularly strong. The influence of Russian in general is overwhelming (in 1979, 75.2% of the Evenkis spoke Russian, rising to 92.7% in 2002). Evenki children were forced to learn Russian at Soviet residential schools, and returned with

901-412: Is somewhat comparable to the situation of English , which must represent ten or more vowels with only five letters and uses the digraph th for two distinct sounds. Ambiguity is sometimes prevented by context, as the requirements of vowel harmony and syllable sequence usually indicate the correct sound. Moreover, as there are few words with an exactly identical spelling, actual ambiguities are rare for

954-416: Is spelled eweŋki , despite Mongolian orthography usually prohibiting the letter combination ŋk . The vowel inventory of this system is also rather different from that of Chaoke (1995, 2009). Du (2007) uses a different version of Latin script, which distinguishes certain vowels and consonants more clearly than the system of Kesingge et al. : Evenki is highly agglutinating and suffixing: Each morpheme

1007-442: Is used only inconsistently in printed works, due to typographical limitations. Boldyrev's dictionary uses ң instead. Some editions use the digraph нг. Other sounds found in Evenki but not Russian, such as /dʒ/ , lack devoted letters. Instead д stands in for both /d/ and /dʒ/ ; when the latter pronunciation is intended, it is followed by one of Cyrillic's iotated letters, similar to the way those letters cause palatalization of

1060-463: Is written experimentally in the Mongolian script . The language is generally considered endangered . Evenki is a member of the Tungusic family . Its similarity to Manchu , the best-documented member of the family, was noted hundreds of years ago, first by botanist P. S. Pallas in the late 18th century, and then in a more formal linguistic study by M. A. Castren in the mid-19th century, regarded as

1113-449: Is written instead of oo . The same scholars' collection of songs has some orthographic differences from the table below; namely, long vowels are occasionally written not just doubled but also with an intervening silent ᠭ ( ɣ ), showing clear orthographic influence from the Mongolian language . In medial and final positions, t is written in the Manchu script form ᡨ . Evenki itself

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1166-586: The Clear script ( Todo 'exact'), is the original form of the Mongolian script used to write the Mongolian language . It does not distinguish several vowels ( o / u , ö / ü , final a / e ) and consonants (syllable-initial t / d and k / g , sometimes ǰ / y ) that were not required for Uyghur , which was the source of the Mongol (or Uyghur-Mongol) script. The result

1219-791: The Hudum Mongol bichig , was the first writing system created specifically for the Mongolian language , and was the most widespread until the introduction of Cyrillic in 1946. It is traditionally written in vertical lines [REDACTED] Top-Down, right across the page. Derived from the Old Uyghur alphabet , it is a true alphabet , with separate letters for consonants and vowels. It has been adapted for such languages as Oirat and Manchu . Alphabets based on this classical vertical script continue to be used in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia to write Mongolian, Xibe and, experimentally, Evenki . Computer operating systems have been slow to adopt support for

1272-699: The "Imperial History of the National Languages of Liao, Jin, and Yuan" ( Chinese : 欽定遼金元三史國語解 ; pinyin : Qīndìng liáo jīn yuán sān shǐ guóyǔ jiě ) commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor , the Manchu alphabet is used to write Evenki words. Evenki in China is now written in the Latin script and experimentally in the Mongolian script . Evenki scholars made an attempt in the 1980s to create standard written forms for their language, using both Mongolian script and

1325-599: The 17th and 18th centuries, smoother and more angular versions of the letter tsadi became associated with [ dʒ ] and [ tʃ ] respectively, and in the 19th century, the Manchu hooked yodh was adopted for initial [ j ] . Zain was dropped as it was redundant for [ s ] . Various schools of orthography, some using diacritics , were developed to avoid ambiguity. Traditional Mongolian words are written vertically from top to bottom, flowing in lines from left to right. The Old Uyghur script and its descendants, of which traditional Mongolian

