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28-672: Khaisan was born to the Khailtad clan in the Kharchin Right Banner of the Zost League , Qing Dynasty (modern-day Ningcheng County , Chifeng , Inner Mongolia , China). The Zost League bordered Liaoning to the south, from which peasants reclaimed grassland from Zost into productive agricultural fields. In this process, his family became wealthy landowners. He received a well-rounded education and had full command of Mongolian, Manchu and Chinese (and later Russian) languages. He worked at

56-459: A banner official, he crushed some 500 rebels with banner troops. In the winter of 1902, a false charge forced Khaisan to flee his homeland. He personally arrested one surviving rebel leader named Zhang Liansheng ( 張連升 ), who used rent strikes and other methods of protest against wealthy Mongol landlords. However, he had to hand over him to a Chinese prefecture because, after the Jindandao incident,

84-458: A joint declaration that, despite Mongols' objection, recognized China's suzerainty and confined the area of autonomy to Outer Mongolia. The tripartite agreement of Kyakhta of 1915 formally recognized Outer Mongolia's autonomy within China, which delivered a fatal blow to the pan-Mongolists. With his hope broken, Khaisan moved to Beijing via Russia in 1915. He was given the position of Vice President of

112-521: A monk, the Bogd had limited access to physical means of imposing power, though some enemies were executed for blasphemy . The Polish traveller Ferdinand Ossendowski recorded that he knew "every thought, every movement of the Princes and Khans, the slightest conspiracy against him, and the offender is usually kindly invited to Urga , from where he does not return alive. Ossendowski's claims for his acquaintance with

140-687: The Bogd Khaan government . He took a high-ranking post in the most influential Home Ministry and worked under Home Minister Tserenchimed , who was also a radical pan-Mongolist. He was, however, in a weak position in the new government. The alien had to use his patron Tserenchimed to exert authority. Both Khaisan and Tserenchimed were soon disappointed with the Russian policy toward Mongolia. Khaisan came to be labeled anti-Russian by Russian representatives. In July 1912, pro-Russian Sain Noyon Khan Namnansüren

168-775: The Empire of Japan . In spring 1910, the political tension was heightened as the new Manchu amban Sandowa arrived at Urga to enforce the New Policy , which, Mongols thought, would push them into the margin of survival. After secret meetings by nobles and lamas, they decided to send a mission to Imperial Russia to ask for support. As a member of the mission, Khaisan visited Saint Petersburg in August. He seems to have represented Inner Mongolia , and thus they had Pan-Mongolist aspirations to include present-day Chinese territory in Mongolia. His role in

196-613: The Han Chinese in Zost were put under the jurisdiction of a local prefecture. Zhang committed suicide during escort but his family charged Khaisan with murder. He fled to Harbin , where he got acquainted with Russian Colonel Khitrovo. He worked as an editor of the first Mongolian language newspaper ( mongɣul-un sonin bičig ), which was published by Imperial Russia 's Chinese Eastern Railway . He then secretly went to Urga (modern-day Ulaanbaatar) around 1907. By this time he came to think that

224-734: The Manchukuo government. Its territory is now distributed among the modern administrative regions: There remain two Mongol autonomous counties in Liaoning. Bogd Khaan Bogd Khan ( c.  1869 – 20 May 1924) was the khan of the Bogd Khaganate from 1911 to 1924, following the state's de facto independence from the Qing dynasty of China after the Xinhai Revolution . Born in Tibet , he

252-615: The Mongolian People's Republic . However, rumors about a reincarnation of the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu appeared in Mongolia in that same year. No traditional determination of the supposed incarnation was conducted. Another rumor appeared in 1925. In November 1926 the 3rd Great Khural of Mongolian People's Republic approved a special resolution that searches for reincarnations of the Bogd Gegen should not be allowed. A final prohibition

280-493: The Bogd Gegen were not confirmed by comparative analysis of his book and manuscripts. By the spring of 1911, some prominent Mongolian nobles including Prince Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren persuaded the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to convene a meeting of nobles and ecclesiastical officials to discuss independence. The Khutukhtu consented. To avoid suspicion, he used as a pretext the occasion of a religious festival, at which time

308-526: The Bogd Khan government remained uncertain. In his struggle for the international recognition of Mongolian independence, Tserenchimed tried to make a diplomatic contact with Japan in February 1913. His attempt was failed not only because of strong Russian pressure but also because Japan took a non-interference policy toward Outer Mongolia, disappointing Inner Mongolian secessionists including Khaisan. In January 1913

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336-472: The Bogd was placed under house arrest; then he became a puppet of Ungern shortly before he took Urga in 1921. After the revolution in 1921 led by Damdin Sükhbaatar , the Bogd Khan was allowed to stay on the throne in a limited monarchy until his death in 1924, a year after that of his wife. The government took control of the Bogd Khan's seal after his death according to the 26 November 1924 Constitution of

364-607: The Bureau of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs and the high rank of beise by Yuan Shikai . He died in Beijing in 1917. Josutu League The Josutu League ( Mongolian : ǰosutu-yin čiɣulɣan , ᠵᠣᠰᠤᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ Chinese : 卓索圖盟 ; pinyin : Zhuōsuǒtú Méng ) was the southernmost league of Inner Mongolia during Qing rule . It occupied land that forms part of the modern-day Chinese provinces of Liaoning , Hebei , and Chifeng in China's Inner Mongolia . The name of Josutu

392-520: The Khutuktu to send a delegation of three prominent representatives—a secular noble, an ecclesiastic, and a lay official —to Russia for assistance. The particular composition of the delegation—a noble, a cleric, and a commoner—may have been intended to invest the mission with a sense of national consensus. On December 1, the Provisional Government of Khalkha issued a general proclamation announcing