1378-410: The 18th century, when the brush took its place under Chinese influence. Pens were also historically made of wood, bamboo , bone, bronze , or iron. Ink used was black or cinnabar red, and written with on birch bark , paper, cloths made of silk or cotton, and wooden or silver plates. Mongols learned their script as a syllabary , dividing the syllables into twelve different classes, based on

1431-441: The 1990s. Mogocha has a subarctic climate ( Köppen climate classification Dwc ) with bitterly cold, dry winters and mild, rainy summers. Evenki language Evenki ( / eɪ ˈ v ɛ ŋ k i / ay- VEN -kee ), formerly known as Tungus , is the largest member of the northern group of Tungusic languages , a group which also includes Even , Negidal , and the more closely related Oroqen language . The name

1484-732: The Evenki alphabet began in the 1920s. In May 1928, researcher G. M. Vasilevich prepared for the Evenk students who studied in Leningrad the Memo to Tungus-vacationers . It was a small textbook duplicated on the glass. It used the Vasilyevich Evenki alphabet on a Latin graphic basis. A year later, she compiled the First Book for Reading in the Tungus Language ( əwənkil dukuwuntin ). This alphabet had

1537-817: The Mandarin retroflex consonants . These letters remain in use in Inner Mongolia for the purpose of transcribing Chinese. ཛ When written between words, punctuation marks use space on both sides of them. They can also appear at the very end of a line, regardless of where the preceding word ends. Red (cinnabar) ink is used in many manuscripts, to either symbolize emphasis or respect. Modern punctuation incorporates Western marks: parentheses; quotation, question, and exclamation marks; including precomposed ⁈ and ⁉ . Mongolian numerals are either written from left to right, or from top to bottom. For typographical reasons, they are rotated 90° in modern books to fit on

1590-725: The Mongolian language of the middle period in Chinese transcription, etc.; in the western dialect, materials of the Arab–Mongolian and Persian–Mongolian dictionaries, Mongolian texts in Arabic transcription, etc. The main features of the period are that the vowels ï and i had lost their phonemic significance, creating the i phoneme (in the Chakhar dialect , the Standard Mongolian in Inner Mongolia , these vowels are still distinct); inter-vocal consonants γ / g , b / w had disappeared and

1643-538: The Mongolian script; almost all have incomplete support or other text rendering difficulties. The Mongolian vertical script developed as an adaptation of the Old Uyghur alphabet for the Mongolian language. Tata-tonga , a 13th-century Uyghur scribe captured by Genghis Khan , was responsible for bringing the Old Uyghur alphabet to the Mongolian Plateau and adapting it to the form of the Mongolian script. From

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1696-687: The Northern sub-family, and the Southern family itself subdivided into Southwestern (among which Manchu) and Southeastern ( Nanai and others). Others propose three or more sub-families, or at the extreme a continuum with Manchu at one end and Evenki at the other. Bulatova enumerated 14 dialects and 50 sub-dialects within Russia, spread over a wide geographical area ranging from the Yenisei River to Sakhalin . These may be divided into three major groups primarily on

1749-538: The Soviet Union and subsequent economic crisis, Mogocha lost around one third of its population, a common occurrence for cities in the Russian Far East . At the same time, a significant number of Chinese citizens and companies have moved to the region. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Mogocha serves as the administrative center of Mogochinsky District , to which it is directly subordinated. As

1802-679: The basis of phonology: Evenks in China also speak several dialects. According to Ethnologue , the Hihue or Hoy dialect is considered the standard; Haila'er, Aoluguya (Olguya), Chenba'erhu (Old Bargu), and Morigele (Mergel) dialects also exist. Ethnologue reports these dialects differ significantly from those in Russia. Some works focused on individual Russia dialects include Gortsevskaya 1936 (Barguzin), Andreeva 1988 (Tommot), and Bulatova 1999 (Sakhalin). The Evenki language typically has CV syllables but other structures are possible. Bulatova and Grenoble list Evenki as having 11 possible vowel phonemes;

1855-714: The city of Hohhot ; as opposed to other compound words). This also allows components of different harmonic classes to be joined together, and vowels of an added suffix will harmonize with those of the latter part of the compound. Orthographic peculiarities are most often retained, as with the short and long teeth of an initial-shaped ⟨ ᠥ‍ → ᠊ᠥ᠌‍ ⟩ ö in ᠮᠤᠤ‍ ‍ᠥ᠌‍ ‍ᠬᠢᠨ Muu' ö kin 'Bad Girl' ( protective name ). Medial t and d , in contrast, are not affected in this way. Isolate citation forms for syllables containing o , u , ö , and ü may in dictionaries appear without

1908-557: The construction of the local section of the Trans-Siberian Railway . Rail traffic began in 1914. In addition to its status as a supply point for the railway, from the 1920s and 1930s it became the base for gold mining in the surrounding area. Town status was granted to it in 1950. From 1947 until 1953, Mogocha was site for the Klyuchevlag prison labor camp of the gulag system. The camp held up to 3,000 prisoners at any one time, mainly used as forced labor for molybdenum and gold mining in

1961-574: The final phonemes of the syllables, all of which ended in vowels. The script remained in continuous use by Mongolian speakers in Inner Mongolia in the People's Republic of China . In the Mongolian People's Republic , it was largely replaced by the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet , although the vertical script remained in limited use. In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to increase

2014-500: The following composition: Aa Bb Çç HH Dd Ӡӡ Ee Әә Gg Hh Ii Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Ww Yy ; it also included diacritical marks: a macron to indicate the longitude of the sound and a sub-letter comma to indicate palatalization. In 1930, it was decided to create a written language for the majority of the peoples of the North of the USSR. The Latin alphabet was chosen as its graphic basis. In

2067-537: The line. Listed in the table below are letter components ( graphemes ) commonly used across the script. Some of these are used with several letters, and others to contrast between them. As their forms and usage may differ between writing styles , however, examples of these can be found under this section below. As exemplified in this section, the shapes of glyphs may vary widely between different styles of writing and choice of medium with which to produce them. The development of written Mongolian can be divided into

2120-427: The neutral vowel i , but only vowels from either of the other two groups. The vowel qualities of visually separated vowels and suffixes must likewise harmonize with those of the preceding word stem. Such suffixes are written with front or neutral vowels when preceded by a word stem containing only neutral vowels. Any of these rules might not apply for foreign words however. A separated final form of vowels

2173-513: The politician and linguist Bayantömöriin Khaisan published the rime dictionary Mongolian-Han Bilingual Original Sounds of the Five Regions , a bilingual edition of the earlier Original Sounds of the Five Regions , to aid Mongolian speakers in learning Mandarin Chinese. To that end, he included transliterations of Mandarin using the Mongolian script, and repurposed three Galik letters to represent

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2226-920: The possessor in the nominative case and the possessum in the possessed case , while inalienable possession is marked by personal indices. Below is a table of cases and suffixes in Evenki, following Nedjalkov (1997): LOCDIR:locative-directive case ALLLOC:allative-locative case ACD:accusative case, definite PRO:prolative case INS:instrumental case SEM:semblative case POS:possessed asatkan asatkan 'the girl' e-ja e-ja 'what?' bi I kete-ve much- ACD himmikte-ve cowberry - ACD tevle-che-v gather- PST - 1SG bi kete-ve himmikte-ve tevle-che-v I much-ACD cowberry -ACD gather-PST-1SG 'I gathered much cowberry ' hute-kle-vi child- LOCDIR - REF hute-kle-vi child-LOCDIR-REF 'to/for [her] own child' e:kun-ngi who- GEN e:kun-ngi who-GEN Mongolian script The traditional Mongolian script , also known as