420-733: The Mongolian People's Republic . It was proposed that Zhang Zuolin 's domain (the Chinese " Three Eastern Provinces ") take Mongolia under its administration by the Bogda Khan and Bodo in 1922 after pro-Soviet Mongolian Communists seized control of Northern Mongolia. After his death, the Mongolian Revolutionary government, led by followers of the Soviet Communists, declared that no more reincarnations were to be found and established

448-518: The Mongols must establish an independent state of their own. In 1909 he met Gustaf J. Ramstedt , who visited Mongolia on his second archaeological expedition, to whom he told his subversive idea. Also, according to the Russian Colonel M. Popov, he asked Russian representatives to supply Mongols with arms and to help them establish a national government. He added that otherwise Mongols would seek help from

476-488: The assembled leaders would discuss the need to reapportion taxes among the khoshuuns. The meeting occurred on July 10 and the Mongolians discussed independence. The assembly became deadlocked, some arguing for complete, others for partial, resistance. Eighteen nobles decided to take matters into their hands. Meeting secretly in the hills outside of Urga, they decided that Mongolia must declare its independence. They then persuaded

504-534: The banner office of the Kharchin Right Banner. When the Chinese secret society named Jindandao attacked the banner in 1891, he guided the government forces dispatched from Zhili province to suppress the rebels. He also helped his lord Prince Günsennorov modernize Mongol education and military training. In 1900, influenced by the Boxer Rebellion , the remnants of the Jindandao resumed their activity. As

532-696: The capital of Outer Mongolia , in 1874. After this he lived only in Mongolia. As a result, from his young years the 8th Bogd Gegen was the subject of intrigues of Qing officials in Urga. Later he became the subject of propaganda campaigns organised by Mongolian Communists , which attacked him by alleging that he was a prolific poisoner, a paedophile , and a libertine , which was later repeated in belles-lettres and other non-scientific literature (e.g. James Palmer). However, analysis of documents stored in Mongolian and Russian archives does not confirm these statements. As

560-560: The establishment of a theocracy under the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu. On December 29, the Khutuktu was formally installed as the Bogd Khan of the new Mongolian state. The Bogd Gegen lost his power when Chinese governance was restored in 1919. The Tusiyetu Khan Aimak's Prince Darchin Ch'in Wang was a supporter of Chinese rule while his younger brother Tsewang was a supporter of Ungern-Sternberg . When Baron Ungern's forces failed to seize Urga in his 1920 invasion,

588-647: The liberation campaign of the south was initiated by Khaisan and other Mongols from the south including Udai from the Jirim League and Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren from Khölönbuir . Although the Bogd Khaan forces successfully captured a large portion of the south by mid-1913, the Russian objection and shortage of supplies forced them to withdraw to Outer Mongolia in December. At the same time, Khaisan had kept secret contact with his former lord Prince Günsennorov, who then took

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616-545: The movement is unclear due to lack of sufficient historical sources of this period. Chen Lu, then the Chinese representative in Urga, wrote that in 1915 Tserendorj , Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, said, "If Khaisan has not come to Urga, Outer Mongolia would not have been able to gain its independence." Soon after the Chinese Xinhai Revolution in October, Mongol nobles and lamas declared independence, establishing

644-466: The side of the Republic of China. In September 1913, his son was sent to Beijing claiming that Khaisan was anxious to return to his homeland. Khaisan was arrested by the Bogd Khaan government on charges of treason. His son in Beijing asked the Chinese government to press the Bogd Khaan government to release Khaisan. As a result, Khaisan was released in early 1914. In November 1913, Russia and China proclaimed

672-493: Was appointed as the first prime minister, striking a severe blow to both Khaisan and Tserenchimed. In 1912 Bogd Khaan gave Khaisan the rank of duke ("ulsad tuslagchi gün" or simply "gün") and a land near the Mongolian-Russian border. Khaisan brought his family there, and began agricultural development with his Russian, Buryat and Han Chinese employees, which caused trouble with the local nomadic population. The future of

700-663: Was approved by the 7th Congress of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party and the 5th People's Great Khural in 1928. Nevertheless, the next reincarnation of Bogd Gegen was found in Tibet as a boy born in 1932 in Lhasa. This was not announced until the collapse of the USSR and democratic revolution in Mongolia. The 9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu was formally enthroned in Dharamsala by Tenzin Gyatso ,

728-606: Was born in 1869 in the area of Lhasa, in a family of a Tibetan official. He was born as Agvaan Luvsan Choijinnyam Danzan Vanchüg . His father, Gonchigtseren, was an accountant at the 12th Dalai Lama 's court. The boy was officially recognized as the new incarnation of the Bogd Gegen in Potala in the presence of the 13th Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama . The new Bogd Gegen arrived in Urga ,

756-577: Was named after a place in the Tumed Right (wing) Banner (not Tumed Right Banner ), where Mongol princes regularly gathered together to administer inter-banner affairs. The Josutu League consisted of two ayimag or five banners . In addition, the Khalkha Banner (Tangghud-Khaklha Banner) was split from the Tümed Left Banner in 1913 under the Republic of China. The league was dissolved in 1933 by

784-691: Was the third most important person in the Tibetan Buddhist hierarchy as the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu , below only the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama , and therefore also known as the "Bogdo Lama". He was the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism in the Bogd Khaganate. His wife Tsendiin Dondogdulam , the Ekh Dagina (' Dakini Mother'), was believed to be a manifestation of White Tara . The future Bogd Khan

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