2279-478: The preceding consonant in Russian. However orthographic decisions like these have resulted in some confusion and transfer of Russian phonetics to Evenki among younger speakers. For example, the spellings ди and ды were intended to record [dʒi] and [di] (i.e. the same vowel sound). However, in Russian и and ы are respectively two different vowels, /i/ and /ɨ/ . Long vowels are optionally indicated with macrons. In

2332-480: The preliminary process of the formation of Mongolian long vowels had begun; the initial h was preserved in many words; grammatical categories were partially absent, etc. The development over this period explains why the Mongolian script looks like a vertical Arabic script (in particular the presence of the dot system). Eventually, minor concessions were made to the differences between the Uyghur and Mongol languages: In

2385-432: The rules of vowel harmony. Knowledge of the rules of vowel harmony is fading, as vowel harmony is a complex topic for elementary speakers to grasp, the language is severely endangered (Janhunen), and many speakers are multilingual. Possible syllable structures include V, VC, VCC, CV, CVC, and CVCC. In contrast to dialects in Russia, dialects in China do not have /k/, /ŋ/, or /r/ in word-initial position. The creation of

2438-452: The same shape as the traditional dative-locative suffix ‑a/‑e exemplified in the next section. This form of the suffix is, however, more commonly found in older texts, and is restricted in its Post- Classical use. All case suffixes , as well as any plural suffixes consisting of one or two syllables, are likewise separated by a preceding and hyphen-transliterated gap. A maximum of two case suffixes can be added to

2491-421: The same year, the project of the Evenki alphabet was proposed by Ya. P. Alcor. This project differed from Vasilevich's alphabet only by the presence of letters for displaying Russian borrowings ( C c, F f, J j, W w, Z z ), as well as using V v instead of W w . After some refinement, the letter Çç was replaced by C c , V v by W w , and the letter Y y was excluded. In May 1931, the Evenki romanized alphabet

2544-633: The seventh and eighth to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Mongolian language separated into southern, eastern and western dialects. The principal documents from the period of the Middle Mongol language are: in the eastern dialect, the famous text The Secret History of the Mongols , monuments in the Square script , materials of the Chinese–Mongolian glossary of the fourteenth century and materials of

2597-451: The translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh created the Galik alphabet ( Али-гали Ali-gali ), inspired by the third Dalai Lama , Sonam Gyatso . It primarily added extra characters for transcribing Tibetan and Sanskrit terms when translating religious texts, and later also from Chinese . Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names (as listed below). In 1917,

2650-481: The two-letter suffix  ᠤᠨ ‑un / ‑ün is exemplified in the adjacent newspaper logo. Two medial consonants are the most that can come together in original Mongolian words. There are however, a few loanwords that can begin or end with two or more. In the modern language, proper names can usually join two words into graphic compounds (such as those of ᠬᠠᠰᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ Qas'erdeni 'Jasper-jewel' or ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ Kökeqota –

2703-461: The use of the traditional Mongolian script and to use both Cyrillic and Mongolian script in official documents by 2025. However, due to the particularity of the traditional Mongolian script, a large part (40% ) of the Sinicized Mongols in China are unable to read or write this script, and in many cases the script is only used symbolically on plaques in many cities. The script is known by

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2756-451: The villages to the southwest of the town. During the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations in the 1950s, a large airbase was created near Mogocha, which hosted several helicopter regiments until the 1990s. The remoteness of Mogocha combined with the harsh climatic conditions, gave rise to the Soviet military slang expression God created Sochi , and Satan Mogocha . After the dissolution of

2809-556: Was officially approved, and in 1932 regular publishing began on it. The basis of the literary language was laid the most studied Nepsky dialect (north of the Irkutsk region). The official Latinized Evenk alphabet, in which book publishing and schooling were conducted, looked like this: Today, the official writing system in Russia for the Evenki language is the Cyrillic script . The script has one additional letter, ӈ, to indicate /ŋ/ ; it

